DGZ-1多功能共振柱常规试验可靠性分析

针对新研制的多功能共振柱讕验机常规土类试验,发展此类仪器的试验可靠性分析理论,建立一套检验自身可靠性的分析方法傌技术,包括试验误差分析、试验定量考核、土工试验等多种技术手段。首先建立了共振柱仪动剪切模量误差、应叐误差和阻尼比误差的分析公式,得到了几种主要影响因素及其对试验误差影响程度的新认识。同时,通过若干已知动剪切模量且频率和土频率相接近的钢杆和铝杆试件的自振和共振试验,定量上验证该仪器常规试验结果的可靠性;通过砂土和原状粘土常规试验,定性上检验土工试验结果的合理性。通过对新研制的多功能共振柱试验机的常规试验功能进行可靠性的自身检验,所有试验结果是令人满意和可靠的,结果符合现有规律的认识。     

High strain dynamic modulus and damping of chemically grouted sand

Laboratory resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests are performed to determine the dynamic response (i.e. shear modulus and damping) of chemically grouted sand. The effect of chemical grouting is evaluated as a function of shearing-strain amplitude, confining stress, cycling prestrain, number of cycles, grout type, concentration, and curing time. The test results show that the shearing-strain amplitude, grout type and grout concentration have significant effects on the shear modulus and damping ratio of the test specimens. The increased addition of sodium silicate grout, which produces stiff gels, improved the shear modulus of the test sand. The acrylate (AC-400) and polyurethane (CG5610) grout, which produces flexible (rubber-like) gels, improved the damping capacity of the sand with increasing grout concentration. The addition of chemical grout greatly reduces the effect of cyclic prestraining over untreated sands. In the case of dense sands, the reduction of cyclic prestraining is less pronounced than in loose sands, which have a higher potential for particle movement and reorientation.     

固原重塑黄土动力特性共振柱试验研究

利用GCTS共振柱测试仪研究了干密度和固结压力对固原黄土重塑土动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响及试验数据误差的基本规律。通过设计不同工况的试验条件,对比分析结果表明:相同含水率条件下,最大动剪切模量G_(dmax)随固结压力和干密度的增大而增大。相同干密度条件下,黄土的动剪切模量比随围压的增大而增大;阻尼比随围压的增大而减小;相同围压条件下,黄土动剪切模量比随干密度的增大而增大,阻尼比随干密度的增大而减小;不同剪应变特征点的动剪切模量比和阻尼比试验数据呈现一定的离散性,且离散程度阻尼比明显高于动剪切模量比。研究成果可为该地区场地地震反应分析及工程建设提供基础资料。     

相对密实度对含黏粒砂土动剪切模量与阻尼比影响的试验研究

利用GCTS共振柱系统开展一系列含黏粒砂土的动力特性试验,研究相对密实度对含黏粒砂土动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响,并探讨其影响规律.试验结果表明:相对密实度对动剪切模量、动剪切模量比、阻尼比、最大动剪切模量均有影响.动剪切模量随着相对密实度的增加而变大,但动剪切模量增大的幅度更大;当黏粒含量较小时,动剪切模量比随相对密实度...     

Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand

An experimental comparative study of three different grouted sands in terms of their effects on the values of two dynamic properties is presented. The dynamic properties studied are the shear modulus and the damping ratio which are determined with resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests. The behaviour of a pure Fontainebleau sand is compared with the behaviour of a Fontainebleau sand grouted with a silicate grout, a micro-fine cement grout and a mineral grout. The effects of the grouting treatment, the type of grout, the confining pressure, and the strains, on the shear modulus and the damping ratio are studied. The test results have shown that grouting improves the stiffness of the sand especially for small strains. Whatever the type of material, confining stress improves the shear modulus whereas it has a negligible effect on the damping ratio. When strain increases, the shear modulus decreases and the damping ratio increases.     

