Amplification of strong ground motion in the city of Zagreb, Croatia, estimated by computation of synthetic seismograms

A hybrid technique consisting of modal summation and subsequent finite differences modelling is applied for the computation of synthetic accelerograms along a profile crossing the city of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. Assuming the source geometry is known, the amplification properties of the underlying soil may be determined by comparison of synthetics and their response spectra computed for a bedrock model with the ones obtained under the assumption of a realistic laterally varying local model. The peak ground acceleration is larger by a factor of up to 3.5 than the value obtained for the bedrock model. The amplification of the response spectra is most prominent for frequencies below 2 Hz, and increases sharply to the SW from the mapped fault running through the centre of the city.     

施甸5.9级地震强震观测资料的时-频反应谱分析

通过对施甸5．9级地震在太平等观测点的强震记录进行时一频反应谱计算,给出了三个方向的时一频反应谱图,根据时一频反应谱的特点,结合场地条件,对这些场点的震害情况进行了分析,指出了在结构抗震方面应注意的环节,并对时一频反应谱的应用进行了探讨。     

考虑强地面运动持时影响的概率地震需求模型

选择合理的持时衰减关系,利用Monte-Carlo方法,抽取持时样本,根据震级M、震中距R和局部场地土壤条件S以及持时样本,选择符合条件的实际地震波记录,并进行合理的调值,对一座钢筋混凝土桥墩进行了非线性动力时程分析.对比强地面运动持时与能量需求参数和累积破坏参数的相关性,发现:幅值、频谱和持时对能量需求参数和累积破坏参数的影响是强烈耦合的,且强地面运动持时对两者的影响比较显著;在选择结构第一模态周期谱加速度和合理的能量需求参数,并分别作为地面运动强度参数IM和EDP建立概率地震需求模型时,要考虑持时的影响.     

考虑场地类别与强震持时的滞回耗能谱的特征分析

基于力或位移的结构抗震设计方法大多无法反映地震动持时的影响,而能量设计方法则能较好地弥补其不足。按场地类别和强震持时,将302条Northridge地震记录分为15组,对地震记录的峰值进行规一化处理,采用钢筋混凝土退化三线型恢复力模型,对单自由度体系进行弹塑性时程分析,研究场地类别、强震持时、强度屈服水平以及结构周期等因素对滞回耗能的影响。结果表明:在给定地震记录的峰值和屈服强度水平下,结构的滞回耗能依赖于场地条件和强震持时等因素;滞回耗能随强震持时的增加而增大,随场地特征周期的增加而增大。通过非线性回归分析,建立了与峰值加速度、峰值速度、强震持时相对应的简化滞回耗能谱的计算公式。     

2016年8月24日意大利佩鲁贾M_W 6.2地震动特性

2016年8月24日在意大利佩鲁贾地区发生M_W 6.2地震,截至北京时间2016年8月25日8时,共获得强震记录192组,分析地震动PGA、反应谱以及能量参数的衰减特征。研究结果表明:(1)峰值。此次地震PGA100 cm/s~2记录的水平平均反应谱在短周期明显大于欧洲的设计谱。两水平方向平均反应谱谱比小于1.5,并且在短周期(T0.5 s)谱比差值变化较大,说明此次地震EW向地震动对短周期结构物影响较大;(2)衰减特性。整体看来,此次地震中的PGA值均不同程度低于中国第五代区划图中的中强地震区、中国西部地区、美国西部地区以及欧洲中小地震衰减模型的预测值,且衰减快。Arias强度的衰减变化趋势与Travasarou等的理论模型基本一致,但均小于理论模型值;(3)持时。此次地震的相对持时随震中距增大有逐渐增大趋势,持时均大于Kempton及McQuire的理论模型,表明此次地震的能量释放时间较长。此次意大利地震的地震动参数特征研究表明,该地震具有能量衰减快、持续时间长、对短周期结构物影响较大等特点,验证了此次地震破坏集中在近场、远场震害相对较轻的结论,这也是造成本次地震灾害严重的主要原因。     

竖向与水平向地震动加速度峰值比统计特征分析

以强地面运动加速度记录为基础,研究了竖向与水平向加速度峰值比值(V/H)的统计分布特征。结果表明,V/H服从对数正态分布。对记录按震级、震中距、场地条件和震源机制进行分类统计,研究了这些因素对V/H的影响。统计分析结果显示,V/H与震级的关系不明显;V/H随距离的增大而减小,在软土场地上尤为明显;V/H与场地条件有很大关系,在近场(R≤60km)土层场地要高于基岩场地,而在远场则相反;震源机制对V/H有较大影响,特别是在近场。     

Equations for the Estimation of Strong Ground Motions from Shallow Crustal Earthquakes Using Data from Europe and the Middle East: Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration and Spectral Acceleration

This article presents equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes M_w 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.8 (normal and odd) and 1.3 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.6 over those on rock sites. Disappointingly the standard deviations associated with the derived equations are not significantly lower than those found in previous studies.     

