河北承德路通沟剖面寒武系层序地层划分

层序地层学是地层学研究中的第三次革命,其强调年代地层框架内的沉积相关系和地层结构。河北路通沟剖面寒武系地层连续,层序界面清楚而独特,沉积现象丰富,是进行华北地台寒武系层序地层划分的典型地点之一。该剖面岩相类型以泥晶灰岩、鮞粒灰岩及白云岩为主,发育潮坪相、颗粒滩相、缓坡相及陆棚相等沉积相。在新的年代地层框架下,依据沉积相的垂向叠加样式及其反映的长周期旋回特征,将路通沟剖面寒武系划分为9个三级层序,以第三统徐庄组组成的三级层序(TST+CS+HST)为界,整个沉积序列从混积潮坪相沉积变为缓坡型碳酸盐岩沉积,层序也从以"TST+HST"为主的沉积序列转变为以"CS+HST"为特征的淹没不整合型层序序列。芙蓉统中众多的叠层石生物丘暗示:寒武系末期贫乏骨骼的风暴海洋中微生物碳酸盐岩随后生动物辐射也在增加的特殊沉积现象。基于沉积相叠置方式及旋回特征对路通沟剖面寒武系的层序地层研究,将为探索华北地台东北部广泛分布的寒武系地层的层序划分提供一个典型的实例,为今后大范围的追索和对比提供更多的思考途径。     

塔里木盆地下寒武统台缘带沉积结构特征及其形成过程

目前对于缺乏宏观造礁生物而仅由微生物参与形成的寒武系台缘带沉积结构的沉积学理论研究仍然比较薄弱。塔里木盆地柯坪地区出露下寒武统台缘带地层,对其进行系统的野外调查、剖面分层精细测量和室内薄片镜下分析,刻画了台缘带的沉积结构特征,建立了台缘带的沉积结构模型,阐述了在微生物参与下台缘带的形成过程。研究结果表明,塔里木盆地下寒武统台缘带发育从较深水区向潮间带过渡的水体向上逐渐变浅的沉积演化序列,具有由泥晶沉积、层纹石、微生物丘、颗粒沉积和叠层石等5种沉积类型从下至上分层叠置的沉积结构特征,其中,泥晶沉积、层纹石、颗粒沉积和叠层石在整个台缘带上呈层状展布,而微生物丘在台缘带上的南北向展布宽度仅10 km左右。据此,将台缘带的形成过程划分为泥晶沉积发育阶段、层纹石发育阶段、微生物丘发育阶段、颗粒沉积发育阶段和叠层石发育阶段。微生物丘的发育在台缘带上形成地层局部加厚且向两侧减薄的特点,导致台缘带从微生物丘发育之前具有的沉积厚度从南向北缓慢减薄的缓坡属性转变为从微生物丘发育开始具有的地层局部加厚形成隆起部位的弱镶边属性。上述认识能为确定塔里木盆地下寒武统碳酸盐台地的结构样式和探索台缘带优质碳酸盐岩油气储层的发育规律提供沉积学依据。     

华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌

华北地台东北缘的芙蓉统,大致为长山组和凤山组所组成,可以进一步划分为3个三级沉积层序;层序划分主要基于沉积相序列的旋回性所代表的沉积趋势,较深水的陆棚相钙质泥岩和深缓坡相条带状泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩组成的凝缩作用序列、与高水位体系域和强迫型海退体系域的中至浅缓坡相碳酸盐岩组成的总体向上变浅序列,是这些三级沉积层序的基本构成,从而形成了较为典型的淹没不整合型层序。那些典型的叠层石生物丘,类似于微生物礁,主要发育在长山组和凤山组下部构成的三级层序的强迫型海退体系域之中,代表了缓坡型台地中相对海平面下降阶段的沉积记录。这些叠层石生物丘中的叠层石,泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,最为特征的是发育着一些典型的钙化蓝细菌化石,表明了这些寒武纪芙蓉世的叠层石生长于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用之中。最为重要的是,在构成叠层石生物丘的粗糙纹层柱状和穹窿状叠层石中,较为普遍地发育着"石松藻(Lithocodium)";这种谜一样的钙化蓝细菌化石,与其他的钙化蓝细菌化石一起,表明了寒武纪叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物沉淀作用,成为窥视叠层石生长和石化过程中重要的微生物作用信号。就像其名称所蕴含着的高级绿藻中的松藻(Codium)的涵义一样,"石松藻(Lithocodium)"状的钙化蓝细菌,多描述于中生代的微生物碳酸盐岩中,而且还常常被解释为结壳状有孔虫或"海绵骨针的网状物",其生物亲和性还存在着剧烈的争论。因此,华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统中的叠层石生物丘,特殊的层序地层位置代表了较为典型的强迫型海退沉积记录,特别的钙化微生物构成代表着叠层石生长和石化过程中复杂的微生物作用信号,成为深入了解"寒武纪-早奥陶世微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期"和"显生宙早期第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件"中的微生物造礁和成丘作用的典型实例。     