加筋土动弹性模量的动三轴试验研究

采用动三轴试验系统对加筋土试样进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验。研究了在不同加筋材料、不同加筋层数、不同围压、不同固结应力比条件下的加筋土的动弹性模量变化规律,并与素土试样试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,加筋土的动弹性模量随围压和固结应力比的增加而增大,窗纱加筋试样的最大动模量相比素土有了较大的提高,并随着加筋层数的增加而增大,土工布加筋土试样最大动弹模量与素土的最大动弹模量增减趋势不明确。     

荆江大堤下伏饱和粉细砂动力特性试验研究

针对荆江大堤江陵段下伏地层广泛分布的饱和粉细砂,参照原位试验成果重塑粉细砂试样,按估算的固结应力比(Kc约为1.6)对试样动剪模量、阻尼比及总应力动强度进行测试,结果表明:(1)试样应力-应变骨干曲线与Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型假设高度吻合,Hardin公式可很好地拟合动模量/阻尼比与动应变的关系。在研究试样密实度范围内,最大动模量随围压和密实度的增加而增加,但围压对动模量的敏感性更高,且相同围压下动剪模量比与动应变关系曲线近乎重合。围压增大或密实度升高均会引起阻尼比的降低,1%应变对应的阻尼比分布在0.15~0.21之间;(2)偏压状态下以累积轴向应变5%作为液化判别标准进行抗液化强度试验,随特征振次及测试围压的增大,液化动剪应力比相应减小,试样振动孔压比最高仅能达到0.8~0.9;(3)由总应力法求取的动内摩擦角与黏聚力均随设定特征振次的增加而下降,且内聚力并非约等于0,表明动力作用下该试样具有一定的黏滞性。     

软件滤波在土体自振柱试验中的应用

自振柱试验是测量土样动剪切模量和阻尼比的常用方法,但由于噪声等环境因素的影响,土样扭剪自由振动的衰减波曲线有时会因高频干扰出现不平滑现象,难以得到合理的测试结果。软件数字滤波是解决这类问题的有效方法。本文通过多种软件数字滤波方法优缺点的对比,认为平均滤波法和惯性滤波法能有效解决试验数据中的高频干扰问题,并分别选择适当的滤波参数,得到了平滑的自振衰减波曲线;最后,采用平均滤波法处理了两组自振枉试验数据。结果表明,软件滤波法确能有效消除不合理数据,得到符合一般规律的土体动剪切模量和阻尼比试验结果,从而验证了其在土体自振柱试验中的应用价值。     

土的动剪切模量、阻尼比和泊松比研究进展

介绍了现场测试与实验室测试土的最大动剪切模量的差别、动剪切模量和阻尼比与剪应变关系的表达式及其地区经验成果、固结比对最大动剪切模量影响、动泊松比研究、实验误差及其对地震动的影响等方面的主要成果。提出应加强动泊松比研究,加强共振柱和动三轴试验土动力学参数统一的数学模型研究,加强土动力学参数在均等固结与非均等固结条件下关系研究,加强土动力学参数与土的常规物理力学性质指标关系研究和土动力学参数实验误差研究。     

Dynamic shear modulus of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios and its effects on surface ground motion

The dynamic shear modulus for three types of undisturbed soil under different consolidation ratios is presented by using the resonant column test method. Its effects on surface ground motion is illustrated by calculation. The test results indicate that the power function is a suitable form for describing the relationship between the ratio of the maximum dynamic shear modulus due to anisotropic and isotropic consolidations and the increment of the consolidation ratio. When compared to sand, the increment of the maximum dynamic shear modulus for undisturbed soil due to anisotropic consolidation is much larger. Using a one-dimensional equivalent linearization method, the earthquake influence factor and the characteristic period of the surface acceleration are calculated for two soil layers subjected to several typical earthquake waves. The calculated results show that the difference in nonlinear properties due to different consolidation ratios is generally not very notable, but the degree of its influence on the surface acceleration spectrum is remarkable for the occurrence of strong earthquakes. When compared to isotropic consolidation, the consideration of actual anisotropic consolidation causes the characteristic period to decrease and the earthquake influence factor to increase.     

