湿地鸟类栖息地营建及观鸟旅游方式初探——以盐城丹顶鹤湿地生态旅游区为例

湿地生态旅游区以其生态多样性、景观多样性和物种多样性,成为许多珍稀濒危鸟类的主要栖息地和繁殖地。随着旅游开发的深入,鸟类栖息地保护及观鸟旅游已成为湿地旅游开发的两个重要方面。为确保湿地生态旅游区的可持续发展,选取盐城丹顶鹤湿地生态旅游区为研究对象,根据鸟类的栖息要求,营建相应的栖息生境,并对观鸟旅游方式做了初浅的探讨,以期对以鸟类栖息地保护为主的湿地规划提供借鉴。     

气候变化对中国木本植物物候的可能影响

本文根据我国的３０年的物候资料和气候资料的统计分析，论证了气温是影响中国木本植物物候的主要因子，在此基础上建立了物候与年平均气温的线性统计模式，又利用此模式分析计算了未来全球年平均气温升高０．５－２．０℃和未来大气中ＣＯ２浓度倍增而增暖情况下，我国主要木本植物物候期的大致变幅。     

贵阳木本植物物候对气候变化的响应

根据1978~2007年贵阳站的物候和气象资料,分析了贵阳站71种木本植物春秋季芽膨大期、展叶始期、始花期、叶完全变色期和落叶末期等5个关键物候期的变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:自1978年以来,贵阳年平均气温在振荡中明显下降,其中夏季气温降低最为明显,2月平均气温略有上升;春季芽膨大期、展叶始期和始花期等三种物候期均呈现出提前趋势,而秋季叶完全变色期和落叶末期呈现推迟趋势;春季物候期与物候期发生前若干月月平均气温的相关性较好,特别与当月和上月平均气温的相关关系最为显著。其中,2月月平均气温是影响春季三种物候期的关键指标,除此之外,贵阳站2、3月的日照时数也对春季物候期的提前起到促进作用;秋冬季物候期变化和气温、降水、日照时数的相关关系均不明显,这同秋季物候变化的复杂性和秋季物候期所受的影响因素较多有关。     

气候变化背景下1981-2010年中国玉米物候变化时空分异

基于中国玉米种植区内114个农气站1981-2010年的长序列物候观测数据,量化分析了玉米8个连续物候期的时空分异特征和相应的生长阶段长度变化规律。结果表明：1981-2010年间,玉米生育期内平均温度和有效积温(GDD）呈现增加趋势,降水量和日照时数呈现减少趋势。气候变化背景下,玉米物候期发生了显著变化。春玉米物候期以提前趋势为主,包括西北内陆玉米区春玉米、西南山地丘陵玉米区春玉米;夏玉米和春夏播玉米各物候期在不同区域均呈现推迟的趋势,西北内陆玉米区夏玉米各物候期推迟的幅度大于黄淮平原夏玉米各物候期推迟的幅度。玉米物候期的变化改变了相应生长阶段的长度,中国春/夏/春夏播玉米营养生长期（播种期—抽雄期）呈现不同程度的缩短趋势,而对应的生殖生长期（抽雄期—成熟期）呈现不同程度的延长趋势;春玉米生育期（播种期—成熟期）延长,夏/春夏播玉米生育期缩短。     

