基于波场垂向和水平方向外推的高陡构造偏移

常规的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法对大角度的高陡构造偏移成像存在内在的限制.根据波动方程在各个空间方向的数学特性和高陡构造反射地震波的传播特征,通过把地震波分解为垂向的上下行波、水平方向的前后行波和左右行波,提出基于波场垂向外推和水平方向外推相结合的单程波波动方程高陡构造偏移成像方法,即用波场垂向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中低角度平缓构造的偏移成像,用波场水平方向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中高角度陡倾构造的偏移成像.这种基于波场垂向和水平方向外推相结合的高陡构造偏移成像方法是常规单程波波动方程叠前深度偏移成像方法的补充和改进,它相对基于全波方程的逆时偏移具有计算效率上的优势.     

Limiting apparent-resistivity values for dipping-bed earth models

Consideration is given to some special features of normalized apparent-resistivity (NAR) curves, resulting from the deployment of Wenner electrode arrays on the surface above dipping earth structures. Limiting values of the potential are derived when a direct-current source is located at points on the surface above a simple two-region dipping-bed earth model and their influence on corresponding NAR curve characteristics is investigated. Particular attention is given to the exploitation of such features to provide a new and direct approach to model parameter estimation, either as an alternative to traditional curve-matching techniques or as a source of supporting information when other earth model characterization methods have been employed. Throughout, the emphasis is on the single-dipping-bed model, but application to more complex structures is discussed, including examples of two dipping beds, dipping dikes and more general tilted unconformities.     

稀疏采样下陡角度构造的波动方程深度偏移成像

针对稀疏采样,特别是crossline方向稀疏采样的三维地震数据,提出了一个基于波动方程方法的陡角度构造深度偏移成像方法.文中针对一类混合域（空间和波数）的波动方程偏移方法展开研究.通过建立反假频的单程波算子和通过（形式上）填充空道重建理想采样的地震数据,有效地实现了陡倾角地层的准确成像.这一算法策略解决了波动方程偏移方法在实际应用中的一个关键问题,从而更好地发挥了波动方程偏移方法在复杂构造成像上的优势.二维理论数据（Marmousi模型）和三维实际地震资料成像结果表明本文方法是有效的.这一方法对现行的三维地震数据处理有重要的现实意义.     

Impact of the simulation algorithm, magnitude of ergodic fluctuations and number of realizations on the spaces of uncertainty of flow properties

 Geostatistical simulation algorithms are routinely used to generate conditional realizations of the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties, which are then fed into complex transfer functions, e.g. a flow simulator, to yield a distribution of responses, such as the time to recover a given proportion of the oil. This latter distribution, often referred to as the space of uncertainty, cannot be defined analytically because of the complexity (non-linearity) of transfer functions, but it can be characterized algorithmically through the generation of many realizations. This paper compares the space of uncertainty generated by four of the most commonly used algorithms: sequential Gaussian simulation, sequential indicator simulation, p-field simulation and simulated annealing. Conditional to 80 sample permeability values randomly drawn from an exhaustive 40×40 image, 100 realizations of the spatial distribution of permeability values are generated using each algorithm and fed into a pressure solver and a flow simulator. Principal component analysis is used to display the sets of realizations into the joint space of uncertainty of the response variables (effective permeability, times to reach 5% and 95% water cuts and to recover 10% and 50% of the oil). The attenuation of ergodic fluctuations through a rank-preserving transform of permeability values reduces substantially the extent of the space of uncertainty for sequential indicator simulation and p-field simulation, while improving the prediction of the response variable by the mean of the output distribution. Differences between simulation algorithms are the most pronounced for long-term responses (95% water cut and 50% oil recovery), with sequential Gaussian simulation yielding the most accurate prediction. In this example, utilizing more than 20 realizations generally increases only slightly the size of the space of uncertainty.     

