胶东金矿床碳酸盐矿物的碳-氧和锶-钕同位素地球化学研究

对胶东四类金矿床(盆地边缘砾岩型、斑岩型-浅成热液型、石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型)矿石中的碳酸盐矿物开展了系统的碳-氧同位素和锶-钕同位素地球化学研究。研究结果表明，与宏观的成矿地质条件和矿床地质特征相对应，山东金矿床可能有亲岩浆岩和亲沉积盆地两个不同的成矿系统。前者包括斑岩型-浅成热液型、石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型三类金矿床，后者指盆地边缘砾岩型金矿床，二者具有不同的碳-氧和锶-钕同位素地球化学特征。山东亲岩浆岩系列的金矿床，其锶-钕同位素与同时代的幔源岩浆岩一致，碳同位素显示幔源碳和岩浆碳的特征，氧同位素则显示初生水与大气降水不同比例混合的可能性，因此有可能是以CO2为主、富合成矿金属的地幔流体与浅部下渗大气降水相互作用的结果。而与岩浆岩关系不密切、主要受盆地边缘断裂控制的盆地边缘砾岩型金矿床，其碳-氧和锶-钕同位素组成均较分散，可能主要与地壳浅部下渗大气降水对上地壳各种岩石淋滤萃取演化而成的成矿流体有关。     

内蒙古东胜砂岩型铀矿床形成条件与成矿作用

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国煤、油、气、铀四大能源集一体的最大能源盆地之一,是统一在华北地台的太古宙、元古宙古老结晶岩系及古生代海、湖相台盆基础上,于中生代从华北地块分异出来并发育的中—新生代山前凹陷盆地。中—新生代盆地经历了台盆发育、断块活动及盆后活动阶段。本文分析了中—新生代盆地放射性铀成矿盆地地质及地球化学有利条件,铀的丰度(4.71×10-6～34.3×10-6)是上地壳平均丰度,甚至高出一个数量级。阐述了东胜铀矿容矿层的岩石学特征,成岩—后生—低温热液矿化蚀变特征。分析了与铀成矿作用密切相关、呈面型展布、分别产于矿体上、下盘的绿色化及漂白色蚀变形成与深盆气密切成因关系。矿床矿化蚀变作用具有:多期次多阶段成矿特点、矿化矿物组合复杂、矿化形式多样、成矿温度具低温热液特点(70～120℃)、绿色化及漂白色蚀变具面型分布,矿床属于沉积预富集—古层间氧化淋滤—后生二次还原与交代砂岩型铀矿床。     

安徽庐江鼓架山铜矿床成因分析

安徽庐江鼓架山铜矿位于郯庐、黄破断裂带与矾山-铜陵断裂复合部位,庐枞火山盆地西北外缘,滁州-庐江构造岩浆带的西南部。矿区含铜岩体的来源具有壳-幔混染型特点,成矿流体主要由岩浆水组成,碳和硫同位素含量范围属于地幔范畴,充分说明成矿流体和物质具有地幔源区的特点。鼓架山斑岩型铜矿的主成矿温度为250～480℃,属于典型的中高温热液斑岩型矿床。     

陆壳多次重熔与火山岩型铀多金属矿田的形成

产于火山岩中的沥青铀矿床常伴生Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag等元素,形成铀多金属矿床和矿田。文中在认识花岗岩型铀多金属矿田成因的基础上,对华北沽源盆地和华南仁差盆地的铀多金属矿田的主要矿床成矿特征进行对比研究。结果表明此类矿床是火山岩地层之后的热液矿床,其形成与岩浆喷发过程无关。热液成矿作用一般有早、晚两期：早期主要为亲硫元素,形成金属硫化物矿床;晚期为亲氧元素成矿,形成沥青铀矿床。盆地的沉降使得早期金属硫化物成矿壳层位置下降,从而缩短了与晚期重熔界面之间的距离,造成晚期氧化物(沥青铀矿)成矿壳层在空间上与其重叠或靠近,从而形成氧(沥青铀矿)硫(金属硫化物)复合矿床(矿田)。     

