Rigid‐plastic models for the seismic design and assessment of steel framed structures

This paper demonstrates the applicability of response history analysis based on rigid‐plastic models for the seismic assessment and design of steel buildings. The rigid‐plastic force–deformation relationship as applied in steel moment‐resisting frames (MRF) is re‐examined and new rigid‐plastic models are developed for concentrically‐braced frames and dual structural systems consisting of MRF coupled with braced systems. This paper demonstrates that such rigid‐plastic models are able to predict global seismic demands with reasonable accuracy. It is also shown that, the direct relationship that exists between peak displacement and the plastic capacity of rigid‐plastic oscillators can be used to define the level of seismic demand for a given performance target. Copyright© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance‐based optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete structures

A fully automated design methodology based on nonlinear response history analysis is proposed for the optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The conventional trial‐and‐error process is replaced by a structural optimization algorithm that serves as a search engine capable of locating the most efficient design in terms of cost and performance. Two variations of the proposed design methodology are introduced. The first approach treats the optimum design problem in a deterministic manner, while in the second variation the optimum design is sought in the framework of a reliability‐based optimization problem. The reliability‐based approach seems to be a more rational procedure since more meaningful design criteria that correlate better with the performance‐based design concept can be adopted. Thus, the practice of using the mean annual frequency of a limit‐state being exceeded to assess the candidate designs is compared with the use of deterministic criteria. Both formulations take into consideration the structural response for a number of limit‐states, from serviceability to collapse prevention. The proposed design procedure is specifically tailored to the design of RC structures, where a preliminary design step of generating tables of concrete sections is introduced. In order to handle the large size of the tables, the concept of multi‐database cascade optimization is implemented. The final design has to comply with the provisions of European design codes. The proposed methodology allows for a significant reduction of the direct construction cost combined with improved control of the seismic performance under earthquake loading. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effective use of seismic response envelopes for reinforced concrete structures

By exploiting the theory of the response envelopes formulated by Menun and Der Kiureghian [Envelopes for seismic response vectors. I–Theory, J. Str. Engrg. 2000; 126(3); 467–473], an algorithmic approach for seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frames is presented. It aims to fill a gap between research on spectral analysis of structures and current design practice in which the use of seismic response envelopes, available since early 2000s, is hampered by the lack of efficient and robust implementations. The proposed strategy is based on customary features (such as modal shapes and response spectra) currently adopted in professional practice, and it takes advantage of recently published formulations for the evaluation of stress resultants in arbitrarily shaped reinforced concrete cross‐sections subjected to axial force and biaxial bending. Numerical applications are illustrated in order to show the procedure's efficiency and effectiveness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved risk‐targeted performance‐based seismic design of reinforced concrete frame structures

This paper presents a procedure for seismic design of reinforced concrete structures, in which performance objectives are formulated in terms of maximum accepted mean annual frequency (MAF) of exceedance, for multiple limit states. The procedure is explicitly probabilistic and uses Cornell's like closed‐form equations for the MAFs. A gradient‐based constrained optimization technique is used for obtaining values of structural design variables (members' section size and reinforcement) satisfying multiple objectives in terms of risk levels. The method is practically feasible even for real‐sized structures thanks to the adoption of adaptive equivalent linear models where element‐by‐element stiffness reduction is performed (2 linear analyses per intensity level). General geometric and capacity design constraints are duly accounted for. The procedure is applied to a 15‐storey plane frame building, and validation is conducted against results in terms of drift profiles and MAF of exceedance, obtained by multiple‐stripe analysis with records selected to match conditional spectra. Results show that the method is suitable for performance‐based seismic design of RC structures with explicit targets in terms of desired risk levels.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构直接基于位移的抗震设计

直接基于位移的抗震设计方法是对基于力的抗震设计方法的重大改进。按此方法进行设计时,需要解决的关键问题是确定结构的目标位移和相应的侧移模式。提出用框架梁节点截面屈服时的位移作为目标位移,并推导了层间屈服位移的计算公式;然后用结构近似的第一振型曲线作勾其侧移模式,对层间屈服位移进行修正。算例表明,本方法计算结果合理。     

钢筋混凝土结构的抗震加固方法述评

本文讨论了钢筋混凝土结构抗震加固的原则,对目前常用的钢筋混凝土结构的加固方法进行了简要的论述,给出了各种方法的特点和适用范围以及一些需要注意的问题.文中还提出了加固方法将来可能的发展方向.     