中国作物物候对气候变化的响应与适应研究进展

以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化对作物物候产生了重要的影响,通常气温升高会导致作物生长速度加快,生育期缩短,从而造成作物产量下降,不利于农业发展。同时,作物物候变化可以直接或间接反映气候变化情况,对于气候变化具有重要的指示意义。作物物候的研究对于农业气象灾害的预防、农业生产管理水平的进步以及农业产量提高都极为关键。随着全球地表气温的持续升高,作物物候相关研究也越来越引起科学家的关注。论文结合作物物候的主要研究方法,综述了中国近几十年来小麦、玉米、水稻以及棉花、大豆等主要农作物的生育期变化特征以及主要的驱动因子,得到以下主要结论：①在研究方法上,统计分析方法应用最为普遍,其他几种方法都需要与统计分析方法相结合使用。另外,作物机理模型模拟方法易于操作、可行性强,在物候研究中应用也比较多。遥感反演方法对作物生育期的特征规律要求较高,一般主要关注作物返青期。②整体上,小麦全生育期主要呈缩短趋势,而玉米和水稻全生育期以延长趋势为主。③作物物候变化的驱动因子主要是气候变化和农业管理措施改变,其中,气候变化是主导驱动因子,对作物物候变化起决定作用,而调整农业管理措施,在一定程度上抵消气候变化对作物生育期的不利影响。作物物候对气候变化的响应和适应研究可以为农业生产适应气候变化提供重要的理论依据和对策。     

基于微博大数据的气候变化对中国赏樱旅游的影响

研究气候变化对生态系统旅游和休闲功能的影响是旅游地理学的重要领域。本文发展和优化了基于Logistic曲线从微博大数据中提取赏樱旅游活动开展时间的方法,并从2879033条与樱花相关的新浪微博大数据中筛选出587891条有效微博,进而提取和重建了中国2010—2019年赏樱旅游活动时间数据集,该数据集通过了物候站点观测数据和与温度响应关系的验证。在此基础上分析了过去10 a中国21个城市赏樱旅游活动始日、末日和持续期的时空格局,并模拟和预测了SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5两种气候情景下,2020—2050年中国赏樱旅游活动时间的变化趋势。结果表明：① 过去10 a,全国大部分城市赏樱旅游活动始日提前（占比61.9%）,末日提前（占比76.2%）,持续期缩短（占比52.4%）。纬度每升高1°,始日、末日分别推迟0.286 d（P < 0.01）和0.394 d（P < 0.01）,持续期缩短0.286 d（P > 0.05）。② 未来气候情景下,大部分城市赏樱旅游活动始日和末日提前,持续期延长。SSP5-8.5情景对赏樱旅游活动的影响比SSP2-4.5情景更明显。本文的方法和框架能够为气候变化对特定旅游活动的影响研究提供基于大数据视角的参考。     

近50年北京树木物候对气候变化的响应

采用统计学方法探讨了北京地区1963~1988年间20种树木芽萌动期及1950~2000年间4种树木开花期的变化及其对气温变化的响应情况。结果表明,北京树木芽萌动的早晚主要受冬季气温的影响,冬季及秋末气温的升高使春芽萌动有提前的效应。萌芽早的树木萌动期长,萌芽晚的树木萌动期短,前者对温度的变化反应更敏感,且前者的萌动期长度随着萌动期间(主要在早春)气温的升高而缩短,后者的萌动期长度随着初冬、秋末平均最低气温的升高而延长。始花前2~9旬,特别是前5旬(主要是3~4两个月),气温对始花期影响最显著,该时段内始花期对气温的变化反应最敏感。北京春温升高开花期提前,春温每升高1℃,开花期平均提前3·6天。春季树木开花物候与春季气温的年际、年代间的波动基本对应,但波动幅度不一致。     

物候信息化及物候时空变化分析

物候信息具有明显的地方性和时间性,是全球环境变化研究所需的一类典型的时空数据,同时物候现象的变化也是全球环境变化的一个重要方面。要发挥物候信息在全球变化研究中的作用, 必须提高物候信息化的水平, 并在此基础上加强物候时空变化分析研究。本文分析了物候信息化的必要性,以及地理信息系统时空变化分析方法在物候时空变化研究中的应用。并利用我国近30 年的植物物候数据, 借助GIS方法, 进行了物候信息时空查询、面向区域的物候时空变化总体规律研究和面向物候时空对象的时空变化研究。     

Impact of climate change on Tibet tourism based on tourism climate index

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Climate change is an important factor affecting the sustainable development of tourist destinations. Based on the monthly observation data of the main...     

东北地区未来气候变化对农业气候资源的影响

为探求未来气候变化对东北地区农业气候资源的影响,本文基于区域气候模式系统输出的东北地区IPCC AR5提出的低辐射和高辐射强迫RCP_4.5（低排放）、RCP_8.5（高排放）情景下2005-2099年气象资料,通过与东北地区1961-2010年91个气象站点观测资料同化,分析了历史资料（Baseline）、RCP_4.5、RCP_8.5情景下东北地区农业热量资源和降水资源空间分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：① 年均温度空间分布自南向北降低,未来各地区温度均有升高,RCP_8.5情景下升温更明显,Baseline情景年均温度为7.70 ℃,RCP_4.5和RCP_8.5年均温度分别为9.67 ℃、10.66 ℃;其他农业热量资源随温度变化一致,具体≥ 10 ℃初日提前3 d、4 d,初霜日推迟2 d、6 d,生长季日数延长4 d、10 d,积温增加400 ℃·d、700 ℃·d;水资源稍有增加,但不明显。② 历史增温速率为0.35 ℃/10a,未来增温速率最快为RCP_8.5情景0.48 ℃/10a,高于RCP_4.5的0.19 ℃/10a。21世纪后期,RCP_8.5增温趋势明显快于RCP_4.5,北部地区增温更加速。其他农业热量资源随温度变化趋势相一致,但具体空间分布有所不同。生长季降水总体呈增加趋势,但不显著,年际间变化较大;东部地区降水增加,西部减少。未来东北地区总体向暖湿方向发展,热量资源整体增加,但与降水的不匹配可能将会对农业生产造成不利的影响。     

近39 a宁夏旅游气候适宜期及变化分析

利用宁夏全域5个地市1980—2018年逐日白昼气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等气象资料,运用温湿指数、风寒指数、着衣指数和综合舒适指数模型,计算出旅游气候适宜期天数,并对其变化趋势及变化原因进行分析。综合舒适指数模型结果表明:石嘴山、银川、吴忠、中卫4市的旅游气候适宜期较为一致,为3月10日～11月7日,持续时长为243 d。固原的旅游气候适宜期为3月27日～10月29日,持续时长为217 d;石嘴山、吴忠、中卫全年旅游适宜天数变化不显著,是由始期、终期适宜天数增加幅度与"凹"面期适宜天数的减少幅度相当所致。银川、固原全年旅游适宜天数显著增加,主要是始期、终期适宜天数增加幅度大于"凹"面期适宜天数的减少幅度所致;各地始期、终期适宜天数显著增加是由气温升高、相对湿度降低和其他要素的差异变化共同作用所致。"凹"面期适宜天数显著减少是由气温升高(高温日数增多)、相对湿度降低和其他要素的差异变化共同作用所致;各地始期、终期、"凹"面期,气温的显著变化对适宜天数显著变化的影响权重最大,达到50%以上,相对湿度、风速、日照时数的影响权重各有差异。     

Perceptions of climate change in China: The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.     