Subglacial drumlins and englacial fractures at the surge-type glacier,Múlajökull,Iceland

The interaction between drumlins and overriding glacier ice is not well studied, largely due to the difficulty of identifying and accessing suitable active subglacial environments. The surge-type glacier Múlajökull, in central Iceland, overlies a known field of actively forming drumlins and therefore provides a rare opportunity to investigate the englacial structures that have developed in association with ice flow over the subglacial drumlins. In this study detailed ground-penetrating radar surveys are combined with field observations to identify clear sets of up-glacier and down-glacier dipping fractures at Múlajökull's margin. These are interpreted as conjugate shear planes or P- and R-type Reidel shears that developed and filled with saturated sediment derived from the glacier bed, during a previous surge. The fracture sets exhibit focused spatial distributions that are influenced by the subglacial topography. In particular, down-glacier dipping fractures are strongly focused over drumlin stoss slopes. These fractures, although well developed at depth, were mostly unable to transmit basal water and sediment up to the glacier surface during the surge cycle. In contrast, up-glacier dipping fractures formed over drumlin lee sides and in more gently sloping swales, and more frequently connected to the glacier surface, providing a pathway for the evacuation of basal water and water-saturated sediment. The study suggests that the subglacial drumlins under Múlajökull's margin have influenced the nature and distribution of englacial fractures, which could potentially contribute to spatial variations in basal water pressure during a surge. BGS © UKRI 2018     

Estimating threshold-exceeding probability maps of environmental variables with Markov chain random fields

Estimating and mapping spatial uncertainty of environmental variables is crucial for environmental evaluation and decision making. For a continuous spatial variable, estimation of spatial uncertainty may be conducted in the form of estimating the probability of (not) exceeding a threshold value. In this paper, we introduced a Markov chain geostatistical approach for estimating threshold-exceeding probabilities. The differences of this approach compared to the conventional indicator approach lie with its nonlinear estimators—Markov chain random field models and its incorporation of interclass dependencies through transiograms. We estimated threshold-exceeding probability maps of clay layer thickness through simulation (i.e., using a number of realizations simulated by Markov chain sequential simulation) and interpolation (i.e., direct conditional probability estimation using only the indicator values of sample data), respectively. To evaluate the approach, we also estimated those probability maps using sequential indicator simulation and indicator kriging interpolation. Our results show that (i) the Markov chain approach provides an effective alternative for spatial uncertainty assessment of environmental spatial variables and the probability maps from this approach are more reasonable than those from conventional indicator geostatistics, and (ii) the probability maps estimated through sequential simulation are more realistic than those through interpolation because the latter display some uneven transitions caused by spatial structures of the sample data.     

单向传播子的局部平面波分解以及在定向照明分析和目标特征成像中的应用

本文基于波场的局部平面波分解,得到空间和方向都具有局部性的局部平面波小波束,并由此对Fourier有限差分传播算子进行局部平面波分解.这种用小波束分解的单向传播算子,可被用来对采集系统进行定向照明分析和采集倾角响应估算,以分析采集系统布局和上覆结构对面向目标的叠前偏移成像质量的影响.进而,利用局部平面波成像矩阵及其成像相册,根据目标结构的主倾角方向,抽取并叠加部分局部平面波像,可以进行目标结构定向化特征成像.最后,对具有速度强横向变化上覆结构的陡倾角目标断层的复杂二维SEG-EAGE盐丘模型数据,进行采集系统目标照明分析和目标结构定向化特征成像.     

Longitudinal dunes can move sideways

Longitudinal dunes occur in all major sand areas in the world. Their dominant mode of migration or extension is considered to be either prevailing- or resultant wind-parallel, the dunes extending downwind via accretion of the terminal nose. In the Qaidam Pendi in Northwest China a series of active longitudinal dunes extend downwind at 5–10 m yr^?1. Internal sedimentary structures examined in the dunes, however, display beds dipping in one direction rather than two opposed directions as is expected. Analysis of aerial photographs confirms that these dunes migrate laterally up to three metres per year, whilst maintaining a symmetrical longitudinal dune morphology.     

横向非均匀介质远震体波接收函数的波场特征

系统研究了台站下方存在倾斜界面时,远震体波接收函数的波场特征及多方位接收函数对台站下方介质横向非均匀特征的反映能力．我们利用合成三维横向非均匀介质接收函数的Maslov方法,具体模拟了台站下方存在倾斜界面时的接收函数响应．结果表明,当台站下方存在倾向一致的倾斜界面时,远震体波接收函数的径向分量和切向分量分别随震源方位角的变化呈现对称和反对称的规律性变化．利用不同震源方位角接收函数径向分量和切向分量的变化规律,可以估计台站下方界面的倾向和倾角．当台站下方各界面的倾向不同时,随方位角的变化,接收函数只能直观给出界面的整体倾向．实际观测数据的分析结果表明,对于利用单个台站接收函数研究台站下方介质的横向非均匀特征来说,简单倾斜界面可以看作较好的一级近似．      

