A numerical study of the effects of cloud droplets on the diffusional growth of snow crystals

We studied the effect of supercooled cloud droplets on the diffusional growth rate of isolated ice plates and ice columns by approximating the shape of a plate as an oblate spheroid and a column as a prolate spheroid. This work is an extension of the pioneering work of Marshall and Palmer [Marshall, J.S. and Langleben, M.P., A theory of snow-crystal habit and growth, J. Met., 11, 104–120, 1954] who studied the influence of cloud droplets on the growth rate of spherical ice crystals. The vapour density field for oblate and prolate spheroids was obtained by solving Helmholtz's equation with the assumption that the vapour at the ice surface had the equilibrium value. As result, it was possible to calculate separately the temporal evolution of the axis length and the mass of the snow crystals.The results indicate that the presence of cloud droplets around the snow crystal can increase by around 10% of the ice growth rate relative to an environment free of cloud droplets. The magnitude of the growth enhancement is proportional to the liquid water content. The results also corroborate the importance of the shape and aspect ratio on the crystal growth. A general mass growth rate equation for diffusional growth was found, which incorporates effects of cloud droplets and crystal shape through the size and aspect ratio of the snow crystal.     

Effects of arctic sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime low-level atmospheric ice crystals,humidity and temperature at Alert,Nunavut

The effect of pollution-derived sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime arctic lower atmospheric ice crystals is investigated. These anthropogenic aerosols differ from natural background aerosols by their number concentration, strong solubility and reduced homogeneous freezing temperature when internally mixed with other compounds. Furthermore, observations suggest that the ice-forming nuclei concentration is reduced by one to four orders of magnitude when the sulphuric acid aerosol concentration is high.Simulations performed using a column model and analysis of observed data for the period of 1991–1994 at Alert (82° 30'N, 62°20'W) are used to assess the changes of the boundary layer cloud characteristics by sulphuric acid aerosols and the potential effect on arctic climate. Results show that aerosol acidification leads to depletion of the ice crystal number concentration and an increase of its mean size. As a result, low-level precipitating ice crystals occur more frequently than ice fog and thick nonprecipitating clouds during high concentration of pollution-derived aerosols. This result is in agreement with observations that indicate an increase by more than 50% of the frequency of precipitating ice crystals when the weight proportion of sulphuric acid is greater than its mean value of 20% of the total aerosol mass. Consequently, the ice crystal size increases and number decreases, and the sedimentation flux of ice crystals and the dehydration rate of the lower troposphere are accelerated in the presence of high sulphuric acid aerosol concentration. As a result, the infrared radiation flux reaching the surface and the greenhouse effect are decreased. This process is referred to as the dehydration–greenhouse feedback. One-dimensional simulation for Alert during the period of 1991 to 1994 shows that a negative cloud radiative forcing of −9 W m⁻² may occur locally as a result of the enhanced dehydration rate produced by the aerosol acidity.     

典型非球形冰晶粒子的凝华增长数值模拟试验

在凝华增长过程中,冰晶的形状随着温度和湿度的改变而改变,准确模拟冰晶粒子的演变对于提高云模式的模拟能力起着非常重要的作用。在现有的云模式中,冰晶形状通常假设为球形,而在实际大气中,冰晶形状十分复杂。本研究中,我们根据冰晶凝华增长理论模型建立了一个单个冰晶粒子增长模型,模拟了温度分别为-1℃~-30℃时,单个典型非球形冰晶粒子的凝华增长过程。与风洞观测数据相对比,该模型能够抓住单个冰晶粒子的轴长,质量以及纵横比随温度和湿度的变化过程。我们进一步将该理论增长模型应用到群粒子的凝华增长过程的模拟。我们釆用欧拉二维正定平流输送法(MPDATA)模拟了典型非球形冰晶群粒子的凝华增长,并对比分析了在不同纵横比分辨率下的模拟效果以及温度变化对冰晶形状的影响,结果表明运用该数值方法可以合理地模拟出群粒子在凝华增长过程中纵横比的演变。与目前采用的拉格朗日-欧拉混合平流算法比较,该算法能够耦合到欧拉动力框架下的分档云模式中去,这对我们研究冰晶粒子形状对云微物理过程和动力过程的影响,以及它们对冰粒子凝华增长的反馈作用具有非常重要的科学意义。     

