新型竖向连接的带暗支撑预制叠合剪力墙抗震试验研究

为研究得到带暗支撑的预制叠合板剪力墙合理的竖向连接方法,分别设计了1片带钢板暗支撑的局部高阻尼混凝土U型连接预制叠合剪力墙和1片带90°钢板暗支撑的局部高阻尼混凝土预制叠合剪力墙,并设计1片普通钢板暗支撑现浇剪力墙做对比,进行了拟静力试验研究,对比三个试件在受力作用下的承载能力、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、位移延性、刚度退化、耗能性能、裂缝发展情况以及破坏形态。研究结果表明:采用U型连接的带暗支撑预制叠合板剪力墙与现浇带暗支撑剪力墙的承载能力以及抗震性能基本相近,90°暗支撑的预制叠合板剪力墙在减少钢材用量的前提下也拥有足够的承载能力和良好的抗震性能。     

叠合柱边框内藏钢板-钢撑核心筒抗震性能试验研究

提出了钢管混凝土叠合柱边框内藏钢板-钢撑混凝土组合核心筒,为了解该新型多重组合核心筒的抗震性能和破坏机理,文中进行了1个1/6缩尺的钢管混凝土叠合柱边框内藏钢板-钢撑带洞口混凝土组合核心筒的低周反复荷载试验研究.在试验研究基础上,分析了该多重组合核心筒的承载力、滞回特性、延性、刚度衰减和破坏形态.研究结果表明:钢管混凝土叠合柱边框内藏钢板-钢撑带洞口混凝土组合核心筒的抗震性能良好.     

部分高阻尼剪力墙抗震性能试验研究与数值模拟

在高阻尼混凝土带暗支撑剪力墙研究的基础上,本文尝试在塑性区用部分高阻尼混凝土代替全部由高阻尼混凝土浇筑的剪力墙。为了进一步提高阻尼混凝土剪力墙的延性,提出了用具有超高延性高阻尼ECC在塑性区部分浇筑的剪力墙结构。为了准确把握部分高阻尼带暗支撑剪力墙的抗震性能,本文设计并完成了1片部分高阻尼带钢筋暗支撑剪力墙及1片部分高阻尼ECC带钢筋暗支撑剪力墙的低周反复加载试验,得到了2片剪力墙在低周反复荷载作用下的破坏模式、承载力、滞回曲线和耗能能力等抗震性能指标。通过与普通高阻尼混凝土带暗支撑剪力墙试验结果的对比,论证了部分高阻尼带暗支撑剪力墙的可行性,并应用有限元分析软件ABAQUS进行了数值模拟。结果表明:与高阻尼混凝土带暗支撑剪力墙相比,部分高阻尼混凝土剪力墙的承载力、延性和耗能降低不大。与部分高阻尼混凝土带暗支撑剪力墙相比,即使在较高轴压比下,部分高阻尼ECC剪力墙的承载力、刚度和耗能能力也有大幅度的提高,抗震性能得到显著改善。     

小跨高比连梁混合暗支撑高阻尼混凝土联肢剪力墙试验研究

混合暗支撑高阻尼混凝土联肢剪力墙是一种新型延性双肢剪力墙,它将暗支撑引入双肢墙的两个墙肢,将内置带剪力钉钢板连梁作为剪力墙洞口连梁,墙身由高阻尼混凝土浇筑而成.本文对这种新型联肢剪力墙结构进行了低周反复加载实验与数值模拟,较系统地分析了该新型剪力墙结构的承载力、延性、耗能、破坏机制、破坏特征以及刚度衰减过程等性能.结果表明:与现有暗支撑混凝土联肢剪力墙相比,混合暗支撑高阻尼混凝土联肢剪力墙开裂强度、极限承载力、耗能能力及变形能力均有一定程度的提高,显示了良好的抗震性能;当剪力墙连梁跨高比越小,混合暗支撑高阻尼混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能越好.     

