博茨瓦纳奥拉帕金刚石矿床成矿地质特征

博茨瓦纳是世界上金刚石资源最为丰富的国家之一。奥拉帕金刚石矿床是该国最大的金刚石矿,矿床的金伯利岩为Ⅰ型,其中的包体可以分为2种:橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型;金刚石可以分为3类:橄榄岩型、榴辉岩型及两者的过渡类型-二辉岩型。其中,橄榄岩型和部分榴辉岩型金刚石来自于地幔结晶堆晶体,而榴辉岩型则与板块俯冲的构造-热事件有关。金伯利岩的形成时代主要为白垩纪,而金刚石则主要形成于元古宙和太古宙,金伯利岩和金刚石为不同时期的产物,金刚石为金伯利岩侵位期间捕获的上地幔物理破碎产物。其中年龄为900~1000Ma的金刚石为板块构造-热事件的产物,并对早期金刚石进行了改造破坏。     

金伯利岩含金刚石性的矿物学判别标志

金刚石及其紧密伴生的镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石、钛铁矿、单斜辉石及橄揽石,形成于高温,尤其是高压的上地幔条件下,被快速上升的金伯利岩浆携带至地表,这些矿物形成的特殊的地质条件和环境,必然反映到它们的矿物学特征上来。文章通过对我国金伯利岩中金刚石伴生矿物的研究,探讨了金伯利岩含金刚石性的矿物学标志。     

旅大50号金伯利岩管中金刚石谱学特征及地质意义

通过矿物谱学的方法对放大５０号金伯利岩管中不同晶形金刚石进行研究。结果表明，不同晶形金刚石中杂质种类、含量及结构上存在很大差异。其中，发现Ｎ杂质中有“Ｎ≡Ｎ”结构形式，且随晶体形态的变化而变化，那是其来源深度及所经历的过程不同所致。本文阐述了它们的地质意义。     

寻找含金刚石金伯利岩的地质经济学

地质经济学关注地质科学研究和矿产勘查经费使用的有效性,是使科研的成果更有意义、更具创新性、找矿更具有针对性。含金刚石的金伯利岩体是世界上分布较少和较难寻找的岩体,但地质学家却做了大量的和深入的研究。从消化全球科学研究成果、建立金刚石矿勘查靶区、利用指示矿物追踪、消除干扰体,进而用多种手段确定靶位,建立了一套科研成果用于找矿的行之有效的步骤,进行每一个步骤时都要考虑到资金使用的有效性。本文讨论地质经济学在寻找含金刚石的金伯利岩全过程中的应用,抛砖引玉,认为地质经济学应当贯穿在科研和找矿的各个方面。本文还对中国寻找金刚石矿的远景区进行了分析。     

我国金伯利岩型金刚石矿床的若干地质特征及其找矿标志

金伯利岩型金刚石矿床是世界上重要的金刚石矿床类型:也是我国迄今所发现的唯一的金刚石原生矿床类型。本文阐述了我国金伯利岩分布的构造部位、时代、产状、与暗色岩类的关系、围岩及其蚀变特征、岩管的岩相特征、岩石类型及岩石化学特征,并指出了该类矿床的找矿标志。     

金伯利岩型金刚石找矿准则和找矿判别模型

本文在深入研究金伯利岩型金刚石矿床成矿规律的基础上,总结了此类矿床的找矿准则并建立了找矿判别模型。模型共包含16个变量,其中地质因素3个,特征矿物5个,岩石化学8个。模型临界值为24.1—65.5。得分大于65.5的岩体为寻找金刚石的重要对象;得分小于24.1的岩体据目前认识水平为不含金刚石岩体;介于两者之间者为可疑岩体。此判别模型综合吸收了前人寻找此类矿床的经验,并将其抽象为定量预测。我们已将此方法用 BASIC 语言编成计算机程序,这将有助于在较大范围内,较迅速、较准确地寻找金刚石矿床。     

