X波段双线性偏振雷达电磁波衰减对冰雹识别的影响

利用X波段双线性偏振雷达2009年4-10月降雨的ZH-ZDR统计分布,得到基于ZH-ZDR分布的冰雹识别参量(HDR)表达式。雷达发射的电磁波经过雨区导致的衰减会使HDR识别冰雹不准确,需要进行衰减订正。文中利用差分相移(DP)订正了HDR表达式中经过雨区衰减的反射率(ZH)和差分反射率(ZDR)。个例分析表明,经雨区衰减订正后X波段双线性偏振雷达回波与北京南郊观象台CIN-RAD/SA多普勒天气雷达回波具有较高的一致性,在零度层之下,HDR>0的区域能有效地反映出地面降雹情况;在零度层之上,HDR>0的区域可能是冰雹或湿霰,订正后HDR判别冰雹的虚警率有可能提高。     

The pseudospectral approximation applied to the shallow water equations on a sphere

Abstract

The Radar data Analysis, Processing and Interactive Display (RAPID) system, developed by McGill University researchers, synthesizes spherical coordinate radar data onto Cartesian maps displaying Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator (CAPPI) reflectivity, Vertically Integrated Liquid water content (VIL), and other radar‐based parameters. In this study, Carvel radar (53.34°N, 114.09°W) data from July 2000 were processed using McGill's RAPID software. Specifically, we compared observations of severe convection, as identified by selected radar‐based reflectivity parameters, with surface severe weather reports and atmospheric sounding data. July 2000 was characterized by frequent severe thunderstorm activity over central Alberta; there were seven days with golfball‐sized hail, and two days with confirmed tornadoes. The VIL, upper level VIL (UVIL), and the maximum reflectivity at 7 km (Z7) were employed to quantify the strength and frequency of storms within a 120‐km radial distance of Carvel. For each day, the intensity of the convection was quantified by counting the total number of 1‐km² pixels in the study area that exceeded the severe thresholds for VIL, UVIL and Z7. The severe thunderstorm algorithms were found to be very effective at correctly identifying the observed severe thunderstorm events. All three radar parameters indicated a diurnal cycle, with severe convection starting after noon and peaking between 16:00 and 18:00 Local Daylight Time. A positive correlation was evident between the observed storm severity and the daily UVIL and Z7 pixel counts. The daily UVIL and Z7 pixel counts were also positively correlated with the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) calculated from proximity soundings.     

Radar observations of precipitation production in thunderstorms

Abstract

Precipitation production is investigated for 9 intense thunderstorms that developed over the Lowveld in South Africa. A C‐band radar is used to observe the 3‐dimensional reflectivity pattern. Using an empirical relation between reflectivity factor and precipitation content and integrating over the storm volume provides an estimate of the total precipitation content aloft. Likewise, an area integration of the instantaneous rain rate at cloud base yields an estimate of the rate of total outflow. At their maturing stage, the storms had precipitation contents of 0.2 to 5.0 Tg and rainfall rates of about 0.3 to 2.0 Gg s^?1. The total accumulation of rain at the ground ranged from 1 to 10 Tg. The characteristic storm updraft, defined as the ratio of the area‐averaged rainfall rate to the volume‐averaged precipitation content, was about 5 ms^?1 for all storms. The time evolution of integral storm parameters is also presented and related to the overall storm development. The precipitation production values observed in the Lowveld storms compares well with previous estimates reported for large thunderstorms observed in Alberta and New England.     

Estimation of the results of the cumulonimbus cloud modification aiming at hailstorm mitigation in Alberta (Canada) on the radar and numerical modeling data

In this paper, physical effects caused by a crystallizing reagent in the deep stable cloud, which was developing on July 7, 2006 in Alberta, Canada, are analysed. The ultimate goal of that experiment was reducing economical losses caused by hail. The radar data analysis and numerical modeling showed that use of the reagent allowed significant reducing the hail particles size.     