不同高宽比带钢板暗支撑高阻尼混凝土核心筒抗震性能研究

提出了一种新型带钢板暗支撑高阻尼混凝土核心筒,为了研究这种新型核心筒的抗震性能,对2个高宽比分别为1.33(HCW1)和1.77(HCW2)的核心筒试件进行了低周反复荷载试验,得到了核心筒的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线等。试验结果表明,HCW1墙肢以斜裂缝为主,而HCW2水平裂缝居多。HCW2承载力及刚度较小,但是极限位移较HCW1有较大的提高且耗能能力增强。分析了翼缘墙肢的剪力滞后现象并与普通混凝土核心筒进行了对比,结果表明本文新型混凝土核心筒剪力滞后相对较小,整体空间作用更好,HCW2的剪力滞后较HCW1更小。利用有限元软件Open Sees模拟了2个试件的滞回曲线,并绘制骨架曲线,与试验结果吻合较好,在此基础上进行参数分析,研究不同高宽比核心筒屈服位移、延性系数等的变化趋势。     

钢管混凝土叠合柱的抗震延性研究

震害表明,高层建筑中轴压比较大的钢筋混凝土柱的变形能力较弱。为了提高大轴压比柱的变形能力,进而改善结构的抗震性能,采用钢管混凝土叠合柱是最有效的方法之一。本文首先通过截面分析,阐释了钢管混凝土叠合柱在高轴压比下提高柱子延性的机理。然后基于已有的钢管混凝土叠合柱试验,采用通用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS建立了钢管混凝土叠合柱的有限元模型。有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好,说明了有限元模型的合理性。在此基础上,分析了名义轴压比、套箍系数等参数对钢管混凝土叠合柱位移延性系数的影响,得到了影响外围钢筋混凝土与核心钢管混凝土之间轴力重分配和叠合柱延性的关键参数。通过回归分析,得到反映各关键参数影响的叠合柱位移延性系数的简化计算公式,在此基础上,计算得到了各抗震等级叠合柱位移延性系数的下限值,为叠合柱的延性估算和复核提供参考。     

高延性FRP加固大尺寸混凝土柱轴压力学性能研究

现有纤维增强复合材料（FRP）约束混凝土短柱的研究多基于小尺寸试件,对大尺寸试件的研究较少。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维增强复合材料（PET FRP）和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维增强复合材料（PEN FRP）是由回收废弃塑料制成的环保型高延性FRP。高延性FRP具有超过5%的断裂应变,超过传统FRP断裂应变（1.5～3%）。本研究对8个PET FRP约束混凝土圆柱（直径300、400 mm试件各4个）与8个PEN FRP约束混凝土方柱（边长300、400 mm试件各4个）进行轴压力学性能试验,研究构件截面形状、FRP层数等参数对试件轴压力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:高延性FRP约束混凝土柱应力-应变曲线由3个不同的部分组成;部分高延性FRP约束混凝土柱应力-应变曲线第2段出现了下降段,与约束刚度较小有关;相同尺寸的试件,随着高延性FRP层数（厚度）的增加,试件承载力提高,延性更好;对于PEN FRP约束混凝土方柱,在同一轴向变形、高度区域处,环向面应变较环向角应变大,且环向面应变的增加值大于角区域;采用现有高延性FRP约束混凝土柱模型,对约束圆形和方形混凝土柱轴压力学性能提供相对合理的预测。     

内藏不同高宽比分块钢板双肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

内藏分块钢板双肢剪力墙是由钢管混凝土边框、型钢混凝土叠合暗柱、墙肢内藏分块钢板、连梁内藏钢板、混凝土墙体、混凝土连梁等构件组成。对4个1∶5缩尺,剪跨比为1.68,轴压比为0.3的组合双肢剪力墙试件进行了低周反复荷载试验。研究不同内藏钢板布置形式、不同钢板用钢量对试件抗震性能的影响,考察了内藏分块钢板双肢剪力墙的破坏形态、滞回特性、刚度、变形及耗能能力,分析了剪力墙各部件在水平荷载作用下的合理屈服破坏顺序。试验结果表明:4个试件均发生弯剪型破坏,内藏分块钢板双肢剪力墙相比于钢管混凝土边框双肢剪力墙整体抗侧刚度大,具有较强的耗能能力、变形能力及延性,对抗震有利;分块钢板参数选择对双肢剪力墙抗震性能影响明显。     

