土石坝地震稳定性分析评述

对土石坝地震稳定性分析中几个重要问题，土料本构模型、地震反应分析和永久变形分析作了简要评述和初步分析，并指出其中存在的若干问题。另外，对土石坝地震稳定性分析现状、各类分析方法及其适用条件做了评述。     

温控参数折减有限元法在拟静力土石坝坝坡稳定分析中的应用

土石坝的拟静力计算与温控参数折减有限元法相结合,对土石坝边坡稳定性进行有限元计算与分析。按《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》(SL203-97)的规定,依据坝高动态分布系数施加水平等效地震惯性力,然后用温控参数折减有限元法确定土石坝边坡的临界失稳状态及其所对应的安全系数。结果表明:采用此法进行拟静力土石坝边坡稳定分析与传统的Bishop法相比,计算结果相一致,且可以反映土石坝的应力、应变和整个边坡破坏发展过程。     

基于大坝地震反应台阵的土石坝模态参数识别

针对土石坝上实测强震动记录识别大坝模态参数的问题,根据地震中坝体监测点记录的强震动数据和基于多项式逼近的有外部输入的非线性自回归神经网络NARX模型构建了土石坝非线性模态参数识别方法,对土石坝非线性动力反应与激励输入之间的传递函数进行研究,将其应用于新疆克孜尔土石坝主坝0+220断面的模态频率和模态阻尼比的计算,并结合计算结果和工程运行实际对克孜尔大坝运行状态进行评价。理论分析和工程实例均表明,本方法具有较高的精度,识别的传递函数能够反映土石坝的动力特性,具有重要的理论研究意义和工程实践价值。     

已建成土坝的抗震能力复核

为了开发水利资源,全世界特别是我国已修建了大量土石坝。今后,包括在地震区仍会大量兴建此类工程。 随着地震科学的发展,对于已建土坝所在地区可能遭受的地震强度的现今认识,往往与建坝当时的估计有所差异;不少早年所建土坝甚至当年就该对地震设防的也没统防;近二十年来土石坝地震动力分析方法也有很多改进。因此,对已有土石坝的抗震能力进行复核,是保证水库合理、有效运营以及保证水库下游人民生命财产安全的一项非常重要的工程问题。     

考虑堆石料空间变异性的土石坝坝坡地震稳定性随机有限元分析

本文探讨了筑坝堆石料的空间变异性对土石坝坝坡动力稳定性的影响。以新疆某在建高面板堆石坝为例,在蒙特卡洛法的框架下,采用基于局部平均细分法的随机有限元法模拟考虑筑坝堆石料空间变异性时土石坝的地震响应及坝坡滑移情况,通过对比随机有限元法和常规确定性有限元法的计算结果,提出:在地震动作用下,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,坝坡滑动体的数量、规模以及滑移量和滑动历时都有不同程度的增大,因而坝坡整体危险程度显著高于不考虑材料空间变异性的情况。坝坡各项动力安全性指标对筑坝材料空间变异性非常敏感;因而,考虑筑坝材料空间变异性时,各项安全性指标的离散性较大。     

高土石坝地震工况坝坡稳定安全系数研究

现行碾压土石坝设计规范（DL/T5395-2007）明确规定只适用于低于200 m土石坝,随着设计施工技术的发展对于超过200 m的高土石坝坝坡设计安全标准问题亟待解决。相对安全率理论把可靠指标和安全系数置于同一平台进行关联和映射。现行碾压土石坝设计规范规定的低于200 m的土石坝坝坡稳定允许可靠指标4.2。基于风险控制原则提出200~250 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.45,250~300 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.7,相应的地震工况高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数1.35和1.4,高土石坝工程实例地震工况下坝坡稳定安全系数均满足所提安全系数标准值。     

高土石坝地震工况坝坡稳定安全系数研究

现行碾压土石坝设计规范（DL/T5395-2007）明确规定只适用于低于200 m土石坝,随着设计施工技术的发展对于超过200 m的高土石坝坝坡设计安全标准问题亟待解决。相对安全率理论把可靠指标和安全系数置于同一平台进行关联和映射。现行碾压土石坝设计规范规定的低于200 m的土石坝坝坡稳定允许可靠指标4.2。基于风险控制原则提出200~250 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.45,250~300 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.7,相应的地震工况高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数1.35和1.4,高土石坝工程实例地震工况下坝坡稳定安全系数均满足所提安全系数标准值。     

基于改进的地震动态分布系数及修正D-P模型的高土石坝坝坡抗震稳定分析

采用有限元法研究高土石坝的地震加速度分布,提出高度为250m级的土石坝建议地震加速度动态分布系数图示。在此基础上,基于修正的Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型,利用强度折减法对高度为250m级的土石坝坝坡抗震稳定性作进一步分析,结果表明随着坝体地震加速度动态分布系数的降低,坝坡的临界安全系数有所提高。     

汶川大地震中广元市水库震害调查与分析

汶川8.0级特大地震对四川省广元市的水库造成了不同程度的破坏和重大的经济损失.依据广元市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对该市53座次高危以上险情的水库进行了震害调查与分析、震前病害统计与分析,可以发现:大多数水库土石坝在震前处于带病运行状态;水库的震害主要包括坝体变形、大坝渗漏、泄水建筑物和附属设施损毁等;地震烈度、震中距、修建年代、土石坝坝型与几何构型,以及水库震前的运行状态是影响水库震害程度的主要因素.该研究丰富了水库土石坝震害的基础性资料,并提出了改进水库土石坝抗震性能设计的建设性意见.     