北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系崮山组叠层石生物丘的沉积组构

北京西郊下苇甸剖面的崮山组,属于寒武系第三统顶部,自下而上从陆棚相泥灰岩向上变浅至鲕粒滩相灰岩,组成一个淹没不整合型三级沉积层序。在该组上部的一层块状鲕粒滩相颗粒灰岩中,发育串珠状分布的、可以归为叠层石生物丘的穹窿状构造。这些叠层石生物丘,典型的地势隆起和突变的边界代表了明显的早期石化作用特征。叠层石生物丘中的柱状叠层石,为典型的泥晶相叠层石,其内部除了黏结较多的三叶虫生物碎屑外,还不均匀地分布着放射-纤维状方解石(或文石？)组成的底栖鲕粒。这些底栖鲕粒,以其较小的粒径、多样的类型、平滑但不连续的鲕粒圈层以及外部边缘的泥晶套等特征,明显区别于宿主岩石中的颗粒滩相悬浮鲕粒,而且表现出较为明显的与微生物活动相关的微组构。鉴于叠层石是典型的微生物席建造物,该叠层石生物丘特别的宏观和微观沉积组构还可以进一步将其归为较为典型的"微生物礁",从而成为研究中奥陶生物大辐射事件之前贫乏骨骼的浅海环境的沉积作用样式、以及更加深入理解这一特殊时期的微生物造礁作用特征提供了一个较为典型的实例。     

北京西山下苇甸剖面特殊沉积现象对比

北京西山下苇甸剖面崮山组和凤山组地层分别属于寒武系第三统和芙蓉统。其中,崮山组发育浅水叠层石生物丘,凤山组发育浅水叠层石生物层,二者都发育深水环境碳酸盐泥丘,代表了碳酸盐岩沉积的多样性;大量存在的不同类型的竹叶状砾屑灰岩,代表了“风暴海”时期特殊的沉积组构。特殊沉积组构作为寒武纪贫乏骨骼风暴海后中奥陶世生物大辐射前的特殊现象,为研究较深水背景下微生物造礁作用提供了典型的岩石记录,同时也代表了这一特殊时期的沉积作用样式     

湘西地区古生代地层特征及沉积体系研究

通过湘西地区的地层发育特点及构造演化过程的研究,揭示其沉积体系演化特征。湘西地区古生代沉积了寒武系—二叠系。其中,寒武系纽芬兰统发育浅海陆棚碎屑岩相,寒武系第二统下部发育浅海陆棚碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混合相,寒武系第二统中部—奥陶系发育海相碳酸盐岩台地相,志留系发育前陆盆地碎屑岩—生物礁相,泥盆系发育滨岸砂岩相,二叠系发育海相碳酸盐—潮坪相。依据岩性、岩相组合将湘西地区古生界划分为:深水滞留盆地、浅海陆棚、开阔碳酸盐岩台地—斜坡、浊积扇、三角洲、生物礁、潟湖—潮坪、滨岸等多种沉积体系类型。每种沉积体系类型形成受控于盆地的构造运动。     

贵州寒武系的分区

本文是在综合研究了贵州寒武纪的沉积相和生物相特征、古地理位置及地质发展史之后,对贵州寒武系的分区分六个时期(即梅树村期、筇竹寺期、沧浪铺期、龙王庙期、中寒武世和晚寒武世)进行了较详细的划分和论述。     