Reflectivity‐rain rate relationships for convective rainshowers in Edmonton: Research note

Abstract

A reflectivity‐rainfall rate (Z‐R) relationship is derived from Carvel radar and Edmonton rain gauge measurements. Our analysis indicates that the traditional point‐by‐point comparison method is not accurate for Alberta summertime precipitation due to timing errors in fast moving convective storms. The Window Probability Matching Method (WPMM) was superior and provided a robust Z‐R relationship in the form of Z = 32.5 R^1.65.     

双线偏振多普勒天气雷达估测混合区降雨和降雹方法的理论研究

利用冰雹形状和空间取向的模型及降雹和降雨的滴谱分布,分析了C波段双线偏振雷达探测的降雨和冰雹的反射率因子ZH、差反射率因子ZDR和差传播相移KDp的取值范围,及混合区降水中不同大小的降雨降雹强度对这些参量的贡献.结果表明:对于C波段双线偏振雷达来讲,当降雹达到一定强度后,反射率因子反而随降雹强度的增大而减小,反射率因子和降雹强度不一定是一一对应关系,降雹的KDp与相态、空间取向和雹块的尺度均有关系.在混合性降水中,ZH的主要贡献来自冰雹,而KDp主要取决于降雨的大小,降雨和降雹对ZDR均有明显的影响,降雨的ZH和KDP有比较好的对应关系.在此基础上给出了利用ZH、ZDR和KDp定量估测相态混合区冰雹和降雨对应的反射率因子、降雨强度的方法,并从滴谱变化、雷达探测精度和冰雹对KDp的影响分析了这种方法的估测精度.     

An Alberta study to objectively measure hailfall intensity

During the summer of 1973, two networks of hail detectors were established in a hail‐prone region of southern Alberta, in conjunction with the hail suppression investigations being carried out by Alberta Hail Studies (ALHAS).² Two hundred and seventy‐two farmer volunteers maintained the detectors in two regions totalling 1600 mi², providing a mean station spacing of 2.5 mi. Five dense networks with a detector spacing of 0.25 mi were also operated during August.

These detectors successfully recorded the hailfall on 17 severe thunderstorm days. The areal coverage of the hailfall was found to be less sporadic than was popularly believed, and the data revealed two different spatial scales of hailfall variation. A preliminary examination of the significance of these results for the design of precipitation (and particularly hail) measuring networks is undertaken.     

南半球大气环流对华南前汛期降雨影响初探

利用南半球平面气压场格点资料，通过着值场和相关分析，研究了南半球大气环流对华南前汛期降雨的影响。结论指出，无论是同期还是前期，华南前汛期多雨年和少雨年所对应的南半球大气环流系统基本呈反相，两者之间存在密切关系。     

强降水和冰雹对流许可尺度集合预报个例试验

利用对流许可尺度集合预报系统,针对2015年4月28日夜间移动到江苏南部和上海地区,伴随短时强降水和冰雹的一次强对流过程,使用初始多源融合分析场对集合预报结果影响进行了分析。结合上海南汇双偏振雷达基数据观测,对12～14 h预报时效的反射率因子、差分反射率及冰雹集合预报结果进行了定性和定量的评估,分析了改进初始水物质分布,同时增加小尺度信息对于模式预报结果的影响。主要结果为:(1)对反射率因子预报的评估显示,初始场调整了水物质分布且增加了小尺度信息的试验(以下简称ADAS试验),对降水的范围、分布特征及评分都有明显改进(2)由于差分反射率在较小的距离内变化剧烈,对其准确预报难度较大,ADAS试验虽然预报强度偏强,但整体的位置和强度与实况更为接近,特别在大粒子预报方面具有更高的技巧,能够对微物理过程相关特征更好地进行描述;(3)使用地面人工观测和双偏振雷达观测对冰雹概率预报评估的结果显示,ADAS试验预报的高概率降雹区与观测落区接近,对冰雹落区预报具有一定的指示意义。通过多源融合分析调整初始水物质分布并增加小尺度信息的集合预报试验改善了较长预报时效的强降水和冰雹概率预报,具有更高的可信度,双偏振变量预报具有区分强降水与冰雹的优势,通过与观测的对比可以更好地评估模式对微物理过程描述的准确性。     

Diurnal variations of upper winds in summer in Alberta

Abstract

Analysis of diurnal variations of upper winds in summer in Alberta reveals features consistent with the hypothesis of a thermally‐induced wind system resulting from the juxtaposition of the Rocky Mountains and the Prairies. These include diurnal variation of flow that is most pronounced at two levels, one near the surface and one near the level of the mountain tops. Attempts to find a connection between such a system and occurrence of hail were unsuccessful.     

