煤矿安全与生产调度管理系统

以平顶山矿务局四矿为例,结合煤矿生产实际,论述了以计算机为中心,集矿井灾害监测和工况监测于一体的现代化煤矿安全与生产调度管理系统的原理、结构、功能与实现方法。     

矿山地质环境调查研究现状及展望

矿产资源开发引发的矿山环境地质问题正成为影响矿山正常生产和人居生态环境安全的重要因素,为了实现资源开发与环境保护并重的绿色矿业目标,需要在合理开发利用矿产资源的同时,最大程度地减少、减轻矿业开发对矿山地质环境的负面影响。依据8年来矿山地质环境调查研究工作的经验和体会,简述了矿山环境地质的兴起与发展、研究意义和方法、现状与进展,提出了今后矿山环境地质研究的主要方向和内容,旨在推动矿山环境地质研究工作的同时,推进矿山地质环境保护工作。     

吉林省道清矿北斜井南平峒煤层冲击地压危险性数值模拟

通化矿业(集团)公司道清煤矿地质构造复杂,且已经进入深部开采阶段,煤体采动所形成的矿压对安全生产造成较大威胁。为预测该矿北斜井南平峒煤层冲击地压危险性的程度,对其煤层进行冲击地压危险性数值模拟,分析了煤层在自重应力场和构造应力场下水平应力、垂直应力、XY剪切应力大小及分布规律,得出应力集中区出现在F3号逆掩断层与煤层交汇处,即此处冲击地压危险性程度相对较大,开采时应注意防范,确保矿井安全开采。     

Geostatistical coal quality control in longwall mining

The coal quality is an important aspect of coal mine planning. This paper presents a case study in which an underground coal mine is faced with severe penalty cost because it does not consider in situ coal quality control at all. To help short term planning of the coal production the mean calorific values of the blocks inside the production panels are estimated by kriging. The estimated calorific values are compared with those obtained from actual production. The ratio of the calorific values of actual production to estimated values is found to be 0.73 in average due to adverse effect of dilution on the quality of run-of-mine coal. This study reveals the importance of geostatistical block modelling in short term mine planning.     

高应力区露天转地下开采岩体移动规律

以金川龙首矿为例,基于2003―2008年长达12期的GPS实测数据,按照时空分布比较分析总体变形趋势,得出整个矿区的地表沉降特征、平面位移特征、行线（勘探线）随时间变化的沉降和平面位移特征。据此分析了以水平构造应力为主导的高应力区露天转地下开采引起岩体的变形规律,并与该矿闭坑之初的变形规律比较,通过理论分析的方法对产生差异的原因进行初步解释,并用数值模拟的方法加以验证,其研究结果对认识露天转地下开采引起的岩体移动、破坏特征,指导矿区安全生产有积极意义     

利用地质成果优化3010皮带上山设计

3010皮带上 山 建成 后将 担 负着 范各 庄 矿三 水平 、四 水平 的 煤炭 运输 任 务,服务 年 限要 求 至 少 30a。 此 皮 带上山 位于 岩 溶陷 落柱 较 发育 的井 口 区域 ,范 各庄 矿 发现 的 12个 陷落 柱 全部 位于 此 区域 。由 于 陷落 柱直 接 导通 下部 奥 灰水 ,一 旦揭 露 将有 淹没 整 个矿 井的 危 险。为 保 证矿 井安 全 ,在 工程 施工 前 ,利用 地 质手 段对 设 计区 域进 行 了探 查,发现皮 带上 山 的中 上部 发 育有 岩溶 陷 落柱 ,两 次对 设 计进 行了 修 改,为 施 工提 供了 安 全保 障。     

Production of acid water in a lead-zinc mine,Coeur d'Alene,Idaho

The Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene mining district produces approximately 10 m³/minute of acid water containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Field and laboratory studies indicate that much of the acid water is produced in a single ore body in the upper part of the mine. The ore of this body contains mainly sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a siderite-quartz gangue. Ground water recharges this ore body through a near-vertical zone of high permeability, which is the result of mining by the caving technique. Ore samples from the caving area contained oxidized forms of iron and produced acid in a laboratory leaching test. Leaching experiments with several ore samples from the mine also indicated that the ratio of pyrite to calcite in the samples strongly controlled the resultant pH values. Oxidation of pyrite to sulfuric acid and compounds of iron is apparently responsible for the production of acid water in the mine. In contrast, dissolution of calcite in water results in a basic solution, with pH around 8.3, that can neutralize the acid produced by the oxidation process. Methods for prevention of acid mine drainage in this and other similar mines are noted.     