带暗柱钢筋砼等肢L形柱轴压比限值调整系数研究

至今,带暗柱的等肢L形柱轴压比限值调整系数尚未得到充分研究,因而限制了其在工程中的应用.为此,针对等肢L形柱,采用非线性全过程数值分析方法,通过C++编制程序,并使用相关实验数据对程序进行了验证;在不同抗震等级、肢高纵筋配筋率及体积配箍率下,计算了带暗柱与不带暗柱钢筋混凝土等肢L形柱的截面曲率延性比,并根据《混凝土异形柱结构技术规程》给出的不同抗震等级下异形柱截面曲率延性比的要求,确定了各抗震等级下带暗柱与不带暗柱的等肢L形柱的轴压比限值及其比值;最后通过拟合分析法及调整系数法确定了带暗柱等肢L形柱轴压比限值的调整系数.     

带钢板暗支撑高阻尼混凝土核心筒斜向加载拟静力试验研究

为研究双向耦合作用对带钢板暗支撑高阻尼混凝土核心筒抗震性能的影响,对两个试件进行了低周往复荷载试验,其中HCW-P加载角度为0°,HCW-D为45°。研究了不同加载角度时,试件的破坏形态、承载力、延性、耗能等。结果表明,斜向45°加载试件的破坏形态与0°加载试件有较大的不同,HCW-D斜裂缝主要集中于中部墙肢,端部墙肢则主要为水平裂缝,而HCW-P则是水平及斜裂缝共存于腹板;在抗震性能方面,HCW-D的屈服位移、极限位移均有提高,延性系数下降,峰值承载力及耗能增加。对HCW-D的混凝土及钢筋应变进行了分析,应变分布表明,在受到正向水平荷载作用时,一个端部墙肢以受拉为主,呈小偏心受拉,另一个则是以受压为主,呈小偏心受压,且中部墙肢洞口约束边缘构件受压较大,连梁参与作用较小。     

Endocrine Disrupters in the Aquatic Environment: An Overview

Although a relatively new area of environmental research, the field of endocrine disruption has grown very rapidly, and currently many hundreds, perhaps even a few thousand, papers are published annually on the many different aspects covered by the field. As far as endocrine disruption in wildlife is concerned, most attention has been focused on aquatic organisms, for two reasons. Firstly, the aquatic environment receives most of the pollutants intentionally released into the environment, through effluents from wastewater treatment plants, and secondly because many of the best documented examples of endocrine disruption in wildlife are of partially or completely aquatic species. These two reasons are probably not unconnected, of course. Hence, aquatic organisms can receive continuous exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals throughout their lives, albeit usually to low concentrations of these chemicals. Analysis of effluents has identified many of the endocrine‐disrupting chemicals present, and shown that these are both natural and man‐made, and vary greatly in potency. Most attention has been directed to identifying the main estrogenic chemicals, because many of the effects reported in wildlife appear to be a consequence of ‘feminization’ of males. However, chemical analysis of effluents has also demonstrated that chemicals with other types of endocrine activity are present, such as androgens, anti‐androgens, progestagens, etc. The effects (if any, of course) of such chemicals on aquatic organisms are unknown, and largely uninvestigated, presently. Much of the biological research has centred on the effects of estrogenic chemicals, especially to fish. These effects, such as elevated vitellogenin concentrations and intersexuality, have to date been studied almost exclusively at the level of the individual, and hence whether endocrine‐disrupting chemicals cause population‐level consequences is largely unknown (the undeniable effects of TBT on molluscs, leading to local extinctions, being the exception). It is my opinion that rather too much of the recent research has not advanced our understanding of endocrine disruption a great deal, and we are probably not much further forward now than we were five years or so ago. It is surely time to tackle some of the outstanding, unresolved issues, such as the impact of endocrine disruption at the population level, and the issue of how organisms respond when exposed to complex mixtures of endocrine active chemicals. Such research will not be easy, and will require multidisciplinary teams, including people with expertise in areas not yet involved in the field of endocrine disruption, such as mathematical modellers. However, until such research is done, it will not be possible to decide how important an issue endocrine disruption is to wildlife, and how that importance compares to the other factors adversely affecting wildlife, such as habitat loss, climate change, and the introduction of exotic species and novel diseases.     

