基于有壳变形虫的大兴安岭洛古河泥炭沼泽古水位定量重建

对采自大兴安岭北部洛古河泥炭地表层49cm泥炭剖面,基于¹³⁷Cs法建立剖面年代框架,利用有壳变形虫指标,借助转换函数法定量重建过去近100年来的水位变化。具体可划分为3个阶段：1）1918~1951年泥炭地非常湿润,有壳变形虫以喜湿物种为主,如茄壳虫未定种（H. sp.）、瓶形梨壳虫（Nebela lageniforms）、齿口阿吉尼亚虫（Argynnia dentistoma）以及Archerella flavum等,缺少干燥种,水位埋深自12cm频繁大幅波动升高至23cm;2）1951~1982年仍较湿润,但已呈现变干的趋势,喜湿种类显著减少,以指示较湿润生境的凤蝶茄壳虫（Hyalosphenia papilio）、巧茄壳虫（Hyalosphenia elegans）、染色梨壳虫（Nebela tincta）为主,水位埋深大部分时间保持在22~24cm;3）1982~2013年泥炭地持续变干,指示湿润环境的物种基本消失,苔藓鳞盖虫（Assulina muscorum）、半空鳞盖虫（Assulina seminulum）占优势,指示干燥环境的长圆鳞壳虫（Euglypha rotunda type）、暧昧蛹壳虫（Corythion dubium）丰度增大,水位埋深自24cm持续降低至34cm。洛古河泥炭地持续变干是由于气温升高驱动还是降水减少驱动,或二者都有尚待研究。

     

Statistical testing of a new testate amoeba‐based transfer function for water‐table depth reconstruction on ombrotrophic peatlands in north‐eastern Canada and Maine,United States

Proxy reconstructions of climatic parameters developed using transfer functions are central to the testing of many palaeoclimatic hypotheses on Holocene timescales. However, recent work shows that the mathematical models underpinning many existing transfer functions are susceptible to spatial autocorrelation, clustered training set design and the uneven sampling of environmental gradients. This may result in over‐optimistic performance statistics or, in extreme cases, a lack of predictive power. A new testate amoeba‐based transfer function is presented that fully incorporates the new recommended statistical tests to address these issues. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, the most commonly applied method in recent studies to assess model performance, produced over‐optimistic performance statistics for all models tested. However, the preferred model, developed using weighted averaging with tolerance downweighting, retained a predictive capacity equivalent to other published models even when less optimistic performance statistics were chosen. Application of the new statistical tests in the development of transfer functions provides a more thorough assessment of performance and greater confidence in reconstructions based on them. Only when the wider research community have sufficient confidence in transfer function‐based proxy reconstructions will they be commonly used in data comparison and palaeoclimate modelling studies of broader scientific relevance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testate amoebae as proxies for mean annual water‐table depth in Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands of North America

Peatland‐inhabiting testate amoebae are sensitive indicators of substrate‐moisture conditions and have increasingly been used in palaeohydrological studies. However, to improve accuracy of testate‐amoeba‐based hydrological inferences, baseline ecological data on rare taxa, a larger geographic network of calibration sites, and incorporation of long‐term estimates of water‐table depth are needed. Species–environment relationships at 369 sites from 31 peatlands in eastern North America were investigated. Long‐term estimates of water‐table depth were obtained using the method of polyvinyl (PVC) tape‐discolouration. Transfer functions were developed using a variety of models, and validated through jackknifing techniques and with an independent dataset where water‐table depths were directly measured throughout the growing season. Results indicate that mean annual water‐table depth can be inferred from testate amoeba assemblages with a mean error of 6 to 8 cm, although there is a slight systematic bias. All transfer function models performed similarly and produced similar reconstructions on a fossil sequence. In a preliminary effort towards development of a comprehensive North American calibration dataset, data from this study were combined with previous studies in Michigan and the Rocky Mountains (n = 650). This combined dataset had slightly larger mean errors of prediction (8–9 cm) but includes data for several rare taxa. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiproxy surface wetness records from replicate cores on an ombrotrophic mire: implications for Holocene palaeoclimate records