超深厚覆盖层中深埋细粒土地震残余变形特性振动三轴试验研究

土石坝(超)深厚覆盖层地基中的深埋细粒土抗地震残余变形能力较差,尤其是在土层厚度较大时,覆盖层地基连同坝体在强震作用下可能会产生较大的地震沉陷。针对我国西部某大型土石坝工程,对超深厚覆盖层地基中深埋粉砂层土的地震残余变形特性进行三轴试验研究。研究表明:试验土料级配曲线与相应土层各钻孔平均级配曲线很接近,试验土料的颗粒级配对实际土层的颗粒组成特性具有代表性;试验土料的地震残余变形特性主要受土体密度、固结条件和围压力条件等控制,尤其是固结比对土体地震残余变形特性影响较大;各因素对土体残余体积变形特性和轴向变形特性的影响规律有所差异。     

高土石坝震害与抗震措施评述

目前,我国西部地区正建或拟建一大批高土石坝,这些高坝都位于地震高烈度区,做好抗震设计非常重要。本文总结了地震荷载作用下土石坝常见的几种破坏形式,包括地震永久变形、滑坡失稳、液化、防渗体破坏、次生破坏;针对这些破坏形式,总结了地震高烈度区高土石坝的抗震措施,包括预留超高、坡脚压重、坝顶加固、抗液化措施、防渗体处理等;提出了现阶段高土石坝抗震的计算方法和抗震措施存在的缺点和不足,并对我国今后的高土石坝抗震稳定研究提出了建议。     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams strengthened by rockfill buttressing

Rockfill buttressing resting on the downstream face of masonry or concrete gravity dam is often considered as a strengthening method to improve the stability of existing dam for hydrostatic and seismic loads. Simplified methods for seismic stability analysis of composite concrete-rockfill dams are discussed. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear rockfill model and nonlinear dam-rockfill interface behavior to investigate the effects of backfill on dynamic response of composite dams. A typical 35 m concrete gravity dam, strengthened by rockfill buttressing is considered. The results of analyses confirm that backfill can improve the seismic stability of gravity dams by exerting pressure on the dam in opposition to hydrostatic loads. According to numerical analyses results, the backfill pressures vary during earthquake base excitations and the inertia forces of the backfill are the main source for those variations. It is also shown that significant passive (or active) pressure cannot develop in composite dams with a finite backfill width. A simplified model is also proposed for dynamic analysis of composite dam by replacing the backfill with by a series of vertical cantilever shear beams connected to each other and to the dam by flexible links.     

Seismic stability of earth-rock dams using finite element limit analysis

In this study, a finite element limit analysis method is developed to assess the seismic stability of earth-rock dams. A pseudo-static approach is employed within the limit analysis framework to determine the lower and upper bounds on the critical seismic coefficients of dams. The interlocking force in the soil is considered, and the rockfill material is assumed to follow the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and an associated flow rule. Based on the native form of the failure criterion, the lower and upper bound theorems are formulated as second-order cone programming problems. The nonlinear shear strength properties of rockfill materials are also considered. The developed finite element limit analysis is applied to two different types of earth-rock dams. The results indicate that the rigorous lower and upper bounds are very close even for rockfill materials with large internal friction angles. The failure surfaces are easily predicted using the contour of the yield function and the displacement field obtained by the limit analysis method. In addition, the pore water pressures are modelled as external forces in the limit analysis to assess the seismic stability of earth-rock dams in the reservoir filling stage.     

Seismic dynamic response by approximate methods

Current seismic safety evaluation for earth dams relies on approximate methods of analysis for prediction of non-linear, transient, dynamic response. One of these approximate methods uses a Strain Reduction Factor (SRF), and has been widely applied in a variety of one-dimensional and two-dimensional soil structural analyses. A second method considered, Equivalent Temporal Damping (ETD), has been previously applied to several seismic dynamic analyses of earth dams. The relative accuracy of the two methods is assessed by comparing them with incremental plasticity, nearly exact numerical solutions. For a simple shear element subjected to deterministic and non-stationary random input accelerations, a serious overprediction of the maximum peak shear response occurs by the SRF method, whereas the ETD results agree very closely with the incremental plasticity solutions. The SRF and ETD methods are also applied to seismic dynamic response analysis of a Vertical Soil Column system, and the same trends as established in the previous case are observed. It is concluded that, in lieu of combined incremental plasticity and finite difference or finite element numerical solutions, the ETD approach is the more accurate of the methods tested for seismic dynamic response analysis of earth dams.     