一种新的三维速度结构反演模型参数化方法

本文针对三维速度反演问题中的一个重要步骤--模型的参数化作了探讨和研究,提出了一种新的参数化方法.同以往采用的矩形分块或划分网格点的方法不同,将待求扰动场按其空间频率展开,反演各阶频率系数.从三维傅氏级数理论出发,导出了一个简明且便于计算的三维空间频谱展开公式,并从理论上分析了在空间域内离散模型和空间频率域内离散模型的不同之处. 理论分析表明,在空间域内采用过参数化离散模型来反演,会在所得到的解中混入人为的虚假结构,从而使反演解发生畸变.采用在频率域内离散模型的频谱参数化方法反演,可以有效地避免这一点.频谱参数化方法也使得我们可以过参数化（over-parameterization）离散模型,便于最大程度地从资料中提取正确信息,对模型的分辨程度完全取决于观测系统的分辨能力.这种方法在得到稳定的反演解的同时,还可得到观测系统在空间三个方向上的分辨率.数值模拟实验结果证实了以上结论.     

Wavefield features of teleseismic receiver function in laterally inhomogeneous media

IntroductionSince1980(s,theteleseismicreceiverfunctionhasbeenbroadlyappliedtoexploringthecrustalanduppermantlestructure.Thatthismethoddrawssomanyattentionsisnotonlybecauseitscheapercostandhighverticalresolution,butalsobecauseitcanbeusedforexploringthelateralvariationofthecrustalstructure.IntheUSnationalresearchprogramofthecontinentaldynamicsmuchemphasiswasgiventothereceiverfunctionmethod(Phinney,1989).Uptonow,the1-Dreceiverfunctioninversiontechniquehasbecomesophisticatedandmanypracticalresul…     

A qualitative approach to electrical resistivity interpretation

Summary The formula for apparent resistivity can be interpreted in terms of two quantities more easily identified with the physical process involved: the distribution of current flow in the earth, as it affects the current density along a line between the potential electrodes, and the true resistivity along this line. The analysis permits a qualitative prediction of resistivity sounding and profiling data over a variety of structures. Examples are given for faults, layers, and a dipping dike.     

Impact of gently dipping discontinuities on basement aquifer recharge: An example from Ploemeur (Brittany,France)

Classically, geological surveys of water resources in hard-rock aquifers are made from aerial photographs or geophysical techniques that basically permit to detect vertical features. On the other hand, aquifers only linked to vertical structures are very limited in space and offer in most cases very poor water resources. In the present case, we do show that an outstanding aquifer in Brittany is linked to a geological context associated with low-angle faults possibly directly connected with vertical feeders. In particular, we show through a high-resolution gravimetric survey that the highly fractured contact between granite and micaschists, which constitutes the main path for groundwater flow, is a gently dipping structure. Combined gravimetric, magnetic and geological data allowed us to establish the overall aquifer geometry by running a three-dimensional forward model. In addition, details about the shape of the contact have been obtained using an iterative scheme based on the method of Oldenburg (1974). The gravimetric model confirms the presence of sub-vertical faults that may constitute important drains for the aquifer recharge. Thus, the geological context associated with exceptional water resources for this crystalline aquifer is characterized by a sub-horizontal to gently dipping contact between granite and micaschists. Only such a geological context can allow sufficient recharge to provide the main water supply for a town of 18,000 inhabitants at an average rate of about a billion of cubic meter per year since 1991. Thus, instead of looking for possible vertical structures like in classical hard-rock hydrogeology, it appears much more efficient to detect sub-horizontal permeable fractures and faults for providing consistent water resources.     

岩体力学参数变异性及取值方法

受结构和赋存环境的制约,岩体力学性质及其力学参数具有显著的时间和空间变异性.岩体力学参数和岩体质量从不同的侧面反映了岩体力学性质,两者具有必然的关联性,故可用相对简单的岩体质量评价来选取岩体力学参数:按地质条件将岩体空间离散为若干连续微元体单元;采用Q、RMR和BQ等方法逐一对各单元开展岩体质量评价,并利用岩体质量与岩体力学参数间的关系(如Hoek-Brown经验准则)计算其力学参数;综合各单元的计算结果确定反映连续岩体空间内空间变异特征的力学参数.以某水电站地下洞室群为例,实现了工程区围岩力学参数的不连续取值.     