Ombrotrophic mires can provide records of palaeoclimate over the mid- to late- Holocene in several areas of the world. Their potential is currently partly limited by difficulties with scaling indices based on plant macrofossils and humification, and the need to account for the internal variability of the mire system. This paper explores the use of testate amoebae analysis as a third technique and assesses the minimum within-site variability by comparing results from two closely spaced cores. Reconstruction of surface wetness changes was carried out on cores from the centre of an intermediate raised-blanket mire, Coom Rigg Moss, Northumberland, by analysis of testate amoebae, plant macrofossils and humification. Surface wetness changes were expressed as mean annual water table changes inferred from testate amoebae assemblages, two separate indices based on plant macrofossils and percentage transmission of humification extracts. Comparisons between the proxies suggest good agreement of general trends in Sphagnum peats but some differences in monocot and ericaceous peats. The magnitude of surface wetness changes also differs within Sphagnum peats. The records from the separate cores converge over time and replicability between cores is best in the last 1000 yr. Changes over this period are similar to those shown by estimates based on documentary sources. Good agreement is obtained between a normalised plant macrofossil index and normalised reconstructed water-table values and it is suggested that this approach could form the basis for improved composite, multiproxy records from peatlands. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of testate amoeba assemblages to environmental and climatic changes during the Lateglacial–Holocene transition at Lake Lautrey (Jura Mountains,eastern France)

We tested the response of lacustrine testate amoebae (thecamoebians) to climate and environmental changes for the Lateglacial–Holocene transition. The palaeoenvironmental history of the study site (Lake Lautrey, Jura Mountains, eastern France) was previously established based on high‐resolution multi‐proxy studies of the same core. The present study is characterised by a high taxonomic resolution (54 taxa), inclusion of small species (down to 25 µm) and high total counts (>500 individuals per sample on average). Changes in the composition of testate amoeba assemblages (dominant species and assemblage structure), as well as in the accumulation rate (tests cm^?2 a^?1), corresponded to major climatic phases (i.e. Oldest Dryas, Bølling–Allerød Interstadial, Younger Dryas, Preboreal) as well as changes in organic matter inputs. Furthermore, decreases in the accumulation rate characterised minor short‐lived cooling events, such as Older Dryas event or Gerzensee oscillation. However, the Preboreal oscillation, which was well registered by other proxies at Lake Lautrey, could not be recognised in the testate amoeba record. This work demonstrates that lacustrine testate amoebae can be used for palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological reconstructions. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the relation between climate, organic matter and lacustrine testate amoebae requires further high‐resolution studies based on multi‐proxy approaches and the development of appropriate modern analogues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testate amoebae as estuarine water‐level indicators: modern distribution and the development of a transfer function from a freshwater tidal marsh (Scheldt estuary,Belgium)

Little is known about the century‐scale response of water levels in inland estuaries to sea‐level change and human modifications to estuarine morphology. This study explored the ability of using testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) from sediments of a freshwater tidal marsh as indicators of water level in an inland estuary. The hypothesis was that modern testate amoeba assemblages change with surface elevation (approximately the duration of tidal flooding) within a freshwater tidal marsh. Variation in testate amoeba assemblages in relation to multiple environmental variables and sediment characteristics was studied through redundancy analysis. This demonstrated that a significant part of the variation in modern testate amoeba assemblages could be explained by flooding frequency, surface elevation, organic content and particle size of the soil. Transfer functions, partial least squares and weighted average regressions were made to show that testate amoebae can be used for reconstruction of water level (with an accuracy of 0.05 Normalized Elevation). A preliminary test of application of the transfer function to palaeo testate amoeba assemblages showed promising results. Testate amoebae from a freshwater tidal marsh provide a potentially powerful new tool for estuarine water‐level reconstructions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A near‐annual palaeohydrological study based on testate amoebae from a sub‐alpine mire: surface wetness and the role of climate during the instrumental period