钢骨混凝土结构抗震研究综述

介绍了钢骨混凝土结构的特点以及抗震研究发展现状,指出了这种结构在抗震研究中存在的主要问题和今后需要进一步研究的方向。     

Simplified non‐linear seismic analysis of infilled reinforced concrete frames

The N2 method for simplified non‐linear seismic analysis has been extended in order to make it applicable to infilled reinforced concrete frames. Compared to the simple basic variant of the N2 method, two important differences apply. A multi‐linear idealization of the pushover curve, which takes into account the strength degradation which occurs after the infill fails, has to be made, and specific reduction factors, developed in a companion paper, have to be used for the determination of inelastic spectra. It is shown that the N2 method can also be used for the determination of approximate summarized IDA curves. The proposed method was applied to two test buildings. The results were compared with the results obtained by non‐linear dynamic analyses for three sets of ground motions, and a reasonable accuracy was demonstrated. A similar extension of the N2 method can be made to any structural system, provided that an appropriate specific R–µ–T relation is available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of site‐dependent constant‐damage design spectra for reinforced concrete structures

An investigation on the validity of the conventional design approach known as constant displacement ductility is carried out. The hysteretic behaviour described by the Modified Takeda model is taken to represent the characteristics of reinforced concrete structural systems. The results presented in the form of seismic damage spectra indicate that the conventional design approach may not be valid because cumulative damage is excessively high. The inelastic design spectra based on the constant‐damage concept are proposed in terms of simplified expressions. The expressions are derived from constant‐damage design spectra computed by non‐linear response analysis for SDOF systems subjected to ground motions recorded on rock sites, alluvium deposits, and soft‐soil sites. The proposed expressions, which are dependent on the local soil conditions, are functions of target seismic damage, displacement ductility ratio and period of vibration. The seismic damage of structures that have been designed based on this new design approach is also checked by a design‐and‐evaluation approach. The results are found to be satisfactory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient performance‐based seismic design method for reinforced concrete frames

In this paper, a practical method is developed for performance‐based design of RC structures subjected to seismic excitations. More efficient design is obtained by redistributing material from strong to weak parts of a structure until a state of uniform deformation or damage prevails. By applying the design algorithm on 5, 10 and 15‐storey RC frames, the efficiency of the proposed method is initially demonstrated for specific synthetic and real seismic excitations. The results indicate that, for similar structural weight, designed structures experience up to 30% less global damage compared with code‐based design frames. The method is then developed to consider multiple performance objectives and deal with seismic design of RC structures for a design spectrum. The results show that the proposed method is very efficient at controlling performance parameters and improving structural behaviour of RC frames. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构基于性能和可靠度的抗震优化设计

基于可靠度理论的概率极限状态设计法是结构设计的基本法则之一,而新一代"基于性能的地震工程"要求在性能化设计中尚应考虑随机因素的影响。为获得满足预设性能水准和可靠度指标的最优方案,以钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,根据其在不同性能水准下的位移需求,采用非线性随机有限元方法求解结构的抗震可靠度,并将可靠度指标作为约束条件,以总造价为优化目标,提出了一种基于性能和可靠度的抗震优化设计方法。其中,可靠度计算以OpenSees为平台,并采用基于梯度分析的FORM有限元法。优化分析以MATLAB为平台,通过程序调用,实现了与可靠度分析之间的数据通讯。算例分析表明,模拟退火算法在本问题中较遗传算法具有更高全局搜索能力和计算精度。研究成果可为新一代基于性能和可靠度的优化设计提供参考。     