贵州晴隆锑矿床成矿流体He-Ar同位素地球化学

晴隆锑矿床是华南中生代低温成矿域右江盆地Au-Sb-As-Hg矿集区内的大型锑矿床,成矿时代约150Ma。本文以该矿床矿石矿物辉锑矿中的流体包裹体为测试对象,研究了成矿流体的He和Ar同位素地球化学。研究表明,成矿流体的~3He/~4He为0.13~0.46Ra(Ra为空气的3He/4He值,1.4×10~(-6)),~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为305~327,He、Ar同位素组成具有一定程度的正相关;成矿流体由两个端元组成:一是含地壳He的低温饱和空气的雨水,二是含地幔He的高温流体。含地幔He的高温流体可能来自右江盆地下部的侏罗纪壳幔混合成因花岗岩浆,这种岩浆的形成机制与华夏地块侏罗纪与钨锡成矿有关的花岗岩具有相似性。晴隆锑矿床以大气降水为主的成矿流体的加热、循环并浸取矿床围岩"大厂层"下伏地层中的成矿元素而成矿,受深部壳幔混合成因花岗岩浆释放出的含幔源He和岩浆S的热流所驱动。     

峨眉火成岩省成矿效应初探

峨眉地幔柱活动是扬子地台西南缘最大的一次构造岩浆热事件,峨眉火成岩省也是一个大的成矿省,对该区的成矿起着非常重要的控制作用,除形成著名的Fe-Ti-V(PGE)等亲地幔元素的岩浆-热液矿床外,更重要的是引起了强烈的壳幔相互作用,造成大区域尺度的异常高热流场,对地壳成矿流体的形成、循环、演化起了重要的促进作用,形成遍布扬子地台西南缘及邻区的Au,Ag,Pb,Zn,Hg,Te,Sb,Se等热液一热液改造型矿床。不同岩相有不同的成矿专属性,由于不同的构造背景对不同岩区玄武岩的形成演化和地质地球化学特征及其成矿作用的影响．成矿总体显示出明显的分带性。     

四川冕宁稀土矿床地幔流体成矿作用

地幔流体成矿(或参与成矿)作用在世界上许多大型-超大型金属、非金属矿床都有例证.地幔流体成矿作用的基本特征是:1)有深大断裂构造背景;2)伴随幔源岩浆活动;3)往往形成大型-超大型矿床或矿集区;4)多种围岩蚀变作用并存;5)多为中一高温热液矿床;6)H2O和CO2是成矿流体的重要组分;7)成矿物质和成矿流体幔源性.     

浙西新路盆地火山岩型铀成矿的深部动力学机制

在中生代岩浆作用过程主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学演化轨迹的研究基础上,探讨了新路盆地火山岩型铀成矿的深部动力学机制.研究表明,新路盆地由早至晚系列岩浆岩,SiO2含量依次降低,碱度和K2O/Na2O比值逐渐升高,氧化物含量表现为“跳跃性”演变并趋向辉绿岩;ΣLREE、δEu值和Sr元素等含量显著动态升高;微量元素特征比值表现出趋势性变化特点;Sr-Nd同位素演化呈现出由黄尖组熔结凝灰岩依次趋向花岗斑岩、辉绿岩的混合演化趋势线;代表成矿流体同位素组成的萤石投影点位于岩浆作用过程Sr-Nd同位素混合演化趋势线上,且较花岗斑岩更趋近于辉绿岩投影区.认为新路盆地铀矿床成矿流体具有壳幔源区物质混合特征;酸性系列岩浆岩与火山岩型铀矿在空间上的叠置,是壳幔作用机制下系列产物的耦合;来自岩石圈富集地幔的以富含LREE及K、Sr等大离子亲石元素为特征的高温“轻物质流”持续上涌及由此诱发的壳幔作用,为新路盆地岩浆活动及火山岩型铀成矿作用提供了动力学机制;壳幔作用源区是铀成矿作用的动力源,也是成矿流体的发源地.     

湘中盆地热液方解石的微量和稀土元素组成对区域性基底-盖层成矿流体演化的制约北大核心CSCD

对湘中盆地热液方解石和灰岩的微量元素研究显示,盆地盖层地层中矿床热液方解石的稀土元素含量特征更多受流体本身控制。锡矿山锡矿的方解石相对富集Sb,但严重亏损Pb和Zn,而禾青铅锌矿的方解石,相对富集Pb、Zn和Sb,且两者的稀土元素特征差异明显,说明禾青铅锌矿与锡矿山锡矿是两种成分差异较大的流体,可能是同源成矿流体演化的不同阶段。基底和盖层中蚀变灰岩的微量元素特征,指示湘中盆地成矿流体为深循环古流体,即深循环热流体从基底地层中萃取Cu、Zn、Pb和Sr等元素,经历再循环到盖层的演化过程。同样方解石和围岩灰岩的稀土元素特征,指示研究区在基底和盖层形成了不同深循环流体,分别淋虑基底和盖层,在深部岩浆热驱动下形成成分差异的热流体,其中基底热流体相对经历了长期和远距离的萃取-迁移-沉淀过程,导致湘中盆地成矿元素形成垂向上的分带。本研究进一步印证和完善了基底-盖层成矿系统成矿模型,有利于认识湘中盆地大规模流体成矿作用及精细成矿过程。     