We present the first testate amoeba‐based palaeohydrological reconstruction from the Swiss Alps, and the first depth to the water table (DWT) calibration dataset for this region. Compared to existing models, our new calibration dataset performs well (RMSEP = 4.88), despite the length of the water table gradient covered (53 cm). The present‐day topography and vegetation of the study mire Mauntschas suggest that it is partly ombrotrophic (large Sphagnum fuscum hummocks, one of which was the coring site) but mostly under the minerotrophic influence of springs in the mire and runoff from the surrounding area. Ombrotrophic Sphagnum fuscum hummocks developed at the sampling site only during the last 50 years, when testate amoebae indicate a shift towards dry and/or acid conditions. Prior to AD 1950 the water table was much higher, suggesting that the influence of the mineral‐rich water prevented the development of ombrotrophic hummocks. The reconstructed DWT correlated with Pinus cembra pollen accumulation rates, suggesting that testate amoebae living on the mire and P. cembra growing outside of it partly respond to the same factor(s). Finally, temperature trends from the nearby meteorological station paralleled trends in reconstructed DWT. However, contrary to other studies made on raised bogs of northwestern Europe, the highest correlation was observed for winter temperature, despite the fact that testate amoebae would more logically respond to moisture conditions during the growing season. The observed correlation with winter temperature might reflect a control of winter severity on surface moisture during at least the first part of the growing season, through snow melt and soil frost phenomena influencing run‐off. More ecohydrological work on sub‐alpine mires is needed to understand the relationships between climate, testate amoebae and peatland development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testate amoebae as a proxy for reconstructing Holocene water table dynamics in southern Patagonian peat bogs

Testate amoebae are abundant and diverse in Sphagnum peat bogs and have been used extensively as indicators of past water table depths. Although these unicellular protists are widely dispersed with globally similar hydrological preferences, regional variations in communities demand region‐specific transfer functions. Here we present the first transfer function for southern Patagonian bogs, based on 154 surface samples obtained from transects in five bogs sampled in 2012 and 2013. Significant variance was explained by pH, electrical conductivity and, in particular, water table depth. Transfer functions for water table were constructed using weighted averaging and evaluated by cross‐validation and independent test sets. The optimal transfer function has predictive ability, but relatively high prediction errors given the wide range in sampled water tables. The use of independent test sets, as well as cross‐validation, allows a more rigorous assessment of model performance than most previous studies. For a subset of locations we compare surface and subsurface samples to demonstrate significant differences in community composition, possibly due to vertical zonation. Our results provide the first quantification of hydrological optima and tolerances for several rare species, which may include Southern Hemisphere endemics and pave the way for palaeohydrological reconstructions in southern Patagonian bogs.     

长白山老里克泥炭地过去2000年以来古水位定量重建

地下水位作为影响泥炭地形成和发育的关键因素之一,在泥炭地古环境研究中广受关注。本文以采自长白山老里克泥炭地（42°28'49.75"N,128°39'9.02"E;1470 m a.s.l.）100 cm的泥炭岩芯作为研究对象,通过²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs和AMS¹⁴C定年方法,建立剖面年代框架,以有壳变形虫为代用指标,定量重建该泥炭地古水位变化。重建结果表明,过去2000年老里克泥炭地整体湿润,经历了比较湿润→非常湿润→比较湿润的变化过程。根据有壳变形虫组合的约束聚类结果,具体可划分为以下3个阶段：1）5~150 A.D.（100~91 cm）,泥炭地比较湿润,有壳变形虫主要以喜湿物种茄壳虫（Hyalosphenia sp.）、齿口阿吉尼亚虫（Argynnia dentistoma）、Archerella flavum为主,喜干物种苔藓鳞盖虫（Assulina muscorum）、小匣三角嘴虫（Trigonopyxis arcula）等较少,水位埋深保持在1.2~2.0 cm。2）150~1796 A.D.（91~28 cm）,泥炭地非常湿润,地表长期保持1~4 cm积水,但积水深度呈不断变浅趋势。喜湿的茄壳虫（H. sp.）、盘状表壳虫（Arcella discoides type）占优势。3）1796~2017 A.D.（28~0 cm）,泥炭地虽较前阶段已显著变干,但仍比较湿润,水位埋深自0.2 cm持续降至5.2 cm。适合中等湿润条件的针棘匣壳虫（Centropyxis aculeata type）、片口匣壳虫（Centropyxis platystoma type）占优势,喜湿的茄壳虫（H. sp.）大幅减少。老里克泥炭地古水位变化受内生过程和气候变化共同影响。