Impacts of future climate change on agroclimatic resources in Northeast China

In this study, the spatial distribution and changing trends of agricultural heat and precipitation resources in Northeast China were analyzed to explore the impacts of future climate changes on agroclimatic resources in the region. This research is based on the output meteorological data from the regional climate model system for Northeast China from 2005 to 2099, under low and high radiative forcing scenarios RCP4.5 (low emission scenario) and RCP8.5 (high emission scenario) as proposed in IPCC AR5. Model outputs under the baseline scenario, and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were assimilated with observed data from 91 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2010 to perform the analyses. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial distribution of temperature decreases from south to north, and the temperature is projected to increase in all regions, especially under a high emission scenario. The average annual temperature under the baseline scenario is 7.70°C, and the average annual temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 9.67°C and 10.66°C, respectively. Other agricultural heat resources change in accordance with temperature changes. Specifically, the first day with temperatures ≥10°C arrives 3 to 4 d earlier, the first frost date is delayed by 2 to 6 d, and the duration of the growing season is lengthened by 4 to 10 d, and the accumulated temperature increases by 400 to 700°C·d. Water resources exhibit slight but not significant increases. (2) While the historical temperature increase rate is 0.35°C/10a, the rate of future temperature increase is the highest under the RCP8.5 scenario at 0.48°C/10a, compared to 0.19°C/10a under the RCP4.5 scenario. In the later part of this century, the trend of temperature increase is significantly faster under the RCP8.5 scenario than under the RCP4.5 scenario, with faster increases in the northern region. Other agricultural heat resources exhibit similar trends as temperature, but with different specific spatial distributions. Precipitation in the growing season generally shows an increasing but insignificant trend in the future, with relatively large yearly fluctuations. Precipitation in the eastern region is projected to increase, while a decrease is expected in the western region. The future climate in Northeast China will change towards higher temperature and humidity. The heat resource will increase globally, however its disparity with the change in precipitation may negatively affect agricultural activities.     

Adaptation models of mountain glacier tourism to climate change: a case study of Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area

Mountain glaciers have an obvious location advantage and tourist market condition over polar and high latitude glaciers. Due to the enormous economic benefit and heritage value, some mountain glaciers will always receive higher attention from commercial media, government departments and mountain tourists in China and abroad. At present, more than 100 glaciers have been developed successfully as famous tourist destinations all over the world. However, global climate change seriously affects mountain glaciers and its surrounding environment. According to the current accelerated retreat trend, natural and cultural landscapes of some glaciers will be weakened, even disappear in the future. Climate change will also inevitably affect mountain ecosystems, and tourism routes under ice and glacier experience activities in these ecosystems. Simultaneously, the disappearance of mountain glaciers will also lead to a clear reduction of tourism and local economic benefits. Based on these reasons, this paper took Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area as an example and analyzed the retreat trend of a typical glacier. We then put forward some scientific and rational response mechanisms and adaptation models based on climate change in order to help future sustainable development of mountain glacier tourism.     

A georeferenced agent-based model to analyze the climate change impacts on ski tourism at a regional scale

One main argument for modeling socio-ecological systems is to advance the understanding of dynamic correlations between various human and environmental factors, including impacts and responses to environmental change. We explore the shift in skier distribution among ski resorts taking into account the behavioral adaptation of individuals due to the impact of climate change on snow conditions. This analysis is performed at a regional scale by means of a coupled gravity and georeferenced agent-based model. Four different scenarios are considered. Two scenarios assume an increase of winter mean temperature of +2°C and +4°C, respectively, taking into account only natural snow conditions. Two additional scenarios add the effect of snowmaking to enhance the natural snow depth and extend the skiing season in the +2°C and +4°C base scenarios. Results show differing vulnerability levels, allowing the classification of ski resorts into three distinct groups: (1) highly vulnerable ski resorts with a strong reduction in visitors attendance for all climate change scenarios, characterized by unfavorable geographical and attractiveness conditions, making it difficult to ensure snow availability in the future; (2) low vulnerability ski resorts, with moderate reduction in season length during a high climate change scenario but no reduction (or even an increase) in a low one, characterized by ski resorts with a medium capacity and attractiveness to ensure enough snow conditions and capture skiers from other ski resorts; and (3) resilient ski resorts, with good conditions to ensure future snow-reliable seasons and outstanding attractiveness, allowing them to offer longer ski seasons than their competitors and potentially attracting skiers from other closed or marginal resorts. Ski resorts included in this last group increase their skier attendance in all climate change scenarios. Although similar studies in the literature foretell a significant reduction of the ski market in the near future, another probable effect outlined in this study is a redefinition of this market due to a redistribution of skiers, from vulnerable ski resorts to more resilient ones.