交代岩石圈地幔与金成矿作用

交代岩石圈地幔与大型金矿床之间的成因联系受到越来越多的关注.研究成矿金属在地幔源区的富集程度和幔源岩浆中的金含量,以及金从地幔源区释放、迁移并大规模富集成矿的机制和过程可以帮助我们更好地认识交代岩石圈地幔对金富集成矿的重要作用.金是高度亲铜元素,同时还具有流体活动性,在地幔岩浆作用、岩浆热液演化和富集成矿等诸多过程中的行为较为复杂.主要从金的地球化学行为出发,通过梳理金在各类地幔岩石和幔源岩浆中的分布,以及岩浆热液中金的主要行为及其受控因素,探讨交代岩石圈地幔对巨量金成矿的关键控制机制.主要认识包括:(1)交代岩石圈地幔可能是形成大规模热液型金矿床的重要源区,但金在源区的异常富集可能并不是成矿的必要条件;(2)地幔交代组分(特别是挥发分)有助于金从地幔源区中有效释放、并通过跨岩石圈尺度的深大断裂迁移富集;(3)富挥发分的岩浆热液中金的富集沉淀过程远比一个富金的地幔源区对大规模金成矿作用的贡献更大.因此,深刻理解岩石圈地幔长期演化过程中金在地幔交代和岩浆-热液演化过程中的行为与富集机制是解析大型金矿床成因的关键.     

The formation of ultradeep sedimentary basins through metamorphism with rock contraction in continental crust

Sedimentary covers are up to 15–20 km thick in ultradeep sedimentary basins. Joint interpretation of seismic reflection sounding and gravimetric data indicates that eclogites are located in the basins under the Moho. In these rocks the velocities of P-waves are close to those in mantle peridotites. The basins show only moderate crustal stretching and their formation was caused primarily by the transformation of gabbroids into dense eclogites in the lower part of the continental crust. The transformation took place episodically as mantle fluids infiltrated the lower crust and it was ensured by pressure rise in the lower crust occurring with the accumulation of sediments. Moderate metamorphism developed in silicic upper crust as temperature and pressure increased under thick sedimentary covers. In iron-rich metasedimentary rocks, deep metamorphism resulted in the density increase, and P-wave velocities there increased to those characteristic of the oceanic crust.     

Lithosphere structure of European sedimentary basins from regional three-dimensional gravity modelling

A three-dimensional (3D) density model, approximated by two regional layers—the sedimentary cover and the crystalline crust (offshore, a sea-water layer was added), has been constructed in 1° averaging for the whole European continent. The crustal model is based on simplified velocity model represented by structure maps for main seismic horizons—the “seismic” basement and the Moho boundary. Laterally varying average density is assumed inside the model layers. Residual gravity anomalies, obtained by subtraction of the crustal gravity effect from the observed field, characterize the density heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Mantle anomalies are shown to correlate with the upper mantle velocity inhomogeneities revealed from seismic tomography data and geothermal data. Considering the type of mantle anomaly, specific features of the evolution and type of isostatic compensation, the sedimentary basins in Europe may be related into some groups: deep sedimentary basins located in the East European Platform and its northern and eastern margins (Peri-Caspian, Dnieper–Donets, Barents Sea Basins, Fore–Ural Trough) with no significant mantle anomalies; basins located on the activated thin crust of Variscan Western Europe and Mediterranean area with negative mantle anomalies of −150 to −200×10⁻⁵ ms⁻² amplitude and the basins associated with suture zones at the western and southern margins of the East European Platform (Polish Trough, South Caspian Basin) characterized by positive mantle anomalies of 50–150×10⁻⁵ ms⁻² magnitude. An analysis of the main features of the lithosphere structure of the basins in Europe and type of the compensation has been carried out.     

