南海大鹏湾盐田海域骨条藻数量的多元分析

１９９０年及１９９１年３月３０日－５月３０日，在南海大鹏湾盐田海域设点测定骨条藻数量及各环境要素，以逐步回归，主成分分析及判别分析的方法，分析该海区骨条藻数量与环境因子的关系。１９９０年４、５月与１９９１年４，５月骨条藻数量差异与该期间环境因子值差异显著有关；初步提出用三维主成分分析图及判别分析方程作为盐田海域骨条材料潮预报的方法。     

两种美洲瓶螺在香港的发现

于１９８５年７月－１９８８年１０月，在香港新界北部，进行螺类生态调查。对采集的标本鉴定表明，有两种瓶螺－光滑瓶螺、大瓶螺，是在香港首次发现。这对香港地区今后采取生物控制措施、防止近年来引入的孟氏血吸虫的中间宿主－藁杆双脐螺的蔓延具有实际意义。     

多管藻内生真菌Chaetomium globosum.苯甲醛类次生代谢成分研究

从采自青岛近海的红藻多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)中分离到一株毛壳霉属真菌球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum.),对其发酵代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究。采用溶剂提取、分配,硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析以及制备薄层层析等技术已分离获得6个单体化合物,通过一维、二维超导核磁共振技术、质谱技术等鉴定了其中4个化合物的结构,均为苯甲醛类衍生物,分别为2-(1-庚烯基)-3、6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(Ⅰ)、2-庚基-3、6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(Ⅱ)、2-(3、5-庚二烯基)-3、6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(Ⅲ)、2-(1、3、5-庚三烯基)-3、6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(Ⅳ)。     

Growth of red gurnard (Teleostei: Triglidae) from Pegasus bay,Canterbury, New Zealand

Growth of the red gurnard, Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson and Garnot), from Pegasus Bay, Canterbury, was measured during 1966–67. Otoliths were used as an indicator of fish growth; mean length‐at‐age data were obtained from back‐calculated fish lengths at the time of formation of successive annual rings in the otoliths. Growth in length was found to be adequately expressed by the von Bertalanffy growth equation :

l_t = 52.0 [1 ‐ e‐^{0.406 (t‐o.291)}]

(where l_t is the fork length in cm at age t). The length: weight relationship was:

w = 78.56 × 10^‐4 l ^3.072

(where w is the weight in grams). From this relationship, growth in weight was described by the equation:

w_t = 1469 [1 ‐ e‐0.406 (t‐0.291)]³.     

南方鲇的排粪量及消化率同日粮水平、体重和温度的关系

于１９８８年２月－１９８９年２月测定了南方鲇幼鱼的排粪量，从而估算共消化率。结果表明，当水温为２５℃时，在日粮水平分别是体重的１％，２％，４％和达饱食的条件下，平均消化率分别为摄入食物能量的８０．３２％，８４．９４％，８８．４０％ｔ ８７．２７％；在平均初始体重分别为８．７２，２５．４３，４５．１６，７８．１８和１２７．５ｇ的实验组中，平均消化率分别为８６．５９％，８１．１５％，９０．３８％，８６     

渤海湾青鳞鱼和斑鱼祭两种鱼卵及仔鱼的比较研究

应用１９７９年６月－１９８０年８月渤海湾环境调查中的青鳞鱼及斑Ｊｉ卵和仔鱼资料，以几种数学方法对其早期发育阶段的形态及分布特征进行初步探讨。结果表明，两种鱼的各期卵径、卵黄径均差异显著；两种仔鱼体形相似，但在卵黄吸收殆尽前后体形均有圈套的变化；它们的体高、头长、标准长、肛前长，眼径之间两两显著相关，仔鱼从Ⅰ期到Ⅱ变化的是一些大长度量，而肛前和肛后肌节数变化不大。两种鱼卵及仔鱼皆出现在整个海区，青鳞     