移动X波段双线偏振雷达数据质量分析及偏差订正

2019年8月,中国电子科技集团第十四研究所南京恩瑞特实业有限公司研制的GLC-12A型移动X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达在江苏大丰进行外场观测.根据该雷达外场观测资料,联合盐城新一代SA天气雷达和江苏省6个雨量站资料,对移动X波段双线偏振雷达做数据质量分析.结果 表明,针对同一次降水过程而言,距离越远,衰减越大.为了降...     

The Design of Grossversuch IV,a Randomized Hail Suppression Experiment in Switzerland

Abstract

A randomized hail suppression experiment (Grossversuch IV) using the Soviet rocket technique is described and a brief outline of the statistical design is given. Using the large number of experiments that were conducted in the Soviet Union a confirmatory analysis will be made as well as further exploratory studies on different parameters connected with hail. The problems connected with the measurements of hail by radar and hailpads are also discussed.     

Polarimetric rainfall retrieval from a C-Band weather radar in a tropical environment (The Philippines)

We evaluated the potential of polarimetric rainfall retrieval methods for the Tagaytay C-Band weather radar in the Philippines. For this purpose, we combined a method for fuzzy echo classification, an approach to extract and reconstruct the differential propagation phase, Φ _DP , and a polarimetric self-consistency approach to calibrate horizontal and differential reflectivity. The reconstructed Φ _DP was used to estimate path-integrated attenuation and to retrieve the specific differential phase, K _DP . All related algorithms were transparently implemented in the Open Source radar processing software wradlib. Rainfall was then estimated from different variables: from re-calibrated reflectivity, from re-calibrated reflectivity that has been corrected for path-integrated attenuation, from the specific differential phase, and from a combination of reflectivity and specific differential phase. As an additional benchmark, rainfall was estimated by interpolating the rainfall observed by rain gauges. We evaluated the rainfall products for daily and hourly accumulations. For this purpose, we used observations of 16 rain gauges from a five-month period in the 2012 wet season. It turned out that the retrieval of rainfall from K _DP substantially improved the rainfall estimation at both daily and hourly time scales. The measurement of reflectivity apparently was impaired by severe miscalibration while K _DP was immune to such effects. Daily accumulations of rainfall retrieved from K _DP showed a very low estimation bias and small random errors. Random scatter was, though, strongly present in hourly accumulations.     

Radar measurements of integral parameters of hailstorms used on hail suppression projects

The exact quantitative estimation of hailstorm precipitation intensity, allowing determining successfully the crop hail damage, is extremely necessary while carrying out of programs of experimental researches of the hail clouds as well as at realization of operative projects on hail suppression. On the other hand, the possibility of obtaining a trustworthy information about changes of hailfall intensity during cloud seeding operations enables to judge more objectively about seeding effect and to make a decision about its beginning and termination. Just because of such a parameter, the kinetic energy of hailfalls presents a great interest for the researchers. As it is known, measuring the kinetic energy of hailfalls is carried out both directly by ground network of hailpads, and by radar methods. The accuracy of the radar methods of the hail kinetic energy measurement strongly depends not only on the choice of an optimum formula for calculation but also on the algorithm used for separating hail and rain parts of radar echo and on the way it was used in the hail–rain mixture zone of precipitation.The method of calculating the kinetic energy of the hailfalls, based on empirical dependence of hail probability P_h on a height of a zone of a radar echo with a reflectivity of 45 dBZ above a level of zero isotherm ΔH₄₅, is offered in the given work. The algorithm of separating hail and rain parts of a radar echo and the way it was applied in a hail–rain mixture zone is described. The examples of hail streaks in contours of radar reflectivity and in isopleths of hail kinetic energy obtained using the given algorithm are shown.In Mendoza province (Argentina), a hail suppression project (1993–1997) for the analysis of the vertical structure of a radar echo with Z_max > 45 dBZ, such new parameter is an integral altitude, was used. This dimensionless parameter is most sensitive to such a condition of radar echo when all four contours of increased reflectivity Z₄₅, Z₅₅, Z₆₅, and Z₇₅ synchronously reach the maximal values. The analysis of time distributions of the main radar parameters of hailstorms on a background of values of integral altitude is resulted. It is shown that local hailfall maximum intensities on the ground are observed after the achievement of maximum integral altitude with a certain delay. It enables to predict zones of the greatest hail damage in a mode of radar observation.     

江西不同类型强对流天气的地闪统计特征及与雷达回波特征对比分析

选取2004—2014年江西省11个ADTD雷电探测定位组网系统所得云地闪探测数据、省内多普勒雷达、探空和自动站资料,并结合重要天气报,将此11年的强对流天气分成短时强降水、有短时强降水伴随的雷雹大风和冰雹(以下简称风雹)和无短时强降水伴随的风雹这三种主要类型,分析它们发生前后的地闪活动特征及其与雷达回波的关系,结果发现,(1)江西省短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹分别主要发生在5—8、7—8月和3月;仅发生短时强降水时的站次远多于发生风雹天气时;除早春和盛夏无短时强降水伴随的雷暴大风发生站次较多外,风雹天气常与短时强降水相伴发生。(2)仅有短时强降水天气发生时,其站点地理位置越偏北、小时雨量越大,对应的地闪活动就越剧烈。不同小时雨量对应的地闪数存在较明显的季节性差异,表现为3、4月地闪数以小时雨量为50~55mm时最多;5—7月地闪数随着小时雨量增大总体呈增多趋势,尤以小时雨量为55~60mm时最多;8—9月则以小时雨量为40~45mm时最多。(3)就无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气而言,在3—5月雷暴大风和冰雹发生前30min内的地闪数差异不大,但平均电流强度后者大于前者;在6—9月雷暴大风发生前30min内的地闪数则为冰雹发生前的2~4倍,平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹发生前的地闪数多于仅有短时强降水发生前,正地闪的平均电流强度前者也略强。(4)有短时强降水伴随的风雹发生前的平均正地闪数以8月为最多,而负地闪数则在6月最多;冰雹发生前1h内的地闪数随季节变化不大,而雷暴大风发生前的地闪数存在季节差异,夏季多于春季;另外冰雹的地闪数与冰雹直径存在较好的正相关性。(5)3—8月,有短时强降水伴随的风雹地闪数远多于无短时强降水伴随时;其平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹天气发生前,地闪平均电流强度随季节呈先增大后减小的趋势,而无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气则无此特点。(6)强对流天气发生前,较强回波出现前的负地闪活动远比正地闪活跃,但其电流强度弱于正地闪;45dBz以上回波伸展高度越高,伴随的地闪数也越多,但其平均电流强度变化不明显。     

2014年青藏高原云和降水多种雷达综合观测试验及云特征初步分析结果

加密外场试验可提供云降水物理过程新的数据。2014年7月1日—8月31日,第3次青藏高原大气科学试验项目组在那曲开展了水汽、云和降水的综合观测,使用了中国最先进的Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Ku波段微降水雷达、C波段连续波雷达和激光雷达,并配以微波辐射计、雨滴谱仪等设备,获取了高时空分辨率的云和降水宏微观垂直结构特征数据;利用C波段双线偏振雷达与新一代天气雷达配对,进行双多普勒雷达观测,获取青藏高原对流云三维风场和降水粒子相态的结构和演变数据。文中简单介绍了本次试验的情况,并利用这次观测的云雷达数据对那曲地区夏季云的云顶和云底高度、云厚、云量、云层数等特征的日变化进行了初步统计分析,对不同类型云的宏观特征进行了讨论。结果表明:本次外场试验首次成功获取到了多种雷达的云观测数据。那曲地区夏季云主要集中在6 km(距地面高度,下同)以上和4 km以下;总云量、高云的云顶、云量和云厚等云的统计参数有明显的日变化,10时(北京时)为云发展最弱的时段,20时云发展最为旺盛;初生的积云和层云常常出现在3 km高度上,这一高度上常常存在明显的上升气流;深对流系统高度可达16.5 km,同时存在上升气流和下沉气流,对流中可能存在过冷水。这些数据和初步结果为进一步开展高原云和降水机理、云和降水物理过程参数化方案研究及卫星反演结果的订正提供了基础。     