Probability density evolution method for seismic liquefaction performance analysis of earth dam

To investigate the seismic liquefaction performance of earth dams under earthquake loading, we present a new methodology for evaluating the seismic response of earth dams based on a performance‐based approach and a stochastic vibration method. This study assesses an earthfill dam located in a high‐intensity seismic region of eastern China. The seismic design levels and corresponding performance indexes are selected according to performance‐based criteria and dam seismic codes. Then, nonlinear constitutive models are used to derive an array of deterministic seismic responses of the earth dam by dynamic time series analysis based on a finite element model. Based on these responses, the stochastic seismic responses and dynamic reliability of the earth dam are obtained using the probability density evolution method. Finally, the seismic performance of the earth dam is assessed by the performance‐based and reliability criteria. Our results demonstrate the accuracy of the seismic response analysis of earth dams using the random vibration method. This new method of dynamic performance analysis of earth dams demonstrates that performance‐based criteria and reliability evaluation can provide more objective indices for decision‐making rather than using deterministic seismic acceleration time series as is the current normal practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

Lateral response of dams in semi-elliptical rigid canyons

An analytical closed-form solution is developed for the lateral response of earth and rockfill dams built in semi-elliptical canyons. The dam is idealized as a linearly hysteretic elastic body deforming only in shear, whereas the canyon is assumed to be rigid. The solution for the dam response is given in terms of prolate spheroidal radial and angular functions of the first kind and zero order. Results are presented for natural frequencies, modal displacement shapes, participation factors, and response to transient and steady-state harmonic base excitation for various dam length-to-height ratios. Comparisons are made of the effects of the length-to-height ratio and the canyon shape on the response of dams built in semi-elliptical and rectangular canyons. A subsequent study (Dakoulas, P. & Hsu, C.H., Response of earth dams in semi-elliptical flexible canyons to oblique SH waves, Report, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 1993) extends this model to a semi-elliptical canyon consisting of flexible elastic rock, subjected to obliquely incident harmonic SH waves.     

Numerical investigation of the response of the Yele rockfill dam during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper the seismic response of a well-documented Chinese rockfill dam, Yele dam, is simulated and investigated employing the dynamic hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled finite element (FE) method. The objective of the study is to firstly validate the numerical model for static and dynamic analyses of rockfill dams against the unique monitoring data on the Yele dam recorded before and during the Wenchuan earthquake. The initial stress state of the dynamic analysis is reproduced by simulating the geological history of the dam foundation, the dam construction and the reservoir impounding. Subsequently, the predicted seismic response of the Yele dam is analysed, in terms of the deformed shape, crest settlements and acceleration distribution pattern, in order to understand its seismic behaviour, assess its seismic safety and provide indication for the application of any potential reinforcement measures. The results show that the predicted seismic deformation of the Yele dam is in agreement with field observations that suggested that the dam operated safely during the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to explore the impact of two factors on the seismic response of rockfill dams, i.e. the permeability of materials comprising the dam body and the vertical ground motion.     

Progress in Earthquake Science and Technology in China: Review and Prospects (Ⅰ)

In the article the author looks back the hard development course and great progress in earth quake science and technology in China during the last near a half of century and expounds the following 3 aspects: (1) The strong desire of the whole society to mitigate seismic disasters and reduce the effect of earthquakes on social-economic live is a great driving force to push forward the development of earthquake science and technology in China; (2) To better ensure people‘ s life and property, sustainable economic development, and social stability is an essential purpose to drive the development of earthquake science and technology in China; and (3) To insist on the dialectical connection of setup of technical system for seismic monitoring with the scientific research of earthquakes and to better handle the relation between crucial task, current scientif ic level, and the feasibility are the important principles to advance the earthquake science and technology in China. Some success and many setbacks in earthquake disaster mitigation consistently enrich our knowledge regarding the complexity of the conditions for earthquake occurrence and the process of earthquake preparation, promote the reconstruction and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring, and deepen the scientific research of earthquakes. During the last 5 years, the improvement and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring have clearly provided the technical support to study and practice of earthquake prediction and pre caution, give prominence to key problems and broaden the field of scientific research of earth quakes. These have enabled us to get some new recognition of the conditions for earthquake oc currence and process of earthquake preparation, characteristics of seismic disaster, and mecha nism for earthquake generation in China‘s continent. The progress we have made not only en courages us to enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation, but also provides a basis for accelerating further development of earthquake science and technology in China in the new century, especially in the 10th five-year plan. Based on the history reviewed, the author sets forth a general requirement for develop ment of earthquake science and technology in China and brings out 10 aspects to be stressed and strengthened at present and in the future. These are: upgrade and setup of the network of digitized seismic observation; upgrade and setup of the network for observation of seismic pre cursors; setup of the network for observation of strong motion; setup of the laboratories for ex periment on seismic regime; establishment of technical system for seismic information, emer gency command and urgent rescue; research on short-term and imminent earthquake predic tion; research on intermediate- and long-term earthquake prediction; research on attenuation of seismic ground motion, mechanism for seismic disaster, and control on seismic disaster; ba sic research fields related to seismology and geoscience. We expect that these efforts will signifi cantly elevate the level of earthquake science and technology in China to the advanced interna tional level, improve theories, techniques, and methods for earthquake precaution and predic tion, and enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation.