地壳中流体的大规模流动系统及其成矿意义

地壳中的水量相当于海洋体积的水量,已确定的水溶液活动深度可达２０ｋｍ,根据驱动力的不同,地壳中主要存在三大流动系统,即重力,浮力和应力驱动系统。本文评述了当前国际上有关大规模流体运移研究扩要进展和发展趋势,介绍了有关流动系统的模式和运动机制,并简要论述了其成矿意义。文章指出,目前区域古流体场地球化学背景问题已成为区域规律和热液成矿理论中一个不容回避的关键课题,地壳中大规模流动系统将成为今后地质流体研究的重要方向之一。     

冀东长城式金矿成矿中一些问题的初步探讨

长城式金矿主要受长城系岩石层间角砾岩破碎带,褐铁矿化和有机质（碳）含量控制,与岩石层位和性质无关。成矿热液可能是在伸展构造体系的控制下,超糜棱岩化变质作用衍生的变货流体或溶熔岩浆作用衍生的岩浆热液流体,在构造动力驱动下上升至盖层破碎带与天水混合的产物。它们在白云岩破碎带中渗流形成碳质含矿热液;在碎屑岩破碎带中渗流形成硅质含矿热液。     

岩浆热液出溶和演化对斑岩成矿系统金属成矿的制约

岩浆热液过渡阶段对于与岩浆热液有关矿床的形成非常重要。以往的研究多侧重于岩浆结晶阶段和低于固相线的热液阶段过程和演化 ,但对于流体从熔体出溶到熔体最后固结过程的理解却很有限。基于流体包裹体冷热台研究、单个流体和熔体包裹体原位无损成分分析技术 ,并结合挥发份和成矿元素在共存相间分配的实验和质量平衡计算模拟 ,岩浆热液出溶和演化对金属成矿制约的研究取得了很大进展。文中从岩浆中挥发份的出溶和演化、成矿元素在岩浆热液过渡体系各相之间的分配、斑岩矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系、浅成热液矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系几个方面进行了阐述。研究表明 :( 1)岩浆熔体不仅含有足够的挥发性组分 ,而且出溶的挥发份能够被圈闭在流体包裹体中而成为岩浆出溶热液的实物证据。 ( 2 )挥发份和成矿元素不仅在岩浆熔体和出溶的溶液间分配 ,还将在熔体与盐水溶液、熔体与气相以及盐水溶液与气相间进行分配。Cu在岩浆蒸气中比在共存的熔体中要富集数百倍 ,而Cu ,As,Au(可能作为HS配合物 )则偏向于分配进入与液体相共存的蒸气相中。 ( 3 )成矿元素在熔体 /溶液间的分配系数受控于熔体中初始水含量与饱和水含量之比值和岩浆熔体与共存出溶水溶液的w(Cl) /w(H2 O)和w(F) /w(Cl)比值。 ( 4 )斑岩     

流体的沸腾和混合在热液成矿中的意义

讨论了流体沸腾和混合在热液成矿中的重要作用及研究进展。成矿汉体的降温可能不是许多金属矿物沉淀的最有效机制；流体的沸腾作用对浅成热液帮床，斑岩铜钼等矿床中矿物的沉淀作用很大，造成的矿化具有强度大，品位富及垂向分带较发育的特征，同时因其影响范围小，作用时间短，限制了它的作用的发挥。     

初论浅成作用和热液矿床成因分类

通过简单列举现有金矿床类型的名称,发现热液矿床分类命名混乱、繁杂、缺乏科学逻辑,严重制约着教学、科研和找矿勘探事业的发展,原因是对于深度<10 km、温度为50~300 ℃条件下的地质作用研究薄弱,缺乏概念描述,构成认识盲区,因此提出了浅成作用(epizonogenism)的概念,用于概括深度<10 km、温度为50~300 ℃条件下的地质作用。藉此将热液矿床划分为浅成热液、变质热液和岩浆热液等3个成因端员;确定浅成、变质和岩浆流体的特征分别是低盐度 贫CO₂、低盐度 富CO₂和高盐度 CO₂含量变化大;岩浆热液矿床发育含多种子晶包裹体和高盐度富CO₂的包裹体,变质热液矿床发育低盐度富CO₂包裹体,浅成热液矿床只发育水溶液包裹体,缺乏含子晶包裹体和富/含CO₂包裹体。     

Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统与成矿作用

根据金矿床中碲、硒赋存特点与富集程度,可将Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的矿床成因类型划分为:(1) 浅成低温热液型金-银矿床;(2) 造山型金矿床;(3) 卡林-类卡林型金矿床;(4) 碱性-偏碱性侵入岩型金矿床;(5)斑岩型(铜)金矿床;(6) 夕卡岩型(铜)金矿床;(7) VMS型金多金属矿床。碲、硒都是亲地幔的元素,侵入岩与火山岩是Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统中碲、硒的重要来源,黑色岩系也是硒的重要来源。温度、pH、氧逸度等是控制Te、Se的迁移与富集的重要因素。Au-(Ag)-Te-Se成矿系统的成矿机制与岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、水-岩反应、流体沸腾与混合、有机作用密切相关。其中岩浆脱气、流体-熔体分离、流体沸腾与流体混合是碲化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制,而水-岩反应、流体混合、有机作用是硒化物型金矿床的重要成矿机制。在成矿过程中,先期形成一些亚稳定或不稳定的过渡态矿物易发生固溶体分离作用,或是不饱和流体与已形成的矿物发生溶解-再沉淀作用,导致矿石具有丰富的物质组成和结构特点。     

安徽月山矿成矿流体中铜,金的迁移形式和沉淀的物理化学条件

文章基于矿床地质特征和地球化学热力学理论,计算和讨论了安微月山矽卡岩－热液型铜,金矿田成矿流体中成矿物质的迁移形式和沉淀的物理化学条件,两类矿床的主要成矿阶段,成矿流体中铜主要以氯络合物ＣｕＣｌ、ＣｕＣｌ２＾－、ＣｕＣｌ＾２－３,ＣｕＣｌＯＨ,金主要以硫的络合物Ａｕ２（ＨＳ）２Ｓ＾２－,Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２＾－,ＡｕＨＳ、ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ４等形式进行迁移,成矿流体中铜沉淀的主要物化条件是降温及氯离子浓度的     

Melt and fluid inclusions from volcanic quartz phenocrysts in the Shila gold / base metal ore district,Peru: precursors to ore‐forming epithermal solutions?

ABSTRACT Despite the close association with volcanic activity, the source of metals and ligands in the epithermal ore deposits is still controversial. In order to explore the magmatic–hydrothermal connection further, silicate melt, saline- and water-rich fluids, and CO₂ vapours are documented that are trapped as inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from dacitic dykes associated with epithermal gold/base metal mineralization in the Shila district (Peru). Melt inclusion characteristics, and microthermometric and laser Raman fluid inclusion data are presented. The investigation of melt and fluid inclusions reveals that the volatile phase of magmas might represent the precursors to the early chlorine-rich ore-forming epithermal solutions. Microthermometric investigations in magmatic quartz crystals and data on quartz mineralized veins suggest that the fluid evolution and ore deposition may be the result of several processes including: release of an evolving magmatic fluid, and/or boiling, and/or mixing.     

辽南丹东地区中生代金成矿的FIP的证据

辽南丹东地区产出有五龙、四道沟两个大型金矿床,两矿床与中生代燕山期三股流花岗岩体存在密切的空间华生关系。长期以来,对这一地区金的成矿作用时代存在有不同的认识,一种观点认为金的成矿作用只有一期,即中徨代（燕山期）;另一种观战认为金的成矿作用有两期,即元古代和中生代（燕山期）分别以四道沟金矿和五龙金矿为代表,作者利用流体包裹体面（ＦＩＰ）研究的新方法对金矿床及伴生花岗岩进行了研究。结果表明,三股流花岗     