装设粘弹性阻尼器钢筋混凝土结构抗震实用分析

为了设计装设粘弹性阻尼器受控结构、推进此项技术的工程应用,分别利用粘弹性阻尼器的复刚度模型和有限元模型,编制了振型分解反应谱程序和弹性时程分析程序,并对一装设粘弹性阻尼器的16层钢筋混凝土结构和相应原结构在多遇地震下的响应进行了分析。     

Methodology for preliminary seismic design of extended pile‐shafts for bridge structures

Seismic design of extended pile‐shafts requires a careful consideration of the influence of the surrounding soil on the overall response of the soil–pile system. In this paper, a procedure that incorporates soil properties into the process is developed for preliminary seismic design of extended pile‐shafts. The method follows the well‐accepted approach of using a force reduction factor to determine the lateral strength of the structure. The procedure involves an iterative process to arrive at the required amount of longitudinal reinforcement. Other outcomes of the procedure include the appropriate lateral stiffness and strength, as well as an estimation of the local curvature demand and ultimate drift ratio that can be used to ensure a satisfactory lateral response. The design procedure is capable of providing reliable results for a practical range of structural and soil properties. The versatility of the procedure is illustrated using two numerical examples of extended pile‐shafts constructed in different soil sites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic performance of large‐scale corroded reinforced concrete beams

Nine large‐scale beam specimens were constructed. Of which, one was used as the control, whereas the other eight ones were divided into four sets. Each set had two specimens and was subjected to accelerated corrosion using an imposed current for the same time interval. Following the corrosion, a specimen in each set was tested using cyclic loading to examine the seismic performance, whereas the other one was demolished to examine the extent of corrosion. Cyclic loading results indicated that with an increasing corrosion level, the ultimate drift, ductility, plastic rotation capacity, and energy dissipation of the beams initially increased and later decreased. The failure mode switched from flexural failure, largely owing to buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement to flexural‐shear failure, which is mainly caused by fracturing of the transverse reinforcement. Corrosion increased shear deformation and the spread of plasticity of the plastic hinge region. The residual flexural strength, as estimated by an empirical equation based on the maximum pit depth in the longitudinal reinforcement, closely corresponds to experimental values. Furthermore, the residual shear strength estimated based on the minimum reduced cross‐sectional area of transverse reinforcement correlates better with the experimental observations than that based on the weight loss. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土结构基于改进能力谱法的地震损伤性能设计

本文基于国内外非线性静力分析方法,阐述了最近由Ｃｈｏｐｒａ和Ｇｏｅｌ提供的改进能力谱法的基本概念和实施步骤;其次,结合文献「１８」中提出的钢筋沸凝土结构地震损伤“三水准”性能目标和改进能力谱法,提出了基于能力谱法的结构地震损伤性能简化设计及验算方法;最后,通过设计例题说明了本文方法的可行性,并将计算结果与时程分析进行了比较,显示了此法的有效性。     

Assessment of a capacity spectrum seismic design approach against cyclic and seismic experiments on full‐scale precast RC structures

Within the last decades, simplified methods alternative to dynamic nonlinear analysis have been developed to estimate the seismic performance of structures toward a performance‐oriented design. Considering drift as the main parameter correlated with structural damage, its estimation is of main importance to assess the structural performance. While traditional force‐based design deals with calibrated force reduction factors based on the expected structural ductility, other methods are based on the definition of a viscous damping factor defined as a function of the expected energy dissipated by the structure. An example is the capacity spectrum method. This method can be applied even without any a priori calibration or designer arbitrariness. This allows considering several peculiarities of the seismic behavior of precast structures, which may be influenced by nontraditional hysteresis of connections and members, interaction with the cladding panels, P‐δ effects, etc. The paper aims at verifying the soundness and accuracy of this method through the comparison of its predictions against the results of cyclic and pseudodynamic tests on precast structures, including single‐ and multistory buildings either stiff or flexible, obtained on full‐scale building prototypes tested within the framework of recent research projects (namely, “Precast Structures EC8,” “Safecast,” and “Safecladding”). Two simple methodologies of determination of the equivalent viscous damping from a force‐displacement cycle, based on the dissipated energy in relation to 2 different estimates of the elastic strain energy, are addressed and compared. Comments on the possible use of this procedure for the estimation of the seismic performance of precast structures are provided.     