Mineralogical studies of pyropes in kimberlites from China

Based on the measurements of refractive index,specific gravity,unit cell parameter,and mineral chemistry and infrared absorption spectrum analyses of pyropes in kimberlites from China,systematic studies of the Physical properties and compositional variations of pyropes of different colors and diverse paragenetic types,within and between kimberlite provinces have been undertaken,The origin of pyropes in the Kimberlites and the depth of their formation have been discussed.Pyropes of the purple series are different from those of the orange series in physical and chemical properties,for exaple,pyropes of the puple series are higher in α0,RI,SG,Cr2O3,MgO,Cr/(Cr Al),Mg/(Mg Fe),and Mg/(Mg Ca),and lower in Al2O3,Fe2O3 FeO than those of the orange series.The classification of garnets in kimberlites from china by the Dawson and Stephens‘ method(1975) has been undertaken and clearly demonstrates that pyropes of diamond-rich kimberlites contain much more groups than those of diamond-poor,especially diamond-free kimberlites.The higher in α0,RI,SG,Cr2O(3.Cr/(Cr Al),knorringite and Cr-component the pyropes are ,the richer in diamond the kimberlites will be.The infrared absorption spectrum patterns of pyropes change with their chemical composition regularly,as reflected in the shape and position of infrared absorption peaks.Two absortpion bands at 862-901 cm^-1 will grade into degeneration from splitting and the absorption band positions of pyropes shift toward lower frequency with increasing Cr2O3 content and Cr/(Cr Al) ratio of pyropes,LREE contents of orange pyrope megacrysts are similar to those of porple pyrope macrocrysts,but the former is higher in HREE than the latter,showing their different chondrite-normalized patterns.The formation pressures of pyropes calculated by Cr-component,Ca-component,knorringite molecules of pyropes show that some pyropes of the purple series in diamondiferous kimberlites fall into the diamond stability field.but all pyropes of diamond-free kimberlites lie outside the diamond stability field.The megacrysts were formed through early crystallization of kimberlites magma at high pressure condition,the majority of the purple pyrope macrocrysts have been derived from disaggregated xenoliths but the minoirty of them appear to be fragments of the discrete megacryst pyropes,or phenocrysts.     

Prospects of search for diamondiferous kimberlites in the northeastern Siberian Platform

The objects of study are Triassic hypabyssal diamondiferous kimberlites with an age of 220-245 Ma, containing macrocrysts of unaltered olivine. The latter are close in the time of formation to the main stage of intrusion of the Siberian Trap Province (252 Ma), which lasted less than 1 Myr. A comparative high-precision analytical study of the Ti, Ca, Cr, and Al impurity patterns in about 1000 olivine macrocryst samples with a forsterite content Fo = (100Mg/(Mg + Fe)) of 78 to 93 has demonstrated the effect of traps on the lithospheric composition. A comprehensive comparative study of diamonds from northern placers and Triassic kimberlites, including determination of their carbon isotope composition, was performed. Chromatography-mass-spectroscopic analysis of submicron fluid inclusions in diamonds from northern placers and kimberlites has shown predominant hydrocarbons of a wide range of compositions and subordinate contents of N₂, H₂O, and CO₂. These findings, together with the results of previous studies of subcalcic Cr-pyropes and diamonds found in the Lower Carboniferous gritstones of the Kyutyungde graben, lead to the conclusion that the Toluopka kimberlite field is promising for Paleozoic kimberlites. The results of comprehensive studies of diamonds and indicator minerals and U/Pb isotope dating of numerous detrital zircon samples from the basal horizon of the Carnian Stage (Upper Triassic) of the Bulkur site in the lower reaches of the Lena River suggest the presence of diamondiferous kimberlites within the northeastern Siberian Platform. The age of the probable primary diamond sources in the study area can be evaluated by an integrated U/Pb isotope dating of zircons, perovskites, and rutiles from the developed diamond placers and the basal horizon of the Carnian Stage.     

华北克拉通金伯利岩型金刚石矿床含矿性判别

金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿床含矿性评价是了解金刚石成矿规律和指导区域性找矿的重要依据。华北克拉通是我国重要的金刚石成矿远景区,目前已发现了两个重要的含金刚石金伯利岩岩区(山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店)。近年来,对岩区内不同品位金刚石典型矿床的研究表明金伯利岩中的金刚石品位取决于以下两个重要的地质过程:金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的捕获作用和金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的熔蚀作用。在华北克拉通下方存在一个金刚石稳定区,温度为950～1200℃,压力为4.4～6.1 GPa。山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中穿过该区域并捕获其中的金刚石,成为含矿岩浆;而铁岭和鹤县等金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中不穿过该区域,成为不含矿岩浆。在穿过金刚石稳定区时,富矿的金伯利岩捕获了更多的金刚石以及金刚石的伴生指示矿物(如镁铝榴石,镁铬铁矿);而贫矿的金伯利岩则相对捕获了少量的金刚石和指示矿物。这些指示矿物往往参加了金刚石的形成过程,有些作为缓冲剂控制了反应(岩浆或熔体)的氧化还原状态,有些则作为反应物或者生成物参与到反应中。部分指示矿物(如镁铝榴石)还进一步地记录了金刚石形成后金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的交代作用。金伯利岩岩浆温度(T...     

试论我国古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床成矿特点、成矿模式及找矿前景

文章将我国中新生代陆相盆地中发育的古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床分为地层超覆埋藏亚型、构造抬升破坏亚型、构造褶断保存亚型等3种亚型，文中主要讨论了这3种亚型古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床的成矿特点、成矿模式及找矿前景。作者认为，除近代层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床以外，古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床在我国中新生代陆相盆地也有很大的找矿潜力。因此，需要从成矿理论上认真总结和不断充实，以推动我国砂岩型铀矿找矿工作不断向前发展。     

鲁西蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的岩浆侵入序列及成矿模式

鲁西蒙阴地区是我国金刚石原生矿重要产地之一,其含金刚石金伯利岩命名为常马庄单元。本文对该区金伯利岩地质特征进行了梳理,按岩石命名原则对该地区含金刚石金伯利岩不同岩石类型进行了重新划分和命名,共划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类、粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类和含碎屑细斑或中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类3个岩石类型和13个亚类型,同时首次从早至晚划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→含围岩角砾中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类的侵入序列。通过对前人研究资料的综合分析并结合野外实地考察认为:以前套用南非金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿中心式火山喷发型成矿模式作为蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的成矿模式不符合该区实际地质特征。提出了该区金刚石金伯利岩新的成矿模式为中心式—裂隙式复合潜火山隐爆岩浆序次侵入充填型岩浆侵入角砾岩筒及其伴生的岩脉、岩床模型。     

Constraints on diamond genesis from the study of the dependence of diamond properties on the composition of kimberlites and lamproites

It was shown that the crystal morphology, content, and size of diamonds depend on the concentrations of silica, magnesium, calcium, and carbon dioxide in the host kimberlites and lamproites. The character of this dependence suggests that the viscosity of the initial melts of these rocks was the main control of the morphology and properties of diamond crystals and indicates a magmatic genesis for this mineral. Two genetic varieties of diamond crystals were distinguished: larger residual grains coeval with the formation of the sources of kimberlite and lamproite magmas during the slow high-pressure fractionation of the near-bottom peridotite layer of the global magma ocean and smaller early magmatic grains, which crystallized during the decompression-friction transformation of kimberlite and lamproite protoliths into magmas.     

