优化滤波方法及其在中国大陆布格重力异常数据处理中的应用

在优选延拓法的理论基础上,研究提出基于格林等效层概念和维纳滤波器的优化滤波法,用于对重力异常数据进行去噪和分离.与传统向上延拓法和优选延拓法相比,优化滤波法分离异常与延拓高度无关,不需要已知延拓高度,具有一定的优势.理论重力模型数据的去噪和异常分离试验表明优化滤波法有效,异常分离效果优于传统向上延拓法和带通滤波法.利用优化滤波法对中国大陆重力异常数据去噪和异常分离,得到有效的布格重力异常和区域重力异常.以中国大陆深地震探测推断的莫霍面深度信息为约束,对区域重力异常数据进行密度界面约束反演,得到中国大陆莫霍面深度分布.本文方法为中国大陆深部探测和区域构造研究提供一定的技术支撑.     

基于Lp范数正则化的V字型密度界面重力反演

V字型密度界面是一类常见的密度界面,如海沟、半地堑以及俯冲带之下的莫霍面,利用重力数据刻画此类密度界面形态对于区域构造研究、油气勘探以及物理海洋学等都具有重要意义.本文首先建立了L_p-范数形式的模型约束函数,并利用正则化原理将其与重力数据误差函数和已知深度约束函数结合形成V字型密度界面反演的目标函数,推导了目标函数的梯度表达式,并以非线性共轭梯度法为核心给出了反演流程.二维简单模型试算结果表明p=5时该方法能准确地刻画V字型密度界面起伏特征,且亦能准确地应用于二维复杂密度界面和三维界面的反演.最后将反演方法应用于挑战者深渊及邻区的实际资料处理之中,利用研究区海底地形数据和沉积层厚度数据对自由空间重力异常逐层剥离而得到莫霍面引起的重力异常,用本文方法对此重力异常进行反演,结果呈现了板块俯冲作用引起的V字型莫霍面起伏特征.     

用脊回法反演重力异常的多层密度及其界面

将研究区域划分成具有固定宽度的矩形网格，以网格密度和厚度作为模型参数，在此基础上形成重力异常的反演目标函数，计算出对模型参数的偏导数矩阵，然后采用脊回归法对重力异常进行反演而同时得到密度及其界面。以此方法对理论模型进行了反演试验。     

深部大尺度单一密度界面重力异常迭代反演

对于深部大尺度单一密度界面的重力异常反演,需顾及球形观测面和重力铅垂线变化的影响。为此,本文通过球谐展开,得到重力异常的级数展开式,并推导出积分形式的反演迭代解。该迭代方法要求设法分离出单一密度界面的重力异常,已知界面上、下层的密度差和尽可能多的深度控制点。模型和实例显示其效果良好,可用于莫霍界面、岩石层底界面等深部密度界面重力异常的反演。     

金川—芦山—犍为剖面重力异常和地壳密度结构特征

重力剖面金川—芦山—犍穿越芦山震区,近垂直于龙门山断裂带南段,长约300 km,测点距平均2.5 km,采用高精度绝对重力控制下的相对重力联测与同址GPS三维坐标测量,获得了沿剖面的自由空气异常和布格重力异常,并对布格重力异常进行了剩余密度相关成像和密度分层结构正反演研究.结果表明,芦山地震所在的龙门山断裂带南段存在垂直断裂走向的宽广的巨型重力梯级带,重力变化达252×10-5 m·s-2以上(龙泉山以西),反映出四川盆地与松潘—甘孜地块地壳厚度陡变(约14.5 km)性质;四川盆地与松潘—甘孜地块过渡区(龙门山断裂带与新津—成都—德阳断裂之间)存在(30~50)×10-5 m·s-2的剩余异常"凹陷",可能与上地壳低密度体、山前剥蚀与松散堆积和推覆体前缘较为破碎有关;剩余密度相关成像显示地壳密度呈现分段性特征,在芦山地震位置出现高低密度变化;地壳呈现三层结构,四川盆地上、中、下地壳底界面平缓,反映其稳定阻挡作用,而松潘—甘孜块体上、中、下地壳底界面明显往盆地逐步抬升,反映出青藏高原往东的强烈挤压作用;松潘—甘孜块体往东推覆变形主要集中在上地壳范围内,推覆深度随离龙门山断裂带愈近而越浅.本文通过对密度分布及结构特征的研究,分析了芦山地震及龙门山地区地壳构造背景和当前活动性的深部动力环境特征.     