昆明高层建筑强震观测记录HHT分析

对一种最新的数据分析方法——HHT分析作了简介。利用这一方法对昆明高层建筑的强震观测资料进行了处理,所得结果全面详细地反映了结构振动的时间、频率及振幅变化的三维特征。     

强地震动估计中映射法四种映射原则的数学表达

运用数学语言对四种映射原则进行阐述,得到四种映射原则对应的数学映射关系;为方便地震动衰减关系转换数值计算设计了计算流程;并以美国西部为参考区,导出了云南地区的基岩水平向地震峰值加速度衰减关系。结果表明本文给出的四种数学映射关系和设计的数值计算流程在转换过程中是可行的,最小扭曲映射原则、最小扭曲可逆映射原则得出的结果在某种程度上要优于IR映射原则、IM映射原则得出的结果。     

2016年1月21日青海门源6.4级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2016年1月21日青海海北州门源县发生6.4级地震,西北强震动台网中心共收集到70组三分向加速度记录。在对强震记录进行常规处理后,给出了207条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度值(PGA);统计PGA随震中距衰减趋势,绘制了水平向PGA等值线分布图;选取近场典型台站的加速度记录进行分析,绘制出校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线以及加速度反应谱。这些地震动特征可为我国西部工程震害调查提供重要的参考资料。     

河北省地震动参数区划图变化

新一代《中国地震动参数区划图》(GB18306—2015),采用近几年地震监测资料、最新活断层探测成果,首次考虑了极罕遇地震影响,采用新的技术方法进行编制,于2016年6月1日正式实施。由于潜在震源区的划分、地震活动性参数、衰减关系等发生变化,使河北省部分地震动参数发生变化。     

关于工程场地地震安全性评价中设计地震动反应谱的讨论

本文对目前上海市工程场地地震安全性评价工作中设计地震动反应谱的确定方法进行了讨论。根据上海市地震环境和场地条件,以及地震安全性评价工作中尚存在的一些问题,对设计地震动反应谱的确定方法提出了建议。     

Seismic hazard assessment for the Itoiz dam site (Western Pyrenees,Spain)

This work summarises the seismic hazard analysis performed for the complete characterisation of strong ground-motion at the site of the Itoiz dam (Western Pyrenees, Spain). The hazard analysis includes the compilation of a composite catalogue from French and Spanish agencies, the definition of an original hybrid seismogenic source model (including zones and major faults) and the selection of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Hazard results are provided as hazard curves and acceleration response spectra on rock for the 1000- and 5000-year return periods, which correspond respectively to the operating basis earthquake (OBE) and safety evaluation earthquake (SEE). The impact of truncating GMPEs at a number of standard deviations (epsilon) has been found not critical here for the return periods targeted. Subsequently, an analysis of the contribution of each source to total hazard and a hazard disaggregation analysis are performed in order to establish the earthquake-source parameters for both the OBE and SEE scenarios consistently with the seismotectonics of the region. The European Strong Motion database is then searched and a selection of records is proposed for each of the scenarios. Our results suggest that seismic hazard in the region is underestimated by the official Spanish seismic hazard map included in the current version of the code (NCSE-02), which is the reference document for the definition of seismic actions for dam projects in the whole Pyrenees.     

基于EMD的中国大陆强震活动特征分析

利用EMD方法对中国大陆年度最大地震时间序列进行逐级分解, 得到5个本征模态函数(IMF)项和1个趋势项, 分析了各个IMF分量不同的周期成分同地球自转速度变化、 太阳黑子活动和潮汐运动等环境因子之间的相关关系, 初步探讨了各个IMF分量的物理机理及其对中国大陆地震活动的影响。     

Rupture Directivity During the September 7, 1999 (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">w</Emphasis></Subscript> 5.9) Athens (Greece) Earthquake Inferred from Forward Modeling of Strong Ground Motion

The empirical Green's functions technique is applied to simulate strong ground motion records from the September 7, 1999, Athens earthquake. Information on the fault parameters from previous independent studies has been used and several scenarios were examined, in regard to the location of the starting point of the rupture, by comparing the synthetic records with the corresponding observed ones, through a residual function and a correlation function. The results show that the rupture started at the deepest, 4–5 km, part of the fault from its western edge. This hypocenter was then used, in combination with the initial fault model, to stochastically simulate the strong ground motion during the Athens main shock, in terms of peak-ground acceleration at hard rock. The results show that directivity might have significantly contributed to the destructiveness of this earthquake at specific parts of the Athens Metropolitan area.     

2005年8月26日新疆墨玉5.4级地震序列

2005年8月26日新疆墨玉县发生了MS5.4地震,震区附近强烈有感,并造成了一定程度的破坏。本文从地震基本参数、震群监测、震源机制解、发震构造、地震序列等方面概述了这次地震序列。     

An investigation of analysis of variance as a tool for exploring regional differences in strong ground motions

The statistical technique known as analysis of variance is applied to a large set of European strong-motion data to investigate whether strong ground motions show a regional dependence. This question is important when selecting strong-motion records for the derivation of ground motion prediction equations and also when choosing strong-motion records from one geographical region for design purposes in another. Five regions with much strong-motion data (the Caucasus region, central Italy, Friuli, Greece and south Iceland) are investigated here. For the magnitude and distance range where there are overlapping data from the five areas (2.50 M_s 5.50, 0 d 35 km) and consequently analysis of variance can be performed, there is little evidence for a regional dependence of ground motions. There is a lack of data from moderate and large magnitude earthquakes (M_s > 5.5) so analysis of variance cannot be performed there. Since there is uncertainty regarding scaling ground motions from small to large magnitudes whether ground motions from large earthquakes are significantly different in different parts of Europe is not known. Analysis of variance has the ability to complement other techniques for the assessment of regional dependence of ground motions.     

用P波初动资料确定地震震源机制教程(一)

简要叙述运用P波初动资料确定地震震源机制(断层面解)的原理与方法,并以图解法为例,详细阐述相关的物理概念及求地震震源机制解的具体步骤,以适应具有不同专业背景(例如:地震学、地球物理学、地质学、大地测量学、工程地震学、灾害科学、管理科学)的不同读者(例如:学生、教师、管理人员)的不同需求(例如:了解、学习、应用).     

Analysis of the 1997 Zirkuh (Ghean-Birjand) aftershock sequence in east-central Iran

IntroductionThesouthernpartofKhorasanProvinceineast-centralIranisoneoftheseismicallyactiveregionsintheMiddleeast.Historicalreportsindicatedseveralearthquakeshavecausedseveredestructionsandhumanlossinthisregionduringthepastcenturies(Ambraseys,Melville,1982).Theinstrumentallyrecordedearthquakesaswellastheexistenceofseveralactivefaultsalsosug-gestedthattheregionhadahighpotentialofseismicactivities.OnMay10,1997at07:57:29.6GMT,12:27:29.6localtime,ashallowdestructiveearthquakewithoutanyfeltfores…     

Evaluation of uncalibrated energy balance model (BAITSSS) for estimating evapotranspiration in a semiarid,advective climate

The backward‐averaged iterative two‐source surface temperature and energy balance solution (BAITSSS) model was developed to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) at point to regional scales. The BAITSSS model is driven by micrometeorological data and vegetation indices and simulates the water and energy balance of the soil and canopy sources separately, using the Jarvis model to calculate canopy resistance. The BAITSSS model has undergone limited testing in Idaho, United States. We conducted a blind test of the BAITSSS model without prior calibration for ET against weighing lysimeter measurements, net radiation, and surface temperature of drought‐tolerant corn (Zea mays L. cv. PIO 1151) in a semiarid, advective climate (Bushland, Texas, United States) in 2016. Later in the season (20 days), BAITSSS consistently overestimated ET by up to 3 mm d^?1. For the entire growing season (127 days), simulated versus measured ET resulted in a 7% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.13 mm h^?1, and 1.70 mm d^?1; r² = 0.66 (daily) and r² = 0.84 (hourly); MAE = 0.08 mm h^?1 and 1.24 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.02 mm h^?1 and 0.58 mm d^?1. The results were comparable with thermally driven instantaneous ET models that required some calibration. Next, the initial soil water boundary condition was reduced, and model revisions were made to resistance terms related to incomplete cover and assumption of canopy senescence. The revisions reduced discrepancies between measured and modelled ET resulting in <1% error in cumulative ET, RMSE = 0.1 mm h^?1, and 1.09 mm d^?1; r² = 0.86 (daily) and r² = 0.90 (hourly); MAE = 0.06 mm h^?1 and 0.79 mm d^?1; and MBE = 0.0 mm h^?1 and 0.17 mm d^?1 and generally mitigated the previous overestimation. The advancement in ET modelling with BAITSSS assists to minimize uncertainties in crop ET modelling in a time series.