新时期我国海洋经济发展的基本走势

在海洋经济高速发展的21世纪,海洋经济的可持续发展将成为我国蓝色革命的主体。海洋经济的可持续发展适应了我国加入WTO的环境要求,也顺应了海洋产业国际化和全球化的发展趋势,实现生态、经济和社会三方面效益的统一,推进海洋产业的生态化、市场化、科技化、法制化和永续化是目前我国海洋经济发展的当务之急。海洋经济在未来经济发展和民族兴盛中具有极其重要的战略地位。一、可持续发展可持续发展观是对发展空间进行横向与纵向的综合思考,它包括生态、经济和社会的持续发展,强调经济增长与生态、社会环境相互协调的关系。将可持续发展的…     

海洋开发应作为下一阶段我国发展战略的重要组成部分

在人口膨胀、资源短缺和污染问题日益突出的今天，海洋开发受到沿海各国的高度重视。把海洋开发纳入国家发展战略，是１９９０年联合国第４５届大会决议向世界沿海各国发出的倡议；１９９８年被联合国确定为国际海洋年，主题是“海洋———人类未来的财产”。改革开放以来，我国与世界各国的经济联系不断增强，海洋已成为我国融入世界经济的重要通道之一。因此，海洋开发将我国发展战略的重要组成部分，具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。一、海洋开发关系到２１世纪我国的可持续发展海洋比陆地的面积要大得多，其中蕴藏着丰富的生物资源…     

对我国海洋可再生能源开发利用的研究与探讨

为了加快我国海洋可再生能源的开发利用,更好地满足经济和社会可持续发展的需要,文章在分析我国海洋可再生能源资源储量、技术及产业发展现状的基础上,借鉴国际海洋可再生能源开发利用的经验,提出了近期我国海洋可再生能源开发利用的基本思路。     

关于构建海洋经济学理论体系的设想

自20世纪70年代以来,我国海洋经济迅速发展,取得了有目共睹的成就。尤其是《中国海洋21世纪议程》的颁布,标志着我国海洋经济的发展走向了可持续发展的道路。海洋经济可持续发展的实践一方面丰富了海洋经济理论的研究成果,推动了海洋经济理论研究的深入和发展,并促使海洋经济呈现出多学科综合研究的态势;另一方面也提出了一系列亟需解决的现实问题,迫切要求有科学的海洋经济理论来指导海洋经济的实践活动,促使海洋经济活动真正沿着可持续的方向发展。现实的需要促成了海洋经济学的兴起,同样也要求海洋经济学迅速成熟并能对海洋经济的发展起…     

大力发展海洋经济 加快构筑可持续发展的经济体系

青岛市是我国东部重要的经济中心城市、港口城市,是中国历史文化名城和滨海旅游胜地,海洋是青岛的鲜明特色,也是青岛的最大优势。在当前我国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的新的历史时期,如何发挥好青岛市的海洋优势,大力发展海洋经济,加快构筑可持续发展的经济体系,全面提升城市持续创新力和核心竞争力,对于青岛全面建设小康社会、率先实现现代化、尽快建成社会主义现代化国际大城市意义重大。一、青岛市海洋经济发展现状1.独特的优势一是海洋资源丰富。青岛海岸线长862.64km,海湾49处,海岛69个,拥有近海海域1.38万km2,为…     

海洋生态红线制度公众参与机制研究

随着我国沿海地区社会经济的迅猛发展,过度和不合理的开发活动已严重威胁海洋生态系统健康。2011年我国明确提出划定海洋生态红线,这是我国海洋经济可持续发展、海洋资源可持续利用的重要保障。目前我国公众参与海洋环境管理的现状存在制度不完善、操作性不强等问题,海洋生态红线公众参与更是处于起步阶段。文章通过阐述海洋环境管理中公众参与的内涵与重要性,总结国内外公众参与海洋管理的发展历程与研究进展,旨在为海洋生态红线中的公众参与提供建设性建议。     

扬帆东海四十五载 继往开来再创辉煌（下）

发展篇：辛勤耕耘结硕果 联合国大会将1998年确定为国际海洋年。这一年,我国政府首次以《中国海洋事业的发展》白皮书的形式,向国际社会阐述了我国海洋可持续发展战略和合理开发海洋资源、保护和保全海洋环境、发展海洋科学技术和教育、实施海洋综合管理、积极参与国际与地区海洋事务的方针政策和措施。     

我国海洋功能开发的经济与环境协调度分析

随着海洋功能区划制度的颁布实施,我国海洋功能开发力度不断增大,资源和环境问题日渐突出。文章按照可持续发展的观点,运用协调度模型分析沿海11个省、自治区、直辖市的海洋经济与环境协调关系。通过实证研究表明,我国沿海区域海洋经济环境协调度基本符合“U”形曲线,部分地区发展海洋经济的同时牺牲了海洋环境,以北部海域较为突出。海洋经济与环境的协调度曲线显示我国海洋功能开发仍处于工业化中期,海洋第二产业所占比重较高,海洋经济的快速扩张对协调度的影响程度比较大。沿海区域仍需要加强海洋环境保护,合理优化产业结构,促进海洋经济与环境协调稳定发展。     

加强海洋环境保护与管理推进海洋经济可持续发展

随着当今世界人口、资源、环境三大危机的日益突出,沿海各国都把发展的重点转向海洋,世界性海洋开发活动日益增加,海洋环境质量已成为海洋经济可持续发展的重要问题,特别是发展中国家面临的形势相当严峻。我国也不例外,在我国由计划经济向市场经济过渡,由传统海洋产业向现代海洋产业迈进的新形势下,海洋环境质量已给海洋经济可持续发展敲响了警钟,加强海洋环境保护与管理已成为当务之急。正如国务委员宋健在第十九届特别联大会     

以科学发展观为指导保持海洋经济可持续发展

2005年伊始,胡锦涛总书记再次强调了以科学发展观全面推进小康社会的进程,而开发海洋,保持海洋经济的可持续发展又是推动我国经济社会发展的一项战略任务。因此,进入21世纪以来,海洋越来越成为人们关注的焦点。我们必须以新的视角重新认识海洋经济,以新的观念来指导海洋经济,以新的方法来发展海洋经济,使我国的海洋经济建设事业跨上可持续发展的时代快车。文章从我国发展海洋经济的必要性出发,分析其现状、存在的问题并提出相应的对策与措施。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.