渭河盆地富氦天然气井分布特征与氦气成因

渭河盆地的石油钻井、地热井及秦岭北缘水文井中普遍发现含高体积分数氦气显示,其氦体积分数之高为国内外少见。渭河盆地天然气氦同位素3He/4He为(2.1～76.0)×10-8,属壳源氦,个别样品有少量幔源氦加入,形成了独特的壳源高氦-富氦天然气。氦气体积分数较高井临近富铀、钍的花岗岩体,说明壳源氦来源于花岗岩的放射性衰变;个别样品有一定的幔源氦加入,表明区内也有一定的幔源氦运聚过程。渭河盆地新近—古近系具有良好圈闭与运移条件,为氦气赋存提供了良好条件。     

渭河盆地天然气类型、成因特征及找矿远景分析

根据渭河盆地地热井、油气调查井、氦气调查井气样分析成果,结合近年来地质、物探新成果分析,发现渭河盆地各类钻井中普遍存在含氦天然气,且这些天然气,按甲烷和氦气含量可分为富氦天然气和贫氦天然气两类。位于渭河盆地边部的地热井、区域地质和物化探成果均佐证了渭河盆地基底存在上古生界,未见隐伏的花岗岩体。区域构造演化佐证了渭河盆地周边断裂的形成与区域断裂同期,盆地的形成与演化是区域演化的一部分,其主沉降期是新生代。因此,前人对渭河盆地形成的最早时间为始新世以及不存在上古生界煤系地层基底以及氦气的主要气源岩是分布于基底的富铀花岗岩体和秦岭造山带富铀花岗岩体的认识有待进一步探究。对比邻区鄂尔多斯盆地,发现渭河盆地上古生界煤系地层可作为烃源岩,伽马异常层可作为氦源层,这为重新评价渭河盆地的氦气资源地质前景提供了依据。      

中国富氦天然气资源研究现状与进展

通过对中国富氦天然气资源现有研究成果进行系统整理、分析,总结了中国富氦天然气研究的发展现状及进展,提出了未来中国氦气资源的研究方向。中国对氦气资源的研究历程可以划分为4个阶段:认知阶段、利用阶段、基础研究阶段及提取技术研究阶段。从分布规律看,中国富氦天然气分布具有小型盆地满盆含气、大中型盆地局部含气的特点,赋存层位以奥陶系、二叠系、古近系和新近系为主。组分特征表明,富氦天然气中氦气的含量普遍小于1%,仅渭河盆地部分样品氦气含量较高,最大值可达4.942%。氦同位素特征表明,中国氦气以壳源为主,壳幔混合为辅。分析认为,影响壳源氦分布的主控因素为氦气源岩,而影响幔源氦分布的主控因素为深大断裂。建议今后中国应以壳源氦研究为重点,针对不同区域不同成因的氦气,采用不同的研究方法。     

渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查进展与成果

以评价渭河盆地氦等天然气远景为目的,2013年中国地质调查局启动了由西安地质调查中心实施的“渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查”计划项目,项目采取多单位联合攻关,多行业资料共享,物化探等多手段联合实施的工作方法,初步探索了氦气成藏模式和调查方法,总结了氦气富集成藏必须具备氦源岩、高效运移通道和载体气藏3大条件,得出渭河盆地具备良好的氦、甲烷等天然气成藏条件等成果,并提出渭河新生代盆地基底部分残存晚古生代煤系地层的新认识。     

临汾–运城盆地氦气富集要素及成藏条件

为认识临汾–运城盆地氦气资源前景，促进氦气勘查工作，笔者根据地球物理资料、元素地球化学实验及构造资料，分析了临汾–运城盆地氦源岩分布和氦气运移通道条件；在收集和整理临汾–运城盆地前新生界地热、气测录井及物探资料的基础上，开展了以地热和煤系气为主的氦载体特征研究。研究发现：(1)临汾–运城盆地具备地幔物质上涌和本溪组铝土岩系2种氦源条件。(2)控制盆地和凹陷的深大断裂贯通了深部氦源与前新生代地层，盆地内发育的正断层在很大程度上可提高前新生界各地层间的连通性，有良好的运移通道。(3)临汾–洪洞地区石炭系—二叠系具有优越的煤系气成藏条件。综合氦源岩分布、氦气运移通道、氦载体和保存等氦气成藏条件，认为临汾–运城盆地中奥陶统马家沟组为主要富氦地热储层，且临汾–洪洞地区太原组和山西组具备富氦煤系气的找矿前景。     