     

A high‐resolution multi‐proxy stalagmite record from Mechara,Southeastern Ethiopia: palaeohydrological implications for speleothem palaeoclimate reconstruction

An annually laminated stalagmite from Southeastern Ethiopia grew for 443±8 yr starting at 5023 yr BP (±160 yr) as determined by lamina‐tuned U‐Th dating. The speleothem shows three growth phases: (1) an initial phase where the stalagmite has a candlestick shape, deposited by relatively slow rate drip water; (2) a middle growth phase where laminae grow on the flanks, suggesting faster drip rates; and (3) a final growth phase where the speleothem becomes narrower owing to a decrease in drip water supply towards the end of deposition. Morphometry, annual growth rate, fluorescence index, and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotope ratio show marked differences between the growth phases, while δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O do not show significant variation, except within the third phase towards the top of the stalagmite, where they have higher values. The study indicates that the multiproxy approach is crucial as the different proxies respond to single climate forcing in different manners. Our results can be widely applied to speleothem studies distinguishing the relative importance of the various proxies in recording cave ‘external’ (climate, hydrology) and cave ‘internal’ (e.g. evaporation) processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑龙江流域湿地过去百年水位变化历史及驱动机制

在黑龙江流域上游图强、中游友好和下游洪河湿地采集3个典型泥炭剖面,基于²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs法建立剖面年代学框架,利用有壳变形虫指标,借助转换函数法定量重建人类世以来流域湿地水位变化历史,并探讨其可能的影响因素。研究发现,黑龙江流域图强、友好和洪河湿地泥炭柱芯年代均涵盖了人类世的时间尺度,且不同区域湿地中有壳变形虫的物种组成呈现显著的空间差异。根据约束聚类结果,黑龙江流域湿地水位变化可划分为3个阶段：1）人类世早期（1915年左右）,黑龙江流域湿地生境较为湿润,有壳变形虫以喜湿物种为主,如附石/泥炭藓截口虫（Heleopera petricola/sphagni）、凤蝶茄壳虫（Hyalosphenia papilio）等,但水位埋深逐渐增加,湿地生境呈现变干的趋势。区域气候变化是影响湿地水位变化的主要因素。2）1915~1990年左右,黑龙江流域湿地水位变化呈现显著的空间差异,图强湿地水位埋深显著降低,喜湿物种增加,以指示湿润生境的凤蝶茄壳虫（Hyalosphenia papilio）、针棘匣壳虫类（Centropyxis aculeata type）为主;而友好和洪河湿地水位埋深逐渐增加,湿地持续变干,指示湿润环境的物种显著减少,指示干燥环境的顶足法帽虫（Phryganella acropodia）、小匣三角嘴虫（Trigonopyxis arcula）、苔藓鳞盖虫（Assulina muscorum）丰度增大。图强和友好湿地因人类活动影响较弱,区域气候变化仍然是湿地水位变化的主要驱动因素,而洪河湿地水位则受人类活动的显著影响。3）1990年以来,黑龙江流域湿地水位变化因受人类活动的显著影响,上游和中游湿地水位埋深增加,湿地生境持续变干,顶足法帽虫（Phryganella acropodia）、苔藓鳞盖虫（Assulina muscorum）和半空鳞盖虫（Assulina seminulum）占优势;而下游湿地因农田开垦,农田退水使其水位埋深呈现降低的趋势。黑龙江流域人类世以来湿地水位变化受区域气候变化和人类活动的共同影响,在上、中和下游呈现出显著的空间差异。