吉林荒沟山金矿床成矿流体特征

荒沟山金矿床为吉南老岭金-多金属成矿带内较具代表性矿床之一,产于元古宇老岭群珍珠门组地层之中,受韧性剪切带构造控制.按地质特征、矿物组合及矿脉之间的穿切关系,将荒沟山金矿床热液成矿作用划分为Ⅰ黄铁矿-毒砂-石英阶段和Ⅱ晚期辉锑矿-乳白色石英两个阶段.系统的流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温研究表明:Ⅰ阶段石英中发育含CO₂三相、碳质及气液两相3种类型的原生流体包裹体,成矿流体属不混溶的中低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O-CO₂体系热液,在成矿过程中发生过不混溶作用而导致金等有用元素沉淀富集;Ⅱ阶段石英颗粒中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体属均匀的NaCl-H₂O体系热液.碳、氢、氧同位素研究表明,Ⅰ阶段成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,Ⅱ阶段流体除继承早阶段的热液外,还有大气降水的混入;δD和δ13C_V-PDB值分析结果证明两个成矿阶段流体均与地层发生过较强的水岩反应.矿床成因属于中温岩浆热液矿床.      

火山岩地区金矿的蚀变分带和成矿物理化学条件──成矿热流体与控矿环境相互作用过程的四维记录

本文主要讨论火山岩、次火山岩和相应侵入岩地区各类金矿的蚀变分带和形成条件，作者把成矿系统分为成矿热流体体系和控矿环境两个组成部分。热流体体系分成近地表和高侵位的两种类型，控矿系统分为火山中心控矿系统、高侵位岩体控矿系统和有区域性断裂系统复合的上述控矿系统。与近地表岩浆热流体体系有关的浅成热液金矿可分为低硫、高硫和富碲３个类型，与高侵位岩浆热流体体系有关的有斑岩型和浅成侵入体型。全面分析了与两种热流体体系有关的各类金矿产出的的地质环境、蚀变矿物组合的时、空分布，及其形成的地质和物理化学条件。提出了成矿热流体体系与控矿环境相互作用和进行物质能量交换过程的四维记录的新观点。     

陕西凤太矿集区典型金矿地质特征及其成矿规律

凤太矿集区金矿资源丰富,近年来金矿勘查取得了较大成果和找矿突破.通过分析对比矿集区内典型金矿的地质特征与成矿流体特征,总结了凤太矿集区的成矿规律.凤太矿集区金矿的矿化类型多样,但其成矿流体的性质和来源、成矿物质的来源具有统一性,成矿深度较浅的金矿流体中大气降水的参与程度较高,而成矿深度较深的金矿流体来源则具有更多的变质...     

Fluid Inclusions and C?H?O?S?Pb Isotopes: Implications for the Genesis of the Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The Zhuanshanzi gold deposit lies in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt and the northern section of the Chifeng‐Chaoyang gold belt. The gold veins are strictly controlled by a NW‐oriented shear fault zone. Quartz veins and altered tectonic rock‐type gold veins are the main vein types. The deposits can be divided into four mineralization stages, and the second and third metallogenic stages are the main metallogenic stages. In this paper, based on the detailed field geological surveys, an analysis of the orebody and ore characteristics, microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions, the Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions, determination of C? H? O? S? Pb isotopic geochemical characteristics, and so on were carried out to explore the origin of the ore‐forming fluids, ore‐forming materials, and the genesis of the deposits. The results show that the fluid inclusions can be divided into four types: type I – gas–liquid two‐phase inclusions; type II – gas‐rich inclusions; type III– liquid inclusions; and type IV – CO₂‐containing three‐phase inclusions. However, they are dominated by type Ib – gas liquid inclusions and type IV – three‐phase inclusions containing CO₂. The gas compositions are mainly H₂O and CO₂, indicating that the metallogenic system is a CO₂? H₂O? NaCl system. The homogenization temperature of the ore‐forming fluid evolved from a middle temperature to a low temperature, and the temperature of the fluid was further reduced due to meteoric water mixing during the late stage, as well as a lack of CO₂ components, and eventually evolved into a simple NaCl? H₂O hydrothermal system. C? H? O? S? Pb isotope research proved that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly magmatic water during the early stage, with abundant meteoric water mixed in during the late stage. Ore‐forming materials originated mostly from hypomagma and were possibly influenced by the surrounding rocks, suggesting that the ore‐forming materials were mainly magmatic hydrothermal deposits, with a small amount of crustal component. The fluid immiscibility and the CO₂ and CH₄ gases in the fluids played an active and important role in the precipitation and enrichment of Au during different metallogenic stages. The deposit is considered a magmatic hydrothermal deposit of middle–low temperature.     