渭河盆地水溶氦气资源评价

通过对渭河盆地水溶氦气资源的评价,认为渭河盆地水溶氦气资源分布广泛、品位高,水溶气成因类型具有异岩多源混合的特点。水溶氦气主要来自于壳源气,富铀花岗岩是其主要的源岩;盆地中深层地热水水溶氦气有4种成藏模式,即深大断裂带对流型水溶氦气成藏、断块对流-传导复合型水溶氦气成藏、断阶传导型水溶氦气成藏、凹陷传导型水溶氦气成藏;采用含氦水溶气计算法和铀放射性衰变计算法求得盆地水溶氦气资源量为984.20×108~1141.31×108 m3。      

渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成因与来源研究

渭河盆地地热水中含有丰富的水溶氦气,通过采集分析渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成分和He同位素研究了氦气的成因与来源。分析结果表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气体积分数普遍超过0.1%,最高达到3.395%。地热水水溶氦气的3He/4He比值介于(3.61±0.29)×10-8～(7.80±0.23)×10-7之间,氦气的R/Ra值小于1.00。天然气的4He/20Ne比值研究一致表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气主要为壳源成因,混有微量的幔源氦。区域地质资料分析表明,富铀花岗岩放射性成因的氦气是渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要来源,大面积出露于秦岭造山带以及隐伏于渭河盆地南缘新生代沉积层下的富铀花岗岩体为渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要气源岩。     

陕西渭河盆地氦气资源赋存状态及其意义

氦气资源是一种稀有紧缺性战略资源。渭河盆地具有良好的氦气资源显示,前人认为区内氦气及伴生气资源为水溶气。通过已有石油井、地热井录井、样品测试、动态监测等资料分析,认为渭河盆地不仅存在水溶气资源,也存在游离态氦及伴生气资源,即具有富氦天然气层（藏）,这一认识对进一步的氦气资源评价与开发利用具有重要意义。     

柴达木盆地北缘全吉山地区氦气形成地质条件及资源远景分析

全吉山地区施工的一口煤炭预查钻孔显示氦气异常,这一发现引起了人们的重视。通过对全吉山地区氦源层、氦气的运移条件及储盖层条件等氦气形成地质条件的分析,认为研究区氦气以壳源氦为主,其次为幔源氦气;有基底/岩浆—氦气/氮气成藏和基底/放射性层位—氦气成藏两种成藏模式;基底岩性特征影响氦气的生成条件,沉积相特征影响氦气成藏的储盖条件,构造特征控制氦气成藏的运移方向,并优选了全吉山和航亚两个氦气资源远景区。     

东北地区氦气成藏条件与资源前景分析

氦气作为重要的稀有战略资源越来越受到关注和重视。东北地区氦气资源调查研究程度较低,资源状况不清,富集规律不明。为了认识东北地区氦气资源前景,本文通过对东北地区主要盆地氦气资源调查研究进展与成果进行系统的梳理、分析,结合对松辽、铁法等盆地天然气田含氦情况的调查研究,总结了东北地区氦气富集成藏地质条件。研究认为,东北地区氦气资源主要分布在松辽盆地、海拉尔盆地、辽河盆地、铁法盆地等重点盆地,氦气载体类型主要有烃类、二氧化碳和地层水等,氦气成因类型为壳–幔混合型;东北地区广泛发育的印支期和燕山期花岗岩提供了丰富的氦气来源,深大断裂的发育为氦气的运移聚集提供了必要的通道,良好的保存条件有利于氦气的富集与成藏。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.     

悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明：①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.