固结时间对软粘土动剪切模量的影响

随着固结时间的增加,试样逐渐变硬的硬化效应使软粘土的动剪切模量增大;同时,随着固结时间的增加,试样高度和直径明显减小的尺寸效应,也使软粘土的动剪切模量受到显著的影响。通过软粘土自振柱试验,分析了固结时间对软粘土的最大动剪切模量、动剪切模量比和试样尺寸的影响;根据自振柱试验的基本原理,分析了试样尺寸的变化对软粘土动剪切模量的影响;结合试验得到的固结时间和试样尺寸的关系,分析了固结时间通过试样尺寸对软粘土动剪切模量的影响。     

Experimental study on dynamic properties of sand with emphasis on the degree of saturation

Cyclic drained and undrained tests were performed in a modified simple shear device in order to specifically investigate the effect of saturation ratio on shear modulus and damping parameters of sand. In addition to the degree of saturation, the effects of number of cycles, vertical consolidation stress, shear strain amplitude and relative density on dynamic properties of sand were investigated. Dynamic stiffness and damping characteristic were found to be substantially independent of saturation ratio in the range of 25−75%. However, by approaching the full saturation state, the values of modulus fall sharply and damping of loose samples increases dramatically from corresponding values of unsaturated levels. Results of drained tests revealed that most of increase in shear modulus and decrease in damping take place in the first 30 cycles. It was found that vertical consolidation stress is the most important parameter which affects shear modulus and damping ratio of sand. Similarly, relative density or void ratio significantly affects dynamic stiffness and damping under undrained conditions. Moreover, the influence of shear strain amplitude should be considered for both drained and undrained tests.     

豫东平原粉质黏土动剪切模量与阻尼比试验研究

粉质黏土动剪切模量和阻尼比是建筑场地动力稳定性评价的重要动力参数。为分析豫东平原粉质黏土的动力特性,利用双向振动三轴仪试验系统,对取自豫东平原地区的粉质黏土进行动三轴试验,研究粉质黏土状态及固结压力对动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。研究发现:可塑粉质黏土(PSC)与软塑粉质黏土(SSC)的动力特性存在相近的变化趋势,动剪切模量比随剪应变的增大而减小,阻尼比随剪应变的增大而增大;在同一应变水平下,SSC的动剪切模量比随固结压力的增大而增大、PSC的阻尼比随固结压力的增大而增大;在相同试验条件下,PSC的最大动剪切模量大于SSC的最大动剪切模量;在剪应变小于0.01%时两者动剪切模量快速衰减,剪应变达到0.03%时两者动剪切模量趋于一致。根据现有的粉质黏土动剪切模量与阻尼比研究成果,结合试验数据,提出粉质黏土动剪切模量比、阻尼比随剪应变变化的数学模型,为豫东平原粉质黏土场地工程建设中的动力稳定性评价提供依据。     

围压对粉质粘土动力学参数影响的共振柱试验研究

土的最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比是对土层进行动力反应分析的重要力学参数。利用英国GDS公司生产的RCA共振柱仪,研究围压对都江堰地区粉质粘土的上述动力学参数的影响。研究表明：相同围压条件下,最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比随重复次数基本不变,表明该试验过程具有可重复性;最大动剪切模量、剪应变幅和阻尼比均受围压影响较大,随着围压的增大,最大动剪切模量和阻尼比均逐渐增大,而剪应变幅随着围压的增大逐渐减小。据此,建立了都江堰地区粉质粘土动力学参数随围压变化的经验公式。本研究可为土层地震动力反应分析提供参考并积累基础资料。     

固结比对土最大动剪切模量的影响

采用共振柱试验方法,研究了固结比对土最大动剪切模量的影响并给出了土最大动剪切模量的建议公式。通过对砂土、粉质黏土和粉土的系统试验,提出了不同固结比下土最大动剪切模量与固结比kc-1呈指数形式的增长模式,不同于Hard in公式最大动剪切模量与固结比kc呈直线形式的增长模式。同时给出了计算不同固结比下砂土、粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,并与Hard in公式进行了对比,结果表明,固结比对土最大动剪切模量影响程度明显比Hard in公式要大,固结比对粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的影响程度要比对砂土的影响程度更大。     