川西北马脑壳金矿床成矿流体地球化学特征与性质

马脑壳金矿床是20世纪80年代末期在川西北地区发现的一大型微细浸染型矿床，它赋存于中三叠统扎尕山组地层之中，矿体产出受北西向次级断裂构造的控制。矿床的形成经历了成矿前金初步富集、热液成矿作用－原生矿石形成及麦生氧化－金次生再富集第三期主要成矿作用过程。热液金成矿作用可进一步划分为（1）黄铁矿－毒砂－石英；（Ⅱ）石英－（白钨矿）－辉锑矿；（Ⅲ）石英－雄（雌）黄及（Ⅳ）石英－方解石等4个矿化阶段，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段为金的主要沉淀富成矿阶段。系统的流体包裹体研究表明，成矿前（Ⅰ′）及热液成矿Ⅰ－Ⅳ阶段石英中共发育液相、纯液相、含CO2三相、富CO2相及含有机质等5种类型的原生流体包裹体。测温结果显示，Ⅰ′及Ⅰ-Ⅳ类石英中液相及含CO2三相包裹体均一温度为120－300℃，热液盐度为0．5％－11．0％；包裹体成分分析结果表明，热液阳离子以Na^ 、K^ 及Ca^2 为主，阴离子主要为HCO3^-及CI^-，气相组分除H2O外，尚含一定量的CO2及CH4等；热液pH值为6．7－72，Eh值为－0．85～0.69eV；成矿热液总体属中低温、低盐度、近中性和弱还原性的含有机质Na^ -K^ -Ca^2 -HCO3^--CI^-体系类型。H、O同位素研究结果表明，成矿前热液主要来源于变质水和地层建造水，成矿期以来大气降水不断 混入并逐步占据优势。主成矿阶段成矿热液发生过明显的注体混合相分离作用，对金的沉淀富集成矿起了重要作用。     

熊耳山—外方山矿集区中生代Au-Mo成矿系统

熊耳山—外方山矿集区位于秦岭造山带之华北板块南缘,经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,成矿时间跨度大,成矿强度高,成矿作用多样。复合造山过程和相应的成矿作用已被深入研究,但成矿系统的划分和叠加成矿作用尚需研究。本文将熊耳山—外方山矿集区发育的Au-Mo矿床划分为造山型Mo矿床、斑岩型Mo矿床、岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床、造山型Au矿床和岩浆热液型Au矿床5个类型,对应5种成矿系统：(1)造山型Mo矿床形成于250~227 Ma的同碰撞环境和227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Mo成矿;(2)斑岩型Mo矿床形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~116 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源或壳源Mo成矿;(3)岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床形成于227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源Mo成矿;(4)造山型Au矿床在三叠纪发生了预富集作用,主要形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Au成矿;(5)岩浆热液型Au矿床仅形成于135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带壳源Au成矿。矿集区主要存在两种叠加成矿作用,即不同构造背景下多种成矿系统的叠加和同一构造背景下不同成矿系统的叠加。     

胶东招掖矿集区巨量金质来源和流体成矿效应

胶东招掖大型金矿集中区的形成是一个多期次、多来源的复杂过程.胶东群正变质岩的原岩——太古代拉斑玄武岩为初始矿源岩;太古代-元古代胶东群、荆山群和粉子山群变质岩为中间矿源岩;中生代剪切重熔岩浆岩——玲珑型花岗岩和郭家岭型花岗岩是成矿物质的主要直接提供者;郭家岭型花岗岩还起到"热机"作用;而蓬莱群及滦家河型花岗岩提供成矿物质的可能性较小.金的成矿作用是在古老地幔分异出的太古代拉斑玄武岩基础上,经韧性剪切→区域变质→岩浆重熔等构造热动力作用逐步富集的过程.岩浆侵入后,形成以岩体为中心的凸形热场,是流体成矿作用的主要动力之一.成矿流体的流速可以促进混合热液的生长,剪切破碎带是强烈输运-反应耦合成矿的有利场所.地幔富C-H-O流体、中-下部地壳富硅流体、浅-表部富硫流体3个层次流体相互沟通、混合,导致流体循环持续时间增长,萃取围岩有用元素增多,成矿元素丰度升高,并最终形成胶东招掖金矿集中区.     