Deep seismic reflection profiling revealing the complex crustal structure of the Tongling ore district

Deep seismic reflection profiling has been the dominant method for probing the deep structure of continental crust since the initiation of the COCORP in 1974[1,2]. Over the past few decades, this tool has been applied to diverse geologic features from the Appalachian area of the United States, to the Rhine-graben area in Western Europe and to the Tibetan Pla-teau[36]. In recent years, the Australian Geodynamic Cooperative Research Center ( AGCRC ) has applied this technique to the stu…     

利用VBA和Excel实现快速处理国产甚低频电磁仪DDS-1测量数据

本文在介绍甚低频数据计算原理和VBA编程技术的基础上,结合实际工作需要,利用电子表格软件Excel和VBA编程模型编制VLF数据处理程序,实现甚低频电磁仪测量数据的自动处理,并对程序实现细节作了必要说明.实践表明,应用该处理程序可大大缩短数据处理时间、提高工作效率、降低劳动强度.     

考虑抗震性约束的建筑空间结构优化

当前对建筑空间结构进行优化时,所采用的算法趋同性高,无法实现多目标种群优化,易陷入局部最优解,存在寻优质量低、优化成本高、抗震性能低的问题。针对上述问题,提出一种基于改进粒子群算法的建筑空间结构优化方法。该方法以空间结构的抗震性能、工程造价为优化目标,来优化建立建筑空间结构设计;引入多子群协同进化机制解决建筑空间结构抗震优化设计中多目标间的种群优化问题,同时引入外部档案和精英学习策略改进粒子群算法,筛选出满足目标函数的最优设计方案,完成抗震性约束的建筑空间结构优化。实验结果表明:所提方法对建筑空间结构优化时的特点为寻优质量高、优化成本低、抗震性能高。     

大跨空间结构抗震理论发展综述

大跨空间结构由于其体量大且多作为人流密集的公共场所,因而在各种非常规荷载作用下破坏将造成更大的经济损失、人员伤亡和社会影响。系统的从以下3个方面总结了近年来大跨空间结构抗震理论所取得的主要进展:(1)大跨空间结构精细化的抗震性能评估理论,主要包括材料本构模型、地震动多点输入和结构强非线性模拟;(2)大跨空间结构抗震性能提升与修复技术,主要包括结构减震技术和隔震技术的研究与应用;(3)大跨空间结构抗震设计理论与方法,主要包括基于性态的设计方法和功能可恢复性的抗震设计方法。通过以上部分的系统总结和论述,形成大跨空间结构统一的抗震设计指导思想,并对此类结构的抗震研究的发展趋势和方向进行展望,从而为大跨空间结构设计、施工和监测提供借鉴。     

Layer-stripping reverse-time migration1

We present a layer-stripping method of migration for irregularly layered media in which first-order velocity discontinuities separate regions of constant or smoothly varying velocity. We use the reverse-time method to migrate seismic data layer by layer, from the surface downwards. As part of the migration of a given layer, the bottom boundary of the layer is defined based on power in the migrated signal, and a seismic section is collected along it. This new section serves as the boundary condition for migration in the next layer. This procedure is repeated for each layer, with the final image formed from the individual layer images. Layer-stripping migration consists of three steps: (1) layer definition, (2) wavefield extrapolation and imaging, and (3) boundary determination. The migration scheme when used with reverse-time extrapolation is similar to datuming with an imaging condition. The reverse-time method uses an explicit fourth-order time, tenth-order space, finite-difference approximation to the scalar wave equation. The advantages of layer-stripping reverse-time migration are: (1) it preserves the benefits of the reverse-time method by handling strong velocity contrasts between layers and steeply dipping structures; (2) it reduces computer memory and saves computation time in high-velocity layers, and (3) it allows interpretational control of the image. Post-stack layer-stripping reverse-time migration is illustrated with a synthetic CMP data example. Prestack migration is illustrated with a synthetic data set and with a marine seismic reflection profile across the Santa Maria Basin and the Hosgri Fault in central California.