Geodynamics of the Early Precambrian,Part 2: Formation of continental crust and sedimentary basins,specificity of the lithosphere

This part of work is aimed at consideration of problems concerning evolution of geodynamic processes based on characteristic structures of the Early Precambrian and their rocks. Considered in the paper are structures characterizing existence of mature continental crust (sedimentary basins), development of the crust (metamorphic belts and granitoids) and underlying upper mantle (lithospheric keel), and amalgamation of crustal domains (continents, microcontinents, terrains) into supercontinents. Geodynamic phenomena of the Early Precambrian comparable with the Phanerozoic ones are distinguishable, on the one hand, and their changes with time of evolutionary character are detectable, on the other. The latter are satisfactorily explainable by secular lowering of the mantle temperature in general and above the top of mantle plumes.     

The tectono-sedimentary evolution of a hyper-extended rift basin: the example of the Arzacq–Mauléon rift system (Western Pyrenees,SW France)

In this paper, we present a sedimentary and structural analysis that together with maps, sections and new Ar/Ar data enable to describe the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Mauléon hyper-extended rift basin exposed in the W-Pyrenees. Hyper-extension processes that ultimately resulted in exhuming mantle rocks are the result of the subsequent development of two diachronous detachment systems related to two evolutional stages of rifting. An initial Late Aptian Early Albian crustal thinning phase is first recorded by the development of a crustal necking zone controlled by the north-vergent Southern Mauléon Detachment system. During a subsequent exhumation phase, active faulting migrates to the north with the emplacement of the Northern Mauléon detachment system that exhumed north section thinned continental crust and mantle rocks. This diachronous crustal thinning and exhumation processes are also recorded by the diachronous deposition of syn-tectonic sedimentary tracts above the two supra-detachment sub-basins. Syn-tectonic sedimentary tracts record the progressive exhumation of footwall rocks along detachment systems. Tectonic migration from the southern to the northern Mauléon Detachment system is recorded by the coeval deposition of “sag” deposits above the necking zone basin and of syn-tectonic tracts above exhumed rocks north section. Located on a hanging-wall situation related to the Mauléon hyper-extension structures, the Arzacq Basin also records a major crustal thinning phase as shown by its subsidence evolution so as by deep seismic images. The absence of major top-basement structures and its overall sag morphology suggest that crustal thinning processes occurred by decoupled extension of lower crustal levels contrasting with the Southern Mauléon Detachment system. Reconciling observations from the Mauléon and Arzacq Basins, we finally propose in this paper that they were the result of one and the same asymmetric crustal thinning and exhumation processes, where extension is accommodated into the upper crust in the Mauléon Basin (lower plate basin) and relayed in ductile lower crust below the Arzacq Basin (upper plate basin).     

囊谦盆地新生代钾质火山岩成因岩石学研究

囊谦新生代钾质火山岩形成于碰撞后的板内构造环境,基性、中性和中酸性熔岩之间不存在分异和演化的关系,它们地球化学性质上的差异是源区部分熔融程度不同所致;钾质岩浆形成于50～80 km深处的富集交代地幔.横断山地区一些拉分盆地中火山岩源区的部分熔融可能与来自软流圈小而分散的上涌体的底侵有关.大型走滑断裂带的强烈活动为熔体的快速上升提供了通道.     

论地壳中砷丰度的不均一性与高砷地下水分布的关系

在过去的二十多年以来,世界各地越来越多的地区不断地发现高砷＞50ug/L地下水.饮用高砷水危害到几千万人口的健康,尤其在亚洲.学术界普遍认为区域性高砷水的分布不一定与沉积物源区的岩石的砷含量有关.文章对此观点提出疑问和修正.这主要是基于砷在地壳中的分布与地壳的构造历史有着较明显的空间系统关系.在岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩体中,砷的浓度范围为＜1mg/kg到＞100mg/kg.并且砷浓度的分布不为正态,平均值与中值有差异.砷丰度在晶岩中分布的不均一性主要是由于富砷矿物的含量高.目前岩石中砷浓度的数据较少,不足以用于研究砷异常分布,如异常分布图的制定.但是,高砷的硫化物矿物普遍存在于中国的金矿中,而且其分布与板块碰撞的造山带有密切关系.在日本新近的上地壳中,砷(与锡)的丰度均超出地球上地壳的平均值.这里的砷异常已被解释为源于海相沉积物.因此文章提出地壳中的砷高异常与不均一性成因的假说:即海洋-大陆型碰撞之后再加上大陆-大陆型碰撞的不断富集过程.富砷矿物包括硫化物、氧化物及硅酸盐(较少见).这些富砷矿物在风化之后,被下游的快速沉降的盆地积累,使这些地区较易产生高砷地下水.文章指出两个未来研究方向:源区岩石砷的浓度及矿物学研究,和风化作用及沉积过程的研究,以便确证地表中砷的丰度异常与高砷地下水分布的关系.     