大水金矿采空区群稳定性分析与治理研究

针对大水金矿采用浅孔留矿法遗留的急倾斜采空区规模大、形态复杂,安全隐患突出问题,根据三维激光扫描探测结果及现场调查,选取了8个主要空区的结构参数,利用顶板跨厚比法、简支梁模型分析法、Mathews图解法评价了采空区的稳定性,结果显示：8号采空区顶板处于Ⅰ级安全状况（稳定区）,3号、5号采空区顶板处于Ⅲ级较不安全状况（支护过渡区）,1号、2号、4号、6号、7号采空区顶板处于Ⅳ级危险区状况（崩落区）。分别采用干式充填法、β崩落法及封闭空区的处理方法对所有空区进行治理,有效阻止采空区围岩发生大规模的地压活动,取得较好的治理效果,为矿山持续、安全生产提供保障。     

丰源煤矿矿井涌水规律及控制因素分析

丰源煤矿位于新疆呼图壁县白杨沟内,井田开采历史较长,存在大量老窑水富集区,且紧邻白杨沟河,故煤矿主井长期面临涌水问题,对主井进行了近两年的排水,涌水量仍未见明显降低,推测主井与白杨沟河、老窑水之间存在较复杂的导水通道。对丰源煤矿及其邻区开展了构造地质调查、水文地球化学分析、地球物理勘探等工作,对矿井突水通道位置和范围变化等情况进行了空间动态连通性分析,基本查明了影响矿井涌水量的主要因素,即:(1)NE向的断层F_4、F_5有一定阻水性;(2)NW向、近EW向节理、断层密集带构成了区域的优势导水结构面;(3)塌陷坑及河道衬砌严重破坏段为拉张塌陷区,构成了地表水和浅层潜水的主要渗漏补给区。     

坚硬顶板超前区域治理技术在神东布尔台煤矿的应用

坚硬顶板是岩层控制的一大难题,高位坚硬岩层的破断失稳经常会诱发强矿压灾害,严重威胁矿井的安全生产,坚硬顶板的治理是煤矿安全生产的重大难题之一。针对神东矿区布尔台煤矿煤层顶板厚度大、硬度高、垮落难等问题,分析定向长钻孔分段水力压裂的压裂机理和技术优势,基于关键层理论确定了钻孔布置层位,采用拟三维裂缝模型对压裂注入时间和注入流速对裂缝扩展的影响进行分析计算,确定布尔台煤矿42108工作面顶板压裂钻孔布置方式,沿工作面倾向方向平行布孔3个,裂缝半长41 m,压裂控制区域覆盖了整个工作面。实践表明:42108工作面在实施了坚硬顶板分段水力压裂弱化后,工作面正常支架循环末阻力同比下降3.33%;周期来压期间,支架循环末阻力同比下降6.81%;动载系数平均降低了10.88%;强矿压显现减弱,保证工作面安全回采。      

四方山矿采区地表变形及对地面建筑的影响

偏远山区矿山开采多以小窑掘进为主，其对地表变形的影响已引起人们的重视。根据四方山煤矿所处的地质环境及开采的实际特征，通过对其采深采厚比和顶板岩层质量的分析，采矿厚度、采空段宽度的计算，得出该区小窑开采对地表变形无影响的结论。     

四方金矿工业指标变化对矿床规模和开采方法的影响

四方金矿在矿山开采的生产实践中,随着生产规模的增大以及国际金价、国内原材料的增涨变化,在矿床工业指标管理过程中,根据外部需求、生产经营成本、生产规模等因素综合分析及时地调整工业指标,采矿方式和方法。做到资源／储量估算合理最大化利用,开采方式和方法简单经济。做到矿山开采年限最大幅度地延长。     

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力;针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区;同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

The paradigm of Circular Mining in the world: the Iberian Pyrite Belt as a potential scenario of interaction

Water is one of the receptors most affected by the impacts caused, especially in the case of mining sulphides and, to a lesser extent, of coal. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is the main problem associated with these mining operations, producing extremely high impacts, and in many cases irreversible impacts, until now. A new concept of mining can make this activity compatible with the environmental preservation and also to the recovery of the environment affected by the old mining operations that today are in the process of reopening. This new concept implicates the paradigm of Circular Mining as a derivative of the concept of Circular Economy, considered as a strategy that aims to reduce both the entry of materials and the production of virgin waste, closing the “loops” or economic and ecological flows of resources. The present work discusses the paradigm of Circular Mining, focused on the Iberian Pyrite Belt, one of the most paradigmatic metallogenetic regions in the world. Based on some examples, expeditious calculations show the possibility of recovering base metals as well as strategic elements from acid mine drainage, thus obtaining important economic assets.     

基于GIS组件与ANN耦合技术的矿井构造复杂程度评价

矿井构造是影响煤矿安全生产的主要因素,对瓦斯突出、矿井突水有着明显的控制作用。矿井构造具有空间性和非线性等特点,使矿井构造复杂程度评价的难度较大,据此利用MapObjects的空间分析功能和非线性人工神经网络（ANN）耦合技术,对矿井构造复杂程度进行评价。根据前人的研究成果,将突水系数、底板倾角变异系数、底板标高变异系数、断层强度指数、断层密度等5项指标引入评价体系,经过空间分析统计和模型识别,建立了矿井构造复杂程度评价模型。在开滦矿区东欢矿8煤层构造复杂程度的评价中,共训练及评价了研究区的226个评价单元．评价结果表明研究区西部及西北部构造复杂,中部及东南部构造相对简单。     

Determination of actual limit angles to the surface and their comparison with the empirical values in the Upper Silesian Basin (Czech Republic)

This study deals with the determination of the actual limit angles in the long-term formed subsidence basin in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin (the remaining part lays in Poland). Here there was the most extensive underground exploitation of black coal in the north-east of the Czech Republic. A limit angle is absolutely decisive in the determination of deep mining influences in relation to the current and future utilisation of this territory. The two CSM and Paskov mine localities on the edge of the subsidence basin were selected for this study, since they could not have been affected by mining in neighbouring mines. On the grounds of the long-term levelling monitoring of points on the surface which started prior to mining, the horizontal distance between the mined out area and the undisturbed ground surface was identified. The impact of limit angle on the surface was calculated by means of the horizontal distance and the established mining depth. Such identified actual limit angles reached the values of 36° at the CSM Mine and 25° for the Paskov Mine. The calculated values are significantly lower when compared with the currently applied empirical values of 57° for the CSM Mine and 56° for the Paskov Mine. This means that the extent of the undermining effects is unambiguously wider by 611 m at the CSM Mine and by 883 m at the Paskov Mine. This study thus establishes the existence of a significantly vaster area influenced by coal deep mining than previously expected. The identified facts lead to the conclusion that regular revisions and follow-up updates of the empirically determined parameters are recommended.     

编制矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案的几点体会

《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》是进行矿山地质环境保护、治理、监测及土地复垦的技术依据之一。采矿权申请人在办理采矿证前要编制《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》,采矿权变更涉及到开采规模扩大、矿区范围变更、开采方式改变,要重新编制或修订《矿山地质环境保护与土地复垦方案》。本文根据几年来的编制经验,就编制中容易出现的问题,谈谈心得体会。     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

关闭煤矿工业广场再开发策略研究

随着我国煤炭去产能政策的有力实施,一批资源枯竭及产能落后矿井陆续关停废弃,传统的独立工矿区因此沉寂,服务于煤炭生产和职工生活的工业广场面临功能丧失、土地闲置等问题。挖掘关闭煤矿工业广场的价值并赋予其新功能,是盘活存量资源、激发独立工矿区活力的关键。以山西省晋城市关闭煤矿凤凰山矿为例,研究该矿与晋城市的发展演变及其相互作用;分析关闭煤矿工业广场空间构成要素,采用层次分析法(AHP)进行价值评估,判明主要空间要素的价值特征与更新挑战;进而探索关闭煤矿工业广场的再开发城市设计策略。分析认为,山地矿业风貌与绿色生态本底是凤凰山矿的核心价值表征,应将风貌存续与生态保育作为再开发重点。关闭煤矿需确立“矿退城进”的更新目标,主动与城市产业对接,由“封闭的工业广场”转变为“开放的城市街区”。在此基础上,提出景观引导下的秩序控制、功能空间的整合与重置、交通体系的外通与内融、矿业文脉特色的延续与塑造、既有建筑的再循环改造5个方面的城市设计策略。研究表明,通过基础设施景观化改造,可在提升矿区环境质量的同时创造城市特色;借鉴城市设计思维可为关闭煤矿保护性再开发策略的制定提供帮助,在此类资源型地区的城市更新中具有应用前景。      

Mechanism of the water invasion of Gaoyang Iron Mine,China and its impacts on the mine groundwater environment

With the development of mining of iron deposits in China, groundwater invasion and the impacts of groundwater drainage, such as regional groundwater table lowering, overlapping cones of depression, subsidence, and water quality deterioration are environmental problems which endanger mining production and human life. Effective prevention of water invasion or timely determination of the mechanism of water bursting and rational design of drainage plans are the most urgent mining challenges. The mechanism of water invasion and the environment impacts on the groundwater system of the Gaoyang Iron Mine, China were dealt with in this paper. A systematical investigation of the hydrogeological conditions and monitoring of groundwater dynamics of the mine were completed. Results show that the limestone of the middle Ordovician System constitutes the under floor of the iron deposit. This limestone is the main source of water invasion into the mine. Groundwater dynamic equilibrium conditions are broken due to mine drainage. Water invasion and drainage have caused a serious impact on the groundwater environment of the area.