     

用黄土地球化学参数进行古气候定量估算的初步尝试

尝试了用表土地球化学转换函数恢复渭南剖面最近１３万ａ米的古温度,古降水。结果显示：（１）全新世适宜期及末次间冰期时,降水量显著增加,渭南地区的年降水量可大于７００ｍｍ（２）末次冰期时降水量明显低于全新世适宜期及末次间冰期,但是这一时期有一些次一级的变化;特别与深海Ｏ同位素阶段４对应的时期不仅降水量显著降低,而且还有更次一级的变化;（３０全新世适宜期时,渭南地区的年平均温度在１２－１４℃左右,末次冰     

传递函数在场地振动台模型试验中的应用研究

利用场地大型振动台试验,基于传递函数理论,计算得到场地的相对传递函数和绝对传递函数,并对两类传递函数特征以及利用两类传递函数计算场地动力特性参数的差异性进行了对比,并对采用传递函数进行场地频域动力响应估算的可行性和准确性进行了分析。研究结果表明：相对传递函数和绝对传递函数的虚部重合,采用两种传递函数虚部计算场地动力参数具有等同性,且采用两种传递函数虚部曲线计算得到的动力特性参数较为准确;固有频率的计算适合采用两种传递函数的虚部或是相对传递函数的模;场地阻尼比的计算宜采用两种传递函数的虚部或绝对传递函数的模;利用两种传递函数实部、虚部或模计算得到的场地加速度振型是一致的;利用传递函数估算场地频域动力响应是可行的,且相对传递函数的估算结果更加准确。该研究对传递函数在场地动力特性参数计算及场地频域响应估算方面进行了有益的尝试。     

水平土层特性变异性对传递函数影响分析初探

采用Monte Carlo模拟手段,提出描述场地土层特性变异性对传递函数变异性影响的分析方法。选取日本Kik-Net强震数据库中软（FKSH14）、硬（FKSH12）两类场地,建立场地概率模型。应用Monte Carlo技术随机生成50组场地剖面,分别计算场地的传递函数STF及STF标准差,讨论场地土层厚度、剪切波速,以及二者组合情况下场地传递函数的标准差及场地特征频率的变化。结果显示：对于硬土场地而言,场地特征频率标准差相对于软土场地较大,且剪切波速变异性影响比土层厚度变异性的影响略大,而二者组合工况下最大;而软土场地,土层厚度、剪切波速变化工况下场地特征频率的标准差相当,比二者组合工况下略低;软、硬两类场地,土层厚度与剪切波速二者组合工况下STF的标准差比单一量变化情况下略大,但3种工况下场地STF标准差相差不明显;场地STF的标准差在场地自振频率附近的频率段取值较大,极值点与场地STF的极值点相对应。     

传递函数在地下工程地震响应研究中的应用

将传递函数引入地下工程地震响应的研究,提出利用传递函数进行地下工程地震响应的频谱特性分析、地震响应时频估算以及地震动输入频谱修正的3种应用方法。基于白鹤滩水电站13#机组剖面地下洞室群,对这3种方法进行了探讨及检验。结果表明：传递函数可清晰表达地下工程在地震动作用下的输入、输出关系,描述洞室群各部位的动力特性,且与其他频谱特性研究方法得出的结论相一致。在自下而上的地震剪切波作用下,洞室底板部位的响应整体强于顶拱部位,且具有不同的主频段;但在3～4 Hz频段,顶拱的动力响应强于底板。采用有限带宽随机白噪声算得洞室群各部位的传递函数,再根据传递函数进行实际地震响应时频估算的方法是可行的,估算与验算结果吻合良好,该方法可以大幅度减少计算量,使得根据有限的计算结果把握特定工程的整体动力响应特征成为可能。根据已有研究成果,取洞室底部或河谷水面为地震响应的频谱控制点,基于传递函数对输入地震动时程进行频谱修正,可保证地下工程动力响应地震动输入机制的合理性     