国家防震减灾指挥中心的构成

介绍了防震减灾指挥中心作为领导和专家共同迅速有效处置地震应急事件的工作平台,该中心是国务院抗震救灾指挥的主要工作场所。防震减灾指挥中心包括指挥中心机房、指挥大厅和辅助工作区三部分。指挥中心建设是一项复杂的系统工程建设项目,包括了计算机系统、网络、通讯、声像、供电、空调、投影显示、GIS技术应用、数据库、软件开发、机房建设等。可对抗震救灾工作快速作出科学决策。     

“Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022

Abstract

The new Scientific Decade 2013–2022 of IAHS, entitled “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”, is dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society. The purpose of Panta Rhei is to reach an improved interpretation of the processes governing the water cycle by focusing on their changing dynamics in connection with rapidly changing human systems. The practical aim is to improve our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment. The concept implies a focus on hydrological systems as a changing interface between environment and society, whose dynamics are essential to determine water security, human safety and development, and to set priorities for environmental management. The Scientific Decade 2013–2022 will devise innovative theoretical blueprints for the representation of processes including change and will focus on advanced monitoring and data analysis techniques. Interdisciplinarity will be sought by increased efforts to connect with the socio-economic sciences and geosciences in general. This paper presents a summary of the Science Plan of Panta Rhei, its targets, research questions and expected outcomes.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Montanari, A., Young, G., Savenije, H.H.G., Hughes, D., Wagener, T., Ren, L.L., Koutsoyiannis, D., Cudennec, C., Toth, E., Grimaldi, S., Blöschl, G., Sivapalan, M., Beven, K., Gupta, H., Hipsey, M., Schaefli, B., Arheimer, B., Boegh, E., Schymanski, S.J., Di Baldassarre, G., Yu, B., Hubert, P., Huang, Y., Schumann, A., Post, D., Srinivasan, V., Harman, C., Thompson, S., Rogger, M., Viglione, A., McMillan, H., Characklis, G., Pang, Z., and Belyaev, V., 2013. “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 58 (6) 1256–1275.     

基于分子标记的藻类鉴定研究进展

藻类鉴定被广泛应用于藻类遗传学、生理学、生态学和应用藻类学,尤其是藻类调查和评估.然而,基于形态学的鉴定往往因为分类特征未出现或不典型、设备限制和人员经验欠缺等原因带来较大误差.随着测序技术的不断发展,分子标记已成为藻类鉴定的一个通用工具.由于藻类类群众多且差异很大,分子标记的选择成为藻类鉴定的关键.本文综述了蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻、甲藻、裸藻、隐藻、金藻、黄藻、红藻和褐藻等主要门类分子标记的选择及应用进展,包括分子标记选择原则、常用标记和相应序列数据库,以及各个分子标记在不同类群应用中的优缺点等.藻类分子鉴定源于编码核糖体RNA的基因（rDNA）,发展于细胞核、线粒体、叶绿体DNA等.然而,当前藻类分子鉴定逐渐细化和完善,单一的核糖体DNA、内转录间隔区（ITS）和保守蛋白编码基因等短序列分子标记已经很难满足藻类鉴定的需求,多标记组合成为一种必然选择.同时,线粒体基因组、叶绿体基因组、核基因组、转录组和宏基因组等提供了更多遗传进化信息,弥补了短序列分子标记在系统分类应用中的不足.对于藻类鉴定,单纯依赖分子标记或形态学都不足以保证鉴定的准确性,采用将分子生物学、形态学、生理生化学等结合的多相学方法,才能准确地完成鉴定工作.此外,藻类分子数据库的建立和完善是未来分子鉴定的重要工作,快速鉴定方法也必将在未来获得广泛的应用和发展.     

地震现场灾情信息编码研究

针对地震现场灾情信息的多源性、复杂性、离散性、异构性特点,按照科学性、实用性、简明性、兼容性、扩延性、唯一性等原则,采用线分类法和面分类法相结合的方法,将灾情信息分为地震灾情信息、应急救援信息、救灾效益信息和地震行业信息共4大类30个子类。在分类基础上,采用树式结构和链式结构相结合的编码方法,提出一套灾情信息的编码机制,实现了灾区信息的科学化、标准化、通用化管理。     

西藏尼洋河水生生物群落时空动态及与环境因子关系:4.浮游动物

于2008-2009年按照季节调查西藏地区尼洋河浮游动物群落的组成、丰度和多样性,并运用多元统计方法定量分析浮游动物的空间和季节变化特征及其与主要环境因子之间的关系.结果显示,尼洋河浮游动物包括原生动物、轮虫、枝角类和桡足类,其中原生动物9目13科14属,轮虫1目7科17属,枝角类仅1目1科1属,桡足类2目2科2属.原生动物以砂壳虫和瞬目虫属为主,轮虫则以橘轮虫属和单趾轮虫属为主.尼洋河浮游动物的物种丰富度和生物量随尼洋河海拔高度不断提升呈现递减的趋势,夏季浮游动物生物量、物种丰富度、总丰度较低,其中夏季浮游动物物种丰富度最低,而浮游动物生物量和总丰度则仅高于冬季.受到水体稳定性的影响,尼洋河浮游动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数在交汇处较低;季节方面,夏季最低,冬季次之.尼洋河原生动物和轮虫总丰度在季节方面存在相似的演替规律,即出现2次高峰和2次低谷,2次高峰分别出现在春季和秋季,2次低谷分别出现在夏季和冬季.尼洋河浮游动物沿程变化方面,浮游动物群落4个指标不存在显著差异.尼洋河浮游动物季节变化方面,仅总丰度秋季和冬季之间存在显著差异,其他3个指标在各个季节之间均不存在显著差异.典范对应分析表明,原生动物类群里,砂壳虫属丰度受水体溶解氧浓度的影响较大,前管虫、袋座虫、肾形虫、瞬目虫和斜口虫属丰度受水体矿化度的影响较大,鳞壳虫属丰度则主要与水体中氨氮浓度关联较大;轮虫类群里,单趾轮虫、无柄轮虫、枝胃轮虫、囊足轮虫属丰度与水体的矿化度关联较大,龟甲轮虫属丰度则与总磷浓度有着较大的关联.分类回归树模型预测了尼洋河浮游动物时空分布与主要环境因子之间的定量关系,结果表明尼洋河浮游动物总丰度受到硬度、季节、海拔以及河道底质等因素的影响,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数受到总碱度、季节、硬度和水温的影响,均匀度指数受到总碱度、总磷浓度和水温的影响.这些关键环境因子对尼洋河水域浮游动物的时空变化有着重要的指示作用,建议加强对浮游动物及这些环境因子的关注,推动尼洋河水域生态环境的可持续发展.     