梅雨锋暴雨中云物理过程的观测和数值模拟

Cloud micro-physical structures in a precipitation system associated with the Meiyu front are observedusing the balloon-borne Precipitation Particle Image Sensor at Baoshan observatory station, Shanghaiduring June and July 1999. The vertical distributions of various cloud particle size, number density, andmass density are retrieved from the observations. Analyses of observations show that ice-phase particles(ice crystals, graupel, snowflakes, and frozen drops) often exist in the cloud of torrential rain associatedwith the Meiyu front. Among the various particles, ice crystals and graupel are the most numerous, butgraupel and snow have the highest mass density. Ice-phase particles coexist with liquid water dropletsnear the 0℃ level. The graupel is similarly distributed with height as the ice crystals. Raindrops belowthe 0℃ level are mainly from melted grauple, snowflakes and frozen drops. They may further grow largerby coalescence with smaller ones as they fall from the cloud base. Numerical simulations using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5 with the Reisner graupel explicit moisture scheme confirm the mainobservational results. Rain water at the lower level is mainly generated from the melting of snow andgraupel falling from the upper level where snow and graupel are generated and grown from collection withcloud and rain water. Thus the mixed-phase cloud process, in which ice phase coexists and interacts withliquid phase (cloud and rain drops), plays the most important role in the formation and development ofheavy convective rainfall in the Meiyu frontal system.     

A modelling study of the effect of cloud saturation and particle growth rates on charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification

Numerical studies have been made of the importance of cloud saturation to the sign of charge transfer during graupel/ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms. Previous laboratory studies led to the idea that the diffusional growth rates of the interacting ice surfaces may influence the sign of the charge transferred during brief collisional contact. The ice crystals grow by vapour diffusion in a supersaturated environment while the graupel surface grows by diffusion under low accretion rate conditions, but will sublimate when heated sufficiently by riming. The graupel surface is also influenced, even under net sublimation conditions, by the vapour released to it from droplets freezing on its surface. In a cloud, the diffusional growth rates are also affected by ventilation when the supercooled droplets and their local environment flow past the riming surface.The diffusional growth rates of ice crystals and riming graupel particles are calculated for various cloud saturation ratios, then the sign of electric charge transferred during crystal/graupel collisions is determined according to the concept of the relative vapour diffusional growth rates, according to Baker et al., 1987 [Baker, B., Baker, M.B., Jayaratne, E.J., Latham, J., Saunders, C.P.R., 1987. The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 113, 1193–1215]. It is found necessary, in order to account for the observation of positive charging of riming graupel at high accretion rates, to modify the assumptions of Baker et al. in order to increase the flux of vapour to the graupel surface. The variable growth parameters available may be adjusted to represent the environmental saturation conditions in various laboratory experiments, including the mixing of clouds from regions having different growth conditions, and are used to determine charge sign sensitivity to cloud saturation ratio, temperature and accretion as measured by the cloud effective liquid water content.     

An exceptional winter sea‐ice retreat/advance in the Bellingshausen sea,Antarctica

Abstract

The exceptional sea‐ice retreat and advance that occurred in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica during August 1993 was the largest such winter event in this sector of the Antarctic during the satellite era. The reasons for this fluctuation of ice are investigated using passive microwave satellite imagery, ice motion vectors derived from the satellite data, in‐situ meteorological reports and near‐surface winds and temperatures from the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) numerical weather prediction model. The ice edge retreat of more than 400 km took place near 80°W from approximately 1–15 August, although the southward migration of the ice edge was not continuous and short periods of advance were also recorded. Between 16 August and 2 September there was almost continuous sea‐ice recovery. The rate of change of the ice edge location during both the retreat and advance phases significantly exceeded the southward and northward velocity components of ice within the pack, pointing to the importance of ice production and melting during this event. During the month, markedly different air masses affected the area, resulting in temperature changes from +2°C to ‐21°C at the nearby Rothera station. ‘Bulk’ movement of the pack, and compaction and divergence of the sea ice, made a secondary, but still significant, contribution to the observed advance and retreat. The ice extent fluctuations were so extreme because strong meridional atmospheric flow was experienced in a sector of the Southern Ocean where relatively low ice concentrations were occurring. The very rapid ice retreat/advance was associated with pronounced low‐high surface pressure anomaly couplets on either side of the Antarctic Peninsula.     