不同含水率下滑坡滑带土动力特性试验研究

甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡地处活跃断层破裂带内,断层活动控制着该滑坡的发育和运动。为了研究该滑坡滑带土的动力特性,采用重塑滑带土样,在固结不排水条件下,利用分级循环加载法开展动三轴试验,重点探讨含水率的变化对滑带土动力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:含水率一定时,泄流坡滑坡滑带土的动弹性模量随动应变的增大呈指数形式减小;动应变一定时,动弹性模量随含水率的增大而不断减小,且衰减速率随含水率的增大而增大;含水率并不影响动弹性模量-动应变关系曲线的形态,不同含水率下该关系曲线可以进行归一化。滑带土阻尼比随含水率的增大而增大,阻尼比-动应变关系曲线也具有归一化特征。不同含水率下泄流坡滑带土动应力-应变本构关系可以用双曲线模型进行描述。     

循环荷载对饱和黄土动剪模量的影响研究

利用装有压电陶瓷弯曲元的双向振动三轴仪对饱和黄土进行了循环荷载试验,并根据静力固结条件下黄土的动剪模量发展规律建立了基于哈定方程的拟合曲线;将循环荷载作用下的动剪模量与静力固结下的动剪模量进行了对比研究,并根据轴向应变的发展规律,确定了以上2种条件下动剪模量产生差异的原因：试样结构性破坏,土颗粒重排列,土体具有很高的敏感性。对于振动过程中的暂停对试验的影响进行了研究,认为由于暂停时间很短,可以忽略这种影响。在振动结束后,对试样在原压力下重新进行固结,结果表明,固结完成后,试样的动剪模量增大,且增大幅度随着密度的增加而变小。     

Laboratory study of seismic free-field response of sand

This paper describes a new soil-structure interaction test box for use on a moderately large shaking table. The test box is designed to replicate, as nearly as possible, the free-field seismic response of a soil layer overlying a rigid base. Results from shaking table testing are presented which demonstrate the ability of the test box to serve as a large-scale shear device. The test box is unique in its ability to determine dynamic shear modulus for both high- and low-amplitude shear strain, and also to study the dynamic response of sand under low levels of confining stress. Dynamic shear modulus for standard Ottawa sand was measured over a wide range of shear strain amplitude and compared with data from the existing literature. Finally, based on results from the test box, a constitutive model is proposed which describes the free field response of a sand layer overlying bedrock and subjected to vertically propagating SH waves. The model is simple in form with a single parameter uniquely related to the friction angle of the sand.     

振动台试验模型地基土的设计与试验研究

本文在动力相似关系的分析基础之上,设计了一种以锯末为主要成分,用于地基-基础-上部结构动力相互作用振动台试验的模型土。用循环单剪仪对原型土和设计的模型土分别进行了试验,得出了2者的动剪切模量比Gd/Gdm ax和阻尼比λ随动剪应变γd变化的关系曲线,对两种土的动力特性进行了相似对比。试验结果表明,设计的模型土与原型土的动力特性具有较好的相似性。采用等效线性本构模型,给出了原型土和模型土的动力特性参数。对采用本文所设计的模型土进行振动台试验的动力相似问题进行了初步讨论。     

土体动剪切模量及其衰减特性现场试验研究

如何获取土体动模量原位衰减曲线是研究天然土层在循环动荷载下的动变形特性课题中亟待解决的难题。为此,本文自制了一套地震动参数现场试验系统,依据动剪切模量原位测试原理获得了不同深度土体在小应变范围内的动模量原位衰减曲线。试验数据表明:当剪应变小于4×10^－5时,土体变形处于线性阶段;当剪应变大于4×10^－5时,土体归一化动剪切模量G/G_max衰减加快,以塑性变形为主。同时,当向土层施加的垂向静荷载越大,归一化动剪切模量值G/G_max与对数剪应变值logγ_d之间的关系会逐渐上移,但直线段斜率值不变。相关成果可为试验场地的动模量取值提供一定参考。