钢筋混凝土带暗支撑核心简体抗震性能试验研究

本文在带暗支撑剪力墙研究的基础上,进一步提出了带暗支撑核心筒体,通1/6缩尺的1个带暗支撑筒体结构和1个普通筒体结构的低周反复荷载试验,比较分析了它们的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回特性、耗能能力及破坏机制。试验表明,带暗支撑筒体比普通筒体的抗震性能明显提高。     

Optimum seismic design of reinforced concrete frames according to Eurocode 8 and fib Model Code 2010

Traditional seismic design, like the one adopted in Eurocode 8 (EC8), is force‐based and examining a single level of seismic action. In order to provide improved control of structural damage for different levels of seismic action, the new fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010) includes a fully fledged displacement‐based and performance‐based seismic design methodology. However, the level of complexity and computational effort of the MC2010 methodology is significantly increased. Hence, the use of automated optimization techniques for obtaining cost‐effective design solutions becomes appealing if not necessary. This study employs genetic algorithms to derive and compare optimum seismic design solutions of reinforced concrete frames according to EC8 and MC2010. This is important because MC2010 is meant to serve as a basis for future seismic design codes. It is found that MC2010 drives to more cost‐effective solutions than EC8 for regions of low seismicity and better or similar costs for regions of moderate seismicity. For high‐seismicity regions, MC2010 may yield similar or increased structural costs. This depends strongly on the provisions adopted for selecting the set of ground motions. In all cases, MC2010 provides enhanced control of structural damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake‐induced interaction between adjacent reinforced concrete structures with non‐equal heights

The influence of the structural pounding on the ductility requirements and the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures designed to EC2 and EC8 with non‐equal heights is investigated. Special purpose elements of distributed plasticity are employed for the study of the columns. Two distinct types of the problem are identified: Type A, where collisions may occur only between storey masses; and Type B, where the slabs of the first structure hit the columns of the other (72 Type A and 36 Type B pounding cases are examined). Type A cases yielded critical ductility requirements for the columns in the pounding area mainly for the cases where the structures were in contact from the beginning of the excitation. In both pounding types the ductility requirements of the columns of the taller building are substantially increased for the floors above the highest contact storey level probably due to a whiplash behaviour. The most important issue in the pounding type B is the local response of the column of the tall structure that suffers the hit of the upper floor slab of the adjacent shorter structure. In all the examined cases this column was in a critical condition due to shear action and in the cases where the structures were in contact from the beginning of the excitation, this column was also critical due to high ductility demands. It can be summarized that in situations of potential pounding, neglecting its possible effects leads to non‐conservative building design or evaluation that may become critical in some cases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土结构抗震能力评估的简化能力谱方法

本文通过对现有能力谱法的研究,在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,探讨了一种简化的能力谱方法。该方法不是根据需求谱与能力谱有无交点(性能点)为评估依据,而是以能力谱为根据求出不同延性状态下既有建筑物相应的抗震能力,并与需求谱相应的谱加速度比较,判断结构的抗震能力是否满足要求。该方法不需要复杂的迭代计算来求结构的性能点,计算过程简单;同时,可以考虑既有建筑物的老化及损伤。最后,本文应用自行编制的计算程序,通过一个工程实例说明了该方法的应用及其特点。