Development of a continuous flow thermal gradient diffusion chamber for ice nucleation studies

A supercooled continuous flow, thermal gradient diffusion chamber has been developed to study the ice nucleating properties of natural or artificial aerosols. The chamber has concentric cylinder geometry with the cylinder axis alignment and airflow vertically downward. Sample airflow is 1 l min⁻¹ and occupies the central 10% of the annular lamina; it is separated from the ice-covered walls by filtered sheath air. The wall temperatures are independently controlled over the range from about −4°C to −25°C, so that the vapor concentration at the location of the sample lamina can be set to a well defined value between ice saturation and a few percent water supersaturation. There is a range of temperature and supersaturation values across the sample region; for lamina center conditions of −15°C and +1% with respect to water, the range is −14.6 to −15.4°C and +0.53 to +1.31%. Errors in temperature control produce variations estimated as ±0.1°C and ±0.23%. Typical sample residence time is about 10 s. Ice crystals which form on active nuclei are detected optically at the outlet end of the chamber. To enhance the size difference between ice crystals and cloud droplets, the downstream 25% of the warm ice wall is covered with a thermally insulating vapor barrier which reduces the vapor concentration to ice saturation at the cold wall temperature, so cloud droplets evaporate.A mathematical model was developed to describe the temperature and vapor fields and to calculate the growth, evaporation, and sedimentation of water and ice particles. At 1% water supersaturation, the model predicts that ice particles will grow to about 5 μm diameter, and cloud droplets will achieve about 1 μm before they reach the evaporation section of the chamber. A different model was developed to describe the steady state airflow profile and location of the sample lamina.Experimental tests of the chamber were performed to characterize the airflow, to assess the ability of the technique to detect silver iodide ice nucleating aerosols and to distinguish ice crystals from water droplets.     

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.     

新疆冬季降雪微结构及其增长过程的初步研究

1982年冬季在新疆乌鲁木齐地区,利用飞机、雷达、雪晶观测等手段对降雪云的微结构及雪粒子的增长过程进行观测。三次个例的分析结果表明:70％以上的雪水量是在2000m以下的低层产生的,云中存在高达60个L~(-1)的冰晶浓度高值区,云中已无液态水,据此推测凝华—聚并是雪增长的重要过程。文中还对高空锋面附近的雪带微结构及其做为引晶云的特征进行了阐述。     

The Observation of Ice-Nucleating Particles Active at Temperatures above–15°C and Its Implication on Ice Formation in Clouds

A series of measurements of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) were performed at two sites in Beijing. At the Beijing Meteorological Service (BMS) site, which was an urban site, no INPs were found to be active above–15°C. However, at the Yanjiaping (YJP) site, which was a rural site, the concentration of INPs active at temperatures above–15°C was found to be as high as 1.73 g^–1. Two parameterizations were constructed by respectively fitting the data obtained at BMS site and YJP site. The two parameterizations, as well as another parameterization from the literature, were implemented into a parcel model to investigate the effect of INPs active above–15°C on phase partitioning in mixed-phase clouds. At a vertical velocity of 0.01 m s^–1, which is typical for stratiform clouds associated with frontal systems, the INPs active above–15°C nucleate ice crystals at low levels. The growth of these ice crystals remarkably reduces both the maximum liquid water mixing ratio and the altitude where the maximum liquid water mixing ratio is reached. When the vertical velocity of the parcel is increased to 0.1 m s^–1 or an even higher value, the evolution of liquid water mixing ratio is not controlled by the INPs active above–15°C but those active below–15°C.     

A numerical comparison study of cloud seeding by silver iodide and liquid carbon dioxide

A comparison study on dynamic and microphysical effects of cloud seeding by silver iodide (AgI) and liquid carbon dioxide (liquid CO₂) was made using a 3D cloud model with seeding processes. The model was initialized based on the rawinsonde sounding taken from Pinliang station located in the western China on 20 April 2001. The sounding air reflects moist and stable characteristics at middle and low layers. The model results show that the seeding by liquid CO₂ and AgI at − 15 to − 20 °C levels of cloud has almost the same dynamic effect on the simulated clouds. The seeding is able to induce the formation of weak convective cells in both seeded and unseeded regions due to latent heat released by the transformation from liquid saturation to ice saturation. However, the initial seeding conducted by liquid CO₂ in the region of maximum supercooled water with temperature of 0 to − 5 °C enable to produce much stronger dynamic effect and precipitation by forming many convective new cells at low levels in the later stage of seeded clouds. The accumulated precipitation at the surface can be increased and redistributed, and more concentrated in the downstream region of seeded clouds.     