虾池纳潮期日本刺沙蚕幼虫数量及其沉降的研究

于1992年2月27日－5月30日在文登市高岛盐场养虾场，对日本刺沙蚕（卵、各期胚胎和幼虫）的纳潮数量和幼虫的沉降进行现场调查和实验研究。结果表明，对养虾生产有意义的纳潮期有3个。3月上旬的新月潮，持续12d，数量为（25－50）×103个／m3，主要组成是受精卵、各期胚胎和担轮幼虫。3月甲旬的满月潮持续7d，数量为（2－5）×103个／m3。4月上旬的新月潮持续8d，数量为（2－3．5）×103个／m3。纳潮量与潮汐关系密切，但与平均潮高无显著的相关。各潮期的纳潮数量比应是4：4：2。对16个纳潮虾池测试的平均沉降量为4492个／m2。据现场调查和实验研究，日本刺沙蚕幼虫的沉降期可划为暂时沉降（5－6刚节）和变态沉降（7—10刚节）。出现暂时沉降（4月15日以后），便可执行纳潮后的排水等虾池早期管理。纳潮的定量监测方法简单、快速和准确，可用来指导虾池的纳潮。     

Criteria for aging and sexing New Zealand oystercatchers

Criteria based on external characters are presented for aging and sexing the three New Zealand species of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus finschi Martens, 1897, H. unicolor Forster, 1844, and H. chathamensis Hartert, 1927. Four classes are discerned: juveniles have brown dorsal plumage, a brown iris and grey legs; second‐year birds have an orange‐red iris and pale pink legs; sub‐adults have a dull red iris and pink legs; adults have a scarlet iris and bright coral pink legs. The three species can be sexed by discriminant analysis of the sexually dimorphic characters bill length (x ₁), bill length:bill depth (x ₂) and bill length:bill width (x ₃). Linear functions and discriminating values for predicting sex are :

H. ostralegus finschi 0.46x ₁+3.15x ₂+2.94x ₃, 77.41;

H. unicolor 0.12x₁+6.52x₂+2.85x₃ , 58.05; and

H. chathamemis ‐0.93x ₁+1.50x ₂+7.48x ₃, ‐20.86.

Similarly, the sexes of immature H. ostralegus finschi can be predicted :

juveniles 0.73x₁+ 5.76x ₂ + 3.10 _x3 116.57;

second‐year birds 0.57x ₁+5.12x ₂+ 0.98x ₈, 84.84; and

sub‐adults 0.55x ₁+1.88x ₂+ 1.08x ₃, 65.90.’     

Biology of evechinus chloroticus (echinoidea: Echinometridae) from different localities

The distribution, general habits, morphological variation, food, associates and predators ‘Of the common endemic New Zealand echiooid Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) are considered.

Evechinus chloroticus is chiefly a rocky bottom dweller but adults, juveniles and very small individuals often occupy different microhabitats. The urchin is typically found in shallow subtidal situations (<12m) although considerable intertidal populations occur in some areas, particularly towards the north. A superimposed dispersion pattern of population and intra‐population clumping is typical and densities often exceed 50 adults/m².

Spine length, thickness and sharpness and test thickness vary between populations but no significant variation in test shape (height/diameter) was observed. Variations in spination are probably related to wave exposure while test thickness is at least in part related to nutrition.

In the localities where macroscopic algae are diverse and abundant, Evechinus is almost exclusively algivorous, but it predominantly browses material from the substrate where algae are sparse.

The rhabdocoele, Syndesmis sp. (in the gut) and various tiliates (in the gut and gonad) were commonly found in Evechinus. The urchin provides shelter and food for the clingfish Dellichthys morelandi, and the isopod Exosphaeroma sp. is probably also a close associate.

Known predators include the cymaitiid gastropods Charonia capax and C. rubicunda, the seastar Coscinasterias calamaria, and the blue cod Parapercichthys colias and snapper Chrysophrys auratus.     

翡翠贻贝幼体附着和变态的离子控制

于１９９３年５－１２月在厦门大学海滨实验场,以人工培养的悲翠贻贝幼体作为实验材料,在人工海水中添加３－１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ     

Intertidal zone of Delaware Inlet,Nelson, New Zealand

Abstract

A study was made of Delaware Inlet (41° 10'S, 173° 26’ E), Nelson, New Zealand, during February—April 1976. The catchment contains sparse animal and human populations, and supplies unpolluted influent waters.