降雹类型及相关因子的分布特征

通过对全自动雹雨分测计所测16次降雹天气系统自记纸做雹雨分档、同步读数分析,得到5种降雹类型及相关因子的分布特征:(1)降雹强度特大类;(2)降雹强度中小类;(3)降雹总量特大且具有毁灭性灾害类;(4)雹量成脉冲式涌动;(5)降雹云系弱、持续时间长、降雹量小及强度弱。这对研究冰雹云的结构、雹胚的生成起引导作用,为模拟冰雹生成和落地提供了观测数据。     

LAPS在冰雹云模拟中的应用

LAPS是中国气象局武汉暴雨研究所引进的中尺度分析系统,能融合区域内多种非常规观测资料,提供高分辨率中尺度分析场。该文对探空资料和LAPS分析场两种初始场的大气层结和环境风场信息进行了比较,并应用探空资料和不同时次的降雹点的LAPS分析场作为三维对流云模式的初始场对2008年7月27日、28日湖北西部山区冰雹天气过程进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与观测实况进行了对比分析,最后对27日降雹过程应用临近降雹时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场模拟的回波、风场和垂直速度等特征进行了分析,以探讨LAPS用于云数值模式的适用性、优越性以及冰雹云发生发展特点。结果表明: LAPS输出场用于云模式初始场进行冰雹云数值模拟具有时空上的优势,能更好地模拟出午后局地降雹,可以弥补探空资料作为云模式初始场的不足,应用临近时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场的数值模拟能体现出冰雹云发展过程中多次增强等细节,有利于人工防雹作业预警和催化方案的确定。     

南京"03.7"大暴雨中云物理过程的数值模拟研究

利用三维全弹性、双参数化对流云模式和南京站探空资料,对南京“03．7”特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟研究,着重分析产生这次大暴雨的云物理机制。模拟结果表明,此次暴雨属于积雨云降水,其中云雨碰并是最主要的成雨过程,贡献率达到74％,其次是霰／雹融化,占22％,说明此次降水以暖雨过程为主。通过暖雨过程对比试验表明,虽然冰相过程对雨水的贡献较小,但加入冰相过程能使模拟结果更接近云的实际情况。     

Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile X-band polarimetric weather radar

In this work the capability of reliable rainfall measurements with small weather radars in complex terrain for flood forecasting purposes is examined. Rain measurements were carried out during winter–spring 2007 with a mobile X-band dual-polarization radar in the northwestern mountainous part of the island of Crete in Greece. In this area a 2D-video disdrometer and a network of raingauges was installed for radar calibration and evaluation of rainfall measurements, respectively. The complex terrain of the experimental site may significantly reduce the performance of rain measurements due to ground clutter and partial or total beam blockage. A beam blockage algorithm using high resolution terrain data was applied in order to find areas with significant terrain effects and estimate correction of the radar measurements. Rain attenuation correction was based on modern sophisticated algorithms using differential phase measurements. The accuracy of rainfall estimation from standard or polarimetric algorithms at plan position indicator (PPI) scans was examined for high-temporal resolution (1 min) rainfall rates and accumulated rainfall values for winter and spring time rain events. For high elevation measurements, which were required in order to avoid terrain effects in large areas of interest, a correction for the vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) was also applied to the radar data. An average VPR model used in the corresponding correction of reflectivity was constructed based on range–height indicator (RHI) scans. It was concluded that quantitative high resolution X-band radar observations of rainfall in complex terrain is possible after careful application of all the above processing steps.