THE MICROPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF SNOW CLOUDS AND THE GROWTH PROCESS OF SNOW PARTICLES IN WINTER IN XINJIANG

The microphysical structure of snow clouds and the growth process of snow crystals were observed by means of instrumented aircraft,weather radar,snow crystal observations etc.in Urumqi region during the winter of 1982.The analysis of three cases show that about 70% of snow mass growth is produced in the lower layer below 2000 m under the cold front,and that the concentration of ice crystals is as high as 60 L^-1 and the supercooled water is absent in lower clouds.We may infer that the deposition of ice crystals and the aggregation of snow crystals are important processes for the snow development.The microphysical structure of the snow band near the front aloft and its characteristics as a seeder cloud are also described in this paper.     

Aggregation of small ice crystals in an electric field

Abstract

Small ice crystals with average diameter of about 30 μm are produced in a large cold room and allowed to fall in a settling chamber in the presence of a quasi‐uniform electric field. Aggregates (flakes) of ice crystals are collected by permanent replicas. Results show that an electric field above a threshold value of about 4 × 10⁴ V m^‐1 rapidly increases the growth of flakes by the capture of small ice crystals. The influence of the electric field upon the growth of ice aggregates is maximum at a field strength of about 1.5 × 10⁵ V m^‐1. Comparison of the results with Jiusto's mathematical model of the growth rate gives values of the collection efficiency at different field strengths. It is very likely that the electric field increases the adhesion (aggregation) efficiency rather than the collision (cross‐section) efficiency.     

华北秋季一次低槽冷锋积层混合云宏微物理特征与催化响应分析

利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统（PMS）在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm-3,液态水含量最大0.05 g/m3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L-1;暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm-3左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm-3,远高于作业后平均浓度（17.6 cm-3）;但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L-1增至4.27 L-1,平均直径也增至550 μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。      

Comparative Study of Nucleation by Different Alcoholic Solutions of Benzoin, and Benzoin Dust

Nucleation properties of different alcoholic solutions of Benzoin and Benzoin dust have been studied by varying the seeding temperature in a laboratory Cold Chamber. In the present study, three different alcoholic solutions are being used and these are due to the standard Ethyl alcohol, one higher alcohol i.e. Isopropyle alcohol and one lower alcohol i.e. Methyl alcohol. In addition, Benzil dust and droplets of Acetone and Chloroform have been used to examine if these agents have any ice nucleation ability. It has been observed that all alcoholic solutions of Benzoin have sufficient ice nucleation ability at the negative side of 0^°C, with the maximum concentration occurring at −14.4^°C. In case of Benzoin dust, the nucleation ability is better on the positive side of 0^°C than the negative side. On the other hand, Benzil dust has insignificant nucleation ability and the droplets of two other agents have no nucleation ability at all.Considering the chemical as well as crystalline structure, one can conclude that the presence of OH group in the seeding molecule plays the central role in ice nucleation/hydrate crystal formation. In fact, a number of supplementary experiments like crystal growth in an incubator, XRD analysis and NMR study are performed to identify the nature of crystals formed by Benzoin dust above 0^°C. One can conclude that these are hydrate crystals of Benzoin with water caging around Benzoin crystals.     

北京层状云人工增雨数值模拟试验和机理研究

在中尺度WRF 模式的Morrison 双参数方案中引入了AgI 粒子与云相互作用的过程,在WRF 模式中实现了催化功能。利用加入了催化方案的中尺度模式对2008 年3 月20～21 日环北京地区一次层状云系降水过程进行模拟和催化试验。模拟自然降水与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度和时刻进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明:以20 g 的碘化银进行催化作业,在催化后的前30min 之内,地面雨量轻微减小,最大累积减雨量为2010 t,30 min 后,净增雨量迅速增加,最大累积增雨量达到了3.4×105 t。催化开始阶段的减雨主要是由于播撒AgI 后,云水减少而雪晶增多,导致雨滴碰并云滴,云滴向雨滴自动转化过程的减少以及雪晶碰并雨滴过程的增多,然而空中增多的雪晶尚未下落到暖区融化成雨滴。而第二阶段的增雨则是空中增多的雪晶逐渐下落到暖区,雪晶融化成雨滴过程增多。AgI 的播撒率对降水量有明显影响,过量催化会使雪晶平均质量减少,下落速度锐减,从而雪融化成雨水减少,导致雨量减弱,不同催化高度和催化时间的催化结果表明在过冷水含量比较丰富而冰雪晶含量偏少的区域进行催化,增雨效果显著。     

Impact of the Bergeron–Findeisen process on the release of aerosol particles during the evolution of cloud ice

The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C₃H₈, CO₂) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds.     