安徽铜陵地区含金硫化物矿床成矿作用

铜陵地区位于华中地洼区,苏鄂地洼系。具工业价值的金矿床多赋存于地洼期次一级构造以及它们的交汇处,这是本区构造控矿的特点。近矿围岩以地台型碳酸盐岩为主,矿体明显受地层层位控制。与矿化有关的侵入岩,主要形成于地洼期(燕山早、中期)。岩体形成后叠加了成矿热液的多次活动。金的成矿作用及金矿床的形成,通常与含金丰度相对较高的地台构造层有密切的成因联系,它们提供了重要的物质来源,可认为是矿源层(Source beds)。本区各主要矿床是以地洼型岩浆期后热液作用为主的多因复成层控含金硫化物矿床。     

Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Abstract. Intrusion‐related gold deposits are widely distributed within the North China craton or along its marginal fold belts. Presently, about 200 individual intrusion‐related gold deposits (prospects) have been discovered, among which Yuerya, Anjia‐yingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi, Qiyugou, Jinjiazhuang, Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. In general, the intrusion‐related gold deposits can be classified into three major groups according to their host rocks: (1) hosted by or related to felsic intrusions, including (la) calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions and (lb) cryptoexplosion breccia pipes; (2) related to ultramafic intrusions, and (3) hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions. The first group contains the Yuerya, Anjiayingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi and Qiyugou gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs within Mesozoic Yanshanian calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions or cryptoexplosion breccia pipes as gold‐bearing quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, native gold and electrum are major metallic minerals. The Jinjiazhuang deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Hercynian diopsidite and peridotite as quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline intrusive complexes as K‐feldspar‐quartz veins and replacement bodies. Major metal minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, tellurides, native gold and electrum. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian and Yanshanian intrusions or cryptoexplosion pipes associated with the gold deposits show a broad range in δ³⁴S value, which is overall higher than those Precambrian rocks and their hosted gold deposits. For the alkaline intrusion‐related gold deposits, the δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite) from the deposits increase systematically from orebodies to the alkaline intrusions. All of these intrusion‐related gold deposits show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot in between the fields of the intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of sulfur and lead from magma with those from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidences suggest that the ore‐forming materials for the intrusion‐related gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or Yanshanian intrusion. The calc‐alkaline or alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for the intrusion‐related gold deposits. Evolved meteoric water, which circulated the wall rocks, was also progressively involved in the magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominated the ore fluids during late stage of ore‐forming processes. Therefore, the ore fluid may have resulted from the mixing of calc‐alkaline or alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric water. All these intrusion‐related gold deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian or Yanshanian calc‐alkaline and alkaline igneous processes along deep‐seated fault zones within the North China craton or along its marginal belts.     

栖霞市马家窑金矿床成矿流体地球化学特征

马家窑金矿床是胶东地区比较典型的石英脉型金矿床代表,属中低温热液矿床,成矿流体盐度较低,气相成分以H2O,CO2为主,其次是Na^＋,Ca^＋和Cl^-,K^＋和F^-较贫,流体的成分与大气降水热液相类似。成矿流体的H,O同位素值则反映大气降水在不同温度和不同水／岩值条件下与栖霞超单元回龙夼单元交换后的分布特征,认为马家窑金矿床的成矿热液属大气降水成因。     

金矿床定年方法进展及研究现状

热液蚀变矿物，流体包裹体，脉石英，水热锆石和某些矿石矿物同位素定年方法的新进展使金矿床定年精度大大提高。热释发光等新技术区分成矿前或成矿后脉岩，异常铅模型研究可有效地示踪金矿化历史，在坚实的成矿背景和矿床地质地球化学基础上，采用多元同素体系结构分析是今后矿床定年的主要方向。