An example of application: The ecological “natural flow regime” paradigm in hydroclimatology

According to the concept of “natural flow regime,” introduced and developed in the 1990's in aquatic ecology, streamflow can be described using five basic characteristics: magnitude, frequency, duration, period of occurrence and variability. A sixth could be added to these, namely, distribution curve. Our study, which focused exclusively on the temporal variability of these six characteristics, had these objectives: (1) to compare their stationarity, (2) to determine the links among these characteristics and (3) to analyze, for the first time, their relationship to six climatic indices (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Artic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, Niño3.4, Pacific decadal Oscillation and Southern Oscillation Index). To do this, we used the Vermillon River (2670 km²) as an example, analyzing the streamflow of heavy spring floods (equal to or greater than the annual flood streamflow), as measured between 1934 and 2000.     

Late Changhsingian radiolarian biostratigraphy from Guangxi,South China and its correlation to conodonts

A well-preserved, abundant radiolarian fauna was obtained from three sections: the Dongpan, Liuqiao, and Paibi sections, in southern Guangxi, South China. Sixteen species belonging to Albaillella and Neoalbaillella, including seven undetermined species, are recognized. On the basis of stratigraphic distribution of these species, two radiolarian zones, the Albaillella triangularis Zone and the Albaillella yaoi Zone, are established. The correlation between radiolarian zones and conodont zones is suggested based on the discovery of coexisting conodonts. Albaillella triangularis and Albaillella yaoi zones correspond to Neogondolella postwangi and Neogondolella yini zones respectively.     

Biogeomorphology,quo vadis? On processes,time, and space in biogeomorphology

Biogeomorphology has been expanding as a discipline, due to increased recognition of the role that biology can play in geomorphic processes, as well as due to our increasing capacity to measure and quantify feedback between biological and geomorphological systems. Here, we provide an overview of the growth and status of biogeomorphology. This overview also provides the context for introducing this special issue on biogeomorphology, and specifically examines the thematic domains of biogeomorphological research, methods used, open questions and conundrums, problems encountered, future research directions, and practical applications in management and policy (e.g. nature-based solutions). We find that whilst biogeomorphological studies have a long history, there remain many new and surprising biogeomorphic processes and feedbacks that are only now being identified and quantified. Based on the current state of knowledge, we suggest that linking ecological and geomorphic processes across different spatio-temporal scales emerges as the main research challenge in biogeomorphology, as well as the translation of biogeomorphic knowledge into management approaches to environmental systems. We recommend that future biogeomorphic studies should help to contextualize environmental feedbacks by including the spatio-temporal scales relevant to the organism(s) under investigation, using knowledge of their ecology and size (or metabolic rate). Furthermore, in order to sufficiently understand the ‘engineering’ capacity of organisms, we recommend studying at least the time period bounded by two disturbance events, and recommend to also investigate the geomorphic work done during disturbance events, in order to put estimates of engineering capacity of biota into a wider perspective. Finally, the future seems bright, as increasingly inter-disciplinary and longer-term monitoring are coming to fruition, and we can expect important advances in process understanding across scales and better-informed modelling efforts. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属赋存特征及其生物有效性

为了探讨太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)的赋存特征及其生物有效性,对底泥重金属总量、形态以及生物富集量进行了分析.结果表明,6种重金属含量的空间分布表现为北部湖区最高,其次为南部湖区,中部湖区最低,重金属Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著高于沉积物背景值,分别是背景值的4.77、3.89、2.96和2.76倍,重金属总量与沉积物中的黏土成分含量具有显著相关性.采用三级四部提取法对重金属形态进行分析表明,6种重金属的生物有效态(弱酸结合态、可还原态和可氧化态之和)含量顺序为CdCuZnPbNiCr,其中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的生物有效态含量分别占总量的84.15%、78.47%、76.50%和64.29%.Cu和Zn在铜锈环棱螺中富集含量要显著高于其他金属元素.相关性分析表明,6种重金属中仅Cr和Pb的生物富集量与有效态含量具有显著相关性,这表明,重金属在生物体内的富集不仅与有效态含量有关,还与底泥重金属总量有关.因此,评价滆湖重金属的生态风险时需要综合考虑重金属的总量及生物有效态含量.