新疆阿吾拉勒富铁矿地质特征和矿床成因

阿吾拉勒山东段是新疆重要富铁矿成矿带,形成于伊犁石炭纪裂谷环境.产于海相火山-沉积岩系中的赤铁矿和块状含铜黄铁矿,发育红碧玉、重晶石喷流岩,S、Pb、H、O同位素反映成矿物质来源于深部地壳或上地幔,成矿流体源自岩浆水,并有海水混入,属于火山喷流沉积矿床.产于基-中性火山岩系中的磁铁矿,形成于火山机构附近,属矿浆喷溢型矿床.两个层位的铁(铜)矿是在同一成矿环境下形成的矿床组合,预示该地区铜矿具有较大找矿前景.     

有关蛇绿岩研究的一些新进展

本文扼要介绍有关蛇绿岩的形成环境、成因类型划分及有关上地幔岩变形特征方面的新成果。     

A Plausible Model for Evolution of Schist Belts and Granite Plutons of Dharwar Craton,India and Madagascar During 3.0-2.5 Ga: Insight from Gravity Modeling Constrained in Part from Seismic Studies

Gravity modeling of an E-W profile across Dharwar Craton, India and Madagascar, integrated with the results of Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) across the Dharwar Craton suggest a thick crust of 40-42 km under the eastern part of Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and the central part of the Madagascar. Towards east of these blocks, the crustal thickness is reduced to 36-38 km along the Eastern Ghat Fold Belt (EGFB), shear zone between the EDC and the WDC and the east coast of Madagascar, respectively. These zones of thin crust are also characterized by high density lower crustal rocks associated with thrusts. The seismic section across Dharwar Craton shows domal- shaped reflectors in the lower crust and upper mantle under the WDC which may be related to asthenopheric upwelling during an extension phase. The occurrences of large schist belts with volcano-sedimentary sequences of marine origin of late Archean period (3.0-2.7 Ga) as rift basins in the WDC and Madagascar also suggest an extensional phase in this region during that period. It is followed by a convergence between the WDC and the EDC giving rise to collision-related shear and thrust zones between the WDC and the EDC associated with high density lower crustal rocks. The seismic section shows upwarped reflectors in the upper crust which may be related to this convergence. Eastward dipping reflectors under WDC and EDC and west verging thrusts suggest convergence from the west to the east which resulted in easterly subduction giving rise to subduction-related K-granite plutons of the EDC of 2.6-2.5 Ga. In this regard, the Closepet granite in the EDC which extends almost parallel to the shear zone between the WDC and EDC and shows an I-type calk-alkaline composition may represent relict of an island arc and the linear schist belts with bimodal volcanics of the EDC east of it might have developed as back arc rift basins. Subsequent collision between India and Antarctica along the EGFB during Middle Proterozoic, indicated by eastward dipping reflectors in the crust and the upper mantle and west verging thrust gave rise to contemporary high-grade rocks of the EGFB (1.6-1.0 Ga) and associated mafic and felsic intrusives of this belt. The part of adjoining Cuddapah basin contemporary to the EGFB towards the west consisting of marine shelf type of sediments which are highly disturbed and thickest at its contact with the EGFB may represent a peripheral foreland basin. Gravity modeling provides thickest crust of 42 km in the southern part of the WDC and does not support sharp increase in crustal thickness of 50-60 km with high velocity upper mantle as suggested from receiver function analysis. It may represent some foreign material of high density trapped in this section such as part of oceanic crust during convergence and subduction that is referred to above. It is supported from eastward dipping reflectors in lower crust and upper mantle in adjoining region.     

乌拉山金矿带成矿物质来源的初步研究

通过原岩的含金建造,岩石含金性讨论,微量元素、稀土元素、包裹体特征及硫、氢、氧、碳、铅同位素的研究,对乌拉山金矿带成矿物质来源作了探讨。认为上有太古界乌拉山群是金矿形成初始矿源层,铅、硫等成矿物质主要来自地壳及下层富含金的某些强烈活动带,而成矿流体主要为渗流加热大气降水,部分来自变质—岩浆水的混合水。原岩属幔源分熔的基性—中基性火山沉积建造,幔源物质经后期大陆增生,沉积壳叠加改造,由幔源变成壳源物质,后期地质事件产生能源,使矿源层中的成矿物质活化,转移,富集成矿。