催化对降水区域外效应的中尺度数值模拟

The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) has been used to investigate the extra-area effects of silver iodide (AgI) seeding on stratiform clouds performed at the supercooled layer.A bulk two-moment microphysical scheme and the new software package for silver iodide are incorporated in MM5.Extra conservation equations are applied to trace the seeding agent,which is transported along the flow field and interacts with the supercooled cloud fields.In this study,the model was run using three nested grids,with 3.3 km × 3.3 km horizontal resolution in the finest grid.The model results showed that seeding with AgI at the 5 to 15℃ levels had microphysical effects on the simulated clouds and that the simulation produced a longer-lasting seeding effect because of the transport of the seeding agent by upper-level winds.Most of the AgI particles acted as deposition nuclei,and the deposition nucleation process contributed mostly to additional cloud ice formation in this study.The results showed that more precipitation results from seeded than unseeded case,and the precipitation was redistributed downwind of the target.Augmented precipitation (varying from 5% to 25% downwind) was confined in space to within 250 km of the seeding target and in time to the 3-h period after initial seeding.     

Application of the Canadian regional climate model to the Laurentian great lakes region: Implementation of a lake model

Abstract

This study reports on the implementation of an interactive mixed‐layer/thermodynamic‐ice lake model coupled with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). For this application the CRCM, which uses a grid mesh of 45 km on a polar stereographic projection, 10 vertical levels, and a timestep of 15 min, is nested with the second generation Canadian General Circulation Model (GCM) simulated output. A numerical simulation of the climate of eastern North America, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, is then performed in order to evaluate the coupled model. The lakes are represented by a “mixed layer” model to simulate the evolution of the surface water temperature, and a thermodynamic ice model to simulate evolution of the ice cover. The mixed‐layer depth is allowed to vary spatially. Lake‐ice leads are parametrized as a function of ice thickness based on observations. Results from a 5‐year integration show that the coupled CRCM/lake model is capable of simulating the seasonal evolution of surface temperature and ice cover in the Great Lakes. When compared with lake climatology, the simulated mean surface water temperature agrees within 0.12°C on average. The seasonal evolution of the lake‐ice cover is realistic but the model tends to underestimate the monthly mean ice concentration on average. The simulated winter lake‐induced precipitation is also shown, and snow accumulation patterns on downwind shores of the lakes are found to be realistic when compared with observations.     

太行山东麓层状云微物理特征的飞机观测研究

本文利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”的飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点研究分析了2018年5月21日一次典型西风槽天气系统影响下的层状云微物理特征。结果表明,?5°C层的过冷水含量低于0.05 g m?3,冰粒子数浓度量级101～102 L?1。冰粒子数浓度高值区主要以针状和柱状冰晶为主。这可能低层是Hallett-Mossop机制和其他冰晶繁生机制共同作用下所产生的冰晶碎片在冰面过饱和条件下凝华增长所形成的。冰粒子数浓度低值区的冰晶形状基本以片状或枝状为主。?5°C层的冰雪晶增长主要以凝华和聚并增长为主,凇附过程很弱。零度层附近云水含量峰值区的液态水占比达到70%以上。云水含量峰值区的粒子主要以直径10～50 μm的云滴为主,伴随着少量聚合状冰晶。零度层其他区域的过冷水含量维持在0.05 g m?3左右,冰晶形态主要以聚合状、凇附状及霰粒子为主。液水层则主要以球形液滴及半融化状态的冰粒子为主。垂直探测表明:零度层以上的冰雪晶数浓度呈现随高度递增的趋势。在发展稳定的层状云内,混合层的过冷水含量很低,冰粒子主要通过凝华和聚并过程增长,云体冰晶化程度较高。而在发展较为旺盛的层状云区里过冷水含量也较高,大量液滴的存在也表明混合层冰-液相之间的转化不充分。不同温度层的粒子谱显示,冷水含量高值区的冰粒子平均浓度比过冷水低值区高,但平均直径比过冷水低值区小。