寒武系张夏组鲕粒滩中微生物碳酸盐岩主导的生物丘：以河北秦皇岛驻操营剖面为例

华北地台的寒武系苗岭统,大致包括毛庄组、徐庄组、张夏组和崮山组,这些组分别组成相应的三级沉积层序,在它们的顶部集中发育着鲕粒滩相灰岩而构成强迫型海退沉积,成为时间特化的相,代表着鲕粒主导的特别的寒武纪碳酸盐岩台地类型,表现在浅海陆架中大面积分布鲕粒滩,而且在这样的鲕粒滩中生长和发育着微生物碳酸盐岩主导的生物丘;河北省秦皇岛市驻操营剖面的张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩中的生物丘正是上述现象最为典型的代表。虽然类似的现象曾经被描述为"藻坪"沉积,或者笼统地归为"微生物礁",但是,河北省秦皇岛市驻操营剖面的张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩中的生物丘,以下现象不但将其特征化而且代表着壮观的沉积学现象:(1)在强迫型海退体系域的下部与鲕粒滩相灰岩交互产出的主要是柱状叠层石生物丘;(2)在张夏组顶部则以集中产出的均一石和树形石生物丘为特征;(3)下部的柱状叠层石生物丘中主要包括石松藻(Lithocodium)-孢网菌(Bacinella)状组构的钙化蓝细菌;(4)在上部集中产出的均一石与树形石生物丘,则发育着丝状钙化蓝细菌、基座菌(Hedstroemia)和附枝菌(Epiphyton)之类的多样化的钙化蓝细菌。由于石松藻(Lithocodium)-孢网菌(Bacinella)状组构的钙化蓝细菌是一种灭绝了的浅海生命形式,而且是不知道分类位置归属的生命形式,尤其是石松藻(Lithocodium)状组构近年来在寒武纪微生物碳酸盐岩研究中多被解释为"硅质海绵骨针的网状物"或"非骨针角质海绵骨骼纤维",再考虑到均一石自从命名以来很少描述在古老的地层记录之中,因此,驻操营剖面张夏组上部多样化微生物碳酸盐岩所主导的生物丘,以及生物丘中特别而且多样的钙化蓝细菌化石构成,为了解蓝细菌主导的光合作用微生物席复杂的钙化作用形成微生物碳酸盐岩提供了较为典型的实例。     

河南省寒武纪生物相划分及其意义

前言河南省横跨华北地台南缘和秦岭褶皱系东端。这里的寒武系发育良好,分布广泛,且有着不同类型的沉积相和古生物群。区内寒武系主要分布于华北区(豫西、豫北地区)和东秦岭南麓(淅川地区)。总体而言,华北区的寒武系与山东、河北等地类似,但在岩性特征和生物面貌上也稍有差别,淅川地区的寒武系南北分异显著:淅川北部地区与峡东地区酷似;淅川南部地区则与湘西、黔东及祁连山等地相似。区内寒武系划分见表1。     

塔东南地区寒武系海退背景下微生物丘沉积演化特征

微生物丘作为新型的碳酸盐岩油气储层,是现今深层油气勘探和研究的热点。以塔东南地区寒武系微生物丘为例,综合利用岩心、测井、分析测试和高精度三维地震数据,在微生物丘微相组成和外部形态分析基础上,探究海退背景下微生物丘的发育期次、叠置样式及其生长发育、迁移演化特征。研究结果表明:1）研究区寒武系处于相对高能的台地边缘相带,有利于微生物丘的生长发育。钻井揭示微生物丘岩性为菌藻类微生物颗粒白云岩（局部硅化）,储集空间为晶间（溶）孔、溶蚀孔洞及微缝隙。2）中、上寒武统发育4期微生物丘复合体,依次向广海方向推进叠置,近南北向条带状展布,叠合面积大于1 400 km2。3）①期微生物丘形成于早寒武世缓坡台地之上,“三明治”式垂向加积生长,形成较对称的丘状,生长规模大。②期发育在丘前塌积岩之上,古地貌坡度陡,可容纳空间大,水动力强,垂向加积—弱前积生长,形成不对称丘状。随着相对海平面快速下降和生物丘建隆进一步发展,③期丘体楔状前积于②期丘的靠海一侧,侧向叠置分布。④期丘体生长具有继承性,规模变小。寒武纪末期,海侵作用加强,微生物丘停止发育。总体上反映海退背景下研究区由缓坡—镶边型台地—淹没型台地的变化特征。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.