分布热源作用下裂隙岩体渗流-传热的拉氏变换-格林函数半解析计算方法

以裂隙岩体高放射性核废物地下处置库性能评估为目标,提出了分布热源作用下单裂隙岩体渗流-传热的简化概念模型、控制微分方程和拉氏变换-格林函数半解析法,为进一步采用半解析法计算分布热源作用下多裂隙岩体的渗流-传热问题奠定了基础。针对单裂隙岩体的渗流-传热问题,建立考虑岩石内热源和二维热传导的控制微分方程,利用拉氏变换域微分方程的基本解建立格林函数积分方程,采用解析法处理其中的奇点,通过数值积分和拉氏数值逆变换求解,计算任意时刻裂隙水和岩石的温度分布。通过算例,与基于岩石一维热传导假定的解析解进行了对比,并计算分析了分布热源作用下单裂隙岩体的渗流-传热特征及其对裂隙开度、岩石热传导系数和热流集度的敏感度。算例表明,（1）就裂隙水温度而言,由于考虑了岩石的二维热传导,拉氏变换-格林函数半解析解小于基于岩石一维热传导假定的解析解;（2）裂隙水温度和岩石温度对裂隙开度和热流集度的敏感度较大,对岩石热传导系数的敏感度较小。     

Recognising subtidal foraminiferal assemblages: implications for quantitative sea‐level reconstructions using a foraminifera‐based transfer function

Microfossil‐based transfer function models are increasingly used to provide decimeter‐scale sea‐level change reconstructions. In this paper I demonstrate that in the tropical location of northern Australia problems arise in selecting the appropriate elevation range for the modern training set used to calibrate fossil calcareous foraminiferal assemblages. Most calcareous foraminiferal species found in cores occur in both modern intertidal and shallow subtidal environments. A lack of independent measures to indicate whether fossil assemblages come from intertidal environments forces use of a training set that includes intertidal and subtidal environments. This results in decreased precision compared to using a training set solely from intertidal environments. The widely used method of assessing model fit to fossil assemblages (modern analogue technique) often fails to discriminate between acceptable and unacceptable reconstructions. It is important to investigate a number of different measures including modern analogue technique, canonical correspondence analysis and changing bootstrapped sample specific transfer function errors to fully understand the level of similarity between modern and fossil foraminiferal samples, to judge the reliability of transfer function‐predicted sea‐level reconstructions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 100 000‐year record of annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature for northwestern Australia based on a pollen record obtained offshore

Pollen recovered from core tops of deep‐sea cores from offshore northwestern Western Australia were used to build climatic transfer functions applied to sediment samples from major rivers bordering the ocean in the same region and a deep‐sea core offshore Northwest Cape. Results show for the last 100 000 years, with a gap in the record spanning the 64 000 to 46 000 years interval, that from about 100 000 to 82 000 yr BP, climatic conditions represented by rainfall, temperature and number of humid months, were significantly higher than today's values. For the entire record, the coldest period occurred about 43 000 to 39 000 yr BP but it was wetter than today, whereas the Last Glacial Maximum saw a significant reduction in summer rainfall, interpreted as a result of the absence of monsoonal activity in the region. The Holocene can be divided into two distinct phases: one peaking around 6000 cal. yr BP with highest rainfall and summer temperatures; the second one commencing at 5000 cal. yr BP and showing a progressive decrease in summer rainfall in contrast to an increase in winter rainfall, paralleled by a progressive decrease in temperatures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.