中国萤石矿床成矿规律

在萤石矿床类型划分的基础上,根据萤石矿床的大地构造背景、分布特征、成矿条件和控矿因素,文章划分了中国萤石矿床的成矿区带,并对每一个成矿区带的成矿特征做了简述;总结了中国萤石矿床成矿规律。中国萤石矿床集中分布于北部和东南部,断裂是各种矿床类型共有的必要成矿要素。沉积改造型萤石矿床的形成与灰岩和火山岩有关;与萤石矿床形成有关的侵入岩绝大部分为燕山期侵入岩;无论是沉积改造型、热液充填型还是伴生型萤石矿床,大型、特大型萤石矿床的形成多与灰岩有关。同时具备灰岩、燕山期侵入岩和断裂成矿三要素的矿床多为大型、特大型萤石矿床。中国萤石矿床的形成集中于燕山期。     

华北克拉通东部含金刚石金伯利岩的侵位年龄和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学特征

本文首次报道了我国华北克拉通内部金伯利岩中金云母巨晶的Ar-Ar同位素年龄和含金刚石金伯利岩的Hf同位素组成特征,并结合金伯利岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成特征对华北金伯利岩的岩石成因及其构造背景进行了探讨.金伯利岩中金云母巨晶的年代学分析显示华北克拉通内部的蒙阴和复县金伯利岩具有一致的侵位年龄,约465±2 Ma.这与以前发表的金伯利岩中钙钛矿的U-Pb年龄和金云母的Rb-Sr等时线年龄一致.Sr-Nd同位素结果表明蒙阴和复县金伯利岩皆具有很小的Nd同位素变化范围（εNd分别为-0.4～0.2和-3.4～-2.3）.然而,这些金伯利岩却具有极大的Sr同位素组成范围（ISr分布为-0.2～28.1和0～75）.其中复县比蒙阴金伯利岩具有较低的Nd同位素和更宽的Sr同位素组成.Hf同位素分析结果表明蒙阴和复县两岩区内部各金伯利岩岩管具有非常一致的铪同位素组成,类似于Nd同位素组成特征,其中蒙阴金伯利岩的^176Hf/^177Hf初始值为0.282474～0.282416,相应的εHf值为-2.37～-0.30;复县金伯利岩的^176Hf/^177Hf初始值为0.282305～0.282369;相应的εHf值为-6.29～-4.04.这说明蒙阴金伯利岩与复县金伯利岩相比具有较高的Hf同位素组成.结合Sr-Nd同位素组成,暗示蒙阴和复县金伯利岩的Hf同位素组成的不同可能反映金伯利岩岩浆形成时软流圈、岩石圈地幔以及俯冲的洋壳物质参与比例的不同.Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征说明我国华北古生代金伯利岩的形成同样与华北周边的古大洋岩石圈向华北内部俯冲作用有关.     

西昆仑甜水海地区铅锌矿成矿特征及找矿进展

新疆和田火烧云铅锌矿的发现,标志着我国铅锌找矿在西昆仑甜水海地区取得了重大突破,区内目前已发现铅锌矿床（点）29处,其中铅锌矿中型矿床7个、大型矿床2个、超大型矿床1个。通过收集整理区内最新的矿产地质勘查成果资料,对该区带内铅锌矿的成矿特征、找矿前景进行系统分析与总结,将区内铅锌矿床划分为密西西比河谷型(MVT)和沉积喷流型(SEDEX) 2个大类和4个具体类型,认为它们的成矿过程分别与区域大地构造演化、区域断裂活动及同沉积断层-喷流沉积活动密切相关,在矿体形态、矿石矿物、矿石结构构造等矿化特征及成矿模式方面均有明显差异。火烧云式是受中侏罗统龙山组上段灰岩-白云岩沉积层位控制的沉积喷流型铅锌矿,化石山式是受中侏罗统龙山组铁锰质沉积层位控制的沉积喷流型铅锌矿,多宝山式是受断裂构造控制的碳酸盐岩建造中的MVT型铅锌矿,元宝岭式是受北东向左行张扭性断裂控制的碎屑岩建造中的MVT型铅锌矿。