区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场

建立了区域重力均衡异常的物理模型,假定区域重力均衡异常源于上地幔密度分布横向不均匀以及由上地幔小尺度对流产生的边界形变．导出了区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流之间的相关方程,讨论了该方程在地球动力学研究中的应用．应用几种模型计算上地幔小尺度对流产生的作用于岩石层底部的拖曳力场．结果表明,将这一相关方程用于利用区域重力均衡异常研究地壳及上地幔应力状态,将有广阔的前景．     

区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场

建立了区域重力均衡异常的物理模型，假定区域重力均衡异常源于上地幔密度分布横向不均匀以及由上地幔小尺度对流产生的边界形变．导出了区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流之间的相关方程，讨论了该方程在地球动力学研究中的应用．应用几种模型计算上地幔小尺度对流产生的作用于岩石层底部的拖曳力场．结果表明，将这一相关方程用于利用区域重力均衡异常研究地壳及上地幔应力状态，将有广阔的前景．     

河北省南部及邻区的地壳深部构造与地震

本文利用区域布格重力异常图(1:100万)和地质构造资料来研究河北省南部及其相邻地区的地壳深部构造特征,并讨论其与强震发生的关系。方法主要是运用三维重力正演计算,层层消除地壳浅部对布格重力异常的影响,得出一系列剩余重力异常和剩余深部重力异常,再根据异常图形的变换,探讨一些活动断裂和构造由浅到深的变化趋势。还用三维重力反演计算,求出了全区莫霍界面的深度,得到了全区的地壳厚度图,进而分析强震区的深部构造背景,这些对地震地质和烈度区划是有意义的。     

上部密度差随深度呈指数变化的界面的重力反演方法

正象在沉积盆地的基底面所经常出现的情况一样,当绘制一种其上密度差随深度发生指数变化的界面时,可以通过一个理论上精确的重力方法而有效地完成,此重力方法既可以用在剖面数据上又可以用在二维数据中。界面上部的质量差可以由一阵列垂直矩形棱柱体来模拟,棱柱体的密度差随深度按指数形式变化。由棱柱体引起的重力异常是在波数域中计算的,然后变换到空间域。在这个过程中,根据离散傅里叶偏移方程,并通过一种平移断层取样技术处理之后,反演数值傅里叶变换的精度明显地提高了。根据观测到的重力异常数据,反复调整棱柱体的垂直延伸,可以确定界面的深度。用这种方法计算出的加利福尼亚州洛杉矶盆地的基底面与钻孔资料和地震资料得到的形状非常一致。     

基于3DDelaunay剖分算法的重力建模与分析

地质体的重力建模是正确解释和应用重力资料的关键问题之一.针对非规则形状变密度的三度体,本文提出了基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模方法.采用3D Delaunay剖分算法将三维目标地质体分解为若干变密度四面体体元,推导了基于四面体体元的重力正演公式,建立了剩余密度值与重力异常值的线性方程组;以变密度的长方体和倾斜台阶组合体为例,比较分析了常规块体算法和3D Delaunay剖分算法应用于重力正演的有效性,并采用共轭梯度法加密度约束条件对非规则形状变密度的倾斜台阶组合体进行了密度反演.计算结果验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.基于3D Delaunay剖分算法的重力建模可应用于存在褶皱、断层、裂缝等复杂地质体的重力正反演计算.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.