Over 90% of the inlet was intertidal, with surfaces of predominantly sand interspersed with mud, gravel, cobbles, and shell. Less than 10% of the sediments were colonised by macroscopic vegetation, principally Juncus spp. with Salicornia australis, Zostera muelleri, Viva lactuca and Enteromorpha spp. Two microscopic organisms (Euglena obtusa and Oscillatoria ornata) were studied. Dense aggregations of molluscs, particularly Amphibola crenata (mud snail) and Chione stutchburyi (cockle) were present in specific areas.

Salinity of the water fluctuated widely from <4‰ at the river mouth to 35.0‰ in the main channel at high tide. Nitrogen levels (N0₂‐N, NO₃‐N, NH₄‐N, Kjeldahl‐N) were determined on influent and waters of the inlet. For the main channel, levels of NO₃‐N, NH₄‐N and Kjeldahl‐N tended to be substantially higher around low water than at high tide; respective maxima and minima were 0.016 and 0.001 g.m^?3, 0.050 and 0.001 g.m^?3, and 0.35 and 0.10 g.m^?3. For water from river and streamlets, average levels of nitrogen components were similar to those for the main channel at low tide.     

Seasonal succession and vertical distribution of phytoplankton in Lake Hayes and Lake Johnson,South Island,New Zealand

In two small monomictic lakes near Queenstown, South Island, New Zealand, algal associations characteristic of eutrophic waters were present throughout most of the period from December 1969 to February 1972.

In Lake Hayes, five of the six algal genera which were recorded in the plankton in 1948–50 were still present, but Anabaena appeared to have increased. Blooms of A. flos‐aquae which were not recorded 20 y ago (Jolly 1952) occurred in the lake in the three summers of this study and in winter of the second year. Melosira granulata dominated the plankton in winter; at other times of the year Closterium aciculare, Cyclotella kuetzingiana, and Staurastrum spp. were dominant.

In Lake Johnson the major algae differed from one year to another. Blooms of Anabaena flos‐aquae formed during the first two summers but were absent in the third, when Closterium aculum var. variabile was dominant. Peridinium cinctum was abundant throughout the first year, especially in December 1969 and October 1970, when concentrations of more than 1000 cells per ml occurred at the surface. During autumn and winter of the second year, Staurastrum bibrachiatum dominated the plankton.

In both lakes micro‐algae were abundant in late spring and early summer.

In winter when the lakes were isothermal, algae were distributed fairly uniformly with depth. During the period of thermal stratification, algae were mainly confined to the epilimnion. Although green algae and diatoms were usually dispersed fairly uniformly throughout this zone, Cryptomonas and Peridinium were often concentrated at a certain depth. In Lake Johnson in late summer 1971, a layer of purple photosynthetic bacteria, of which concentrations of 0.5–1.3 × 10° cells per ml were recorded, was present at a depth of 7–8 m.

Algae were more abundant in summer than in winter in both lakes. The mean standing crop of algae for the trophogenic zone of Lake Hayes was 6000 cells per ml, and a maximum crop of 65 000 cells per ml was recorded in December 1971 during an Anabaena bloom: the mean volume of phytoplankton was 1.93 mm³ per litre for the trophogenic zone with a maximum of 7.49 mm³per litre in January 1970 when Anabaena and Peridinium were abundant. In Lake Johnson the mean number of algae in the trophogenic zone was 11000 cells per ml and the mean volume of phytoplankton was 9.37 mm³ per litre: a maximum volume of 33.12mm³ per litre was recorded in October 1970 when Peridinium was abundant.     

A preliminary study of age and growth of the monkfish Lophius upsicephalus (Pisces: Lophiidae) on the Agulhas Bank,South Africa

The sagittal otoliths of Lophius upsicephalus, although extremely variable in shape, were found to be the only structures suitable for age estimation. The annuli are multi-ringed zones separated by "wider than normal" opaque zones. They are difficult to interpret, especially those of fish older than nine years. Periodicity of annulus formation could not be determined by standard methods. By inference, annulus formation could be related to feeding habits and reproductive seasonality. The growth in length (sexes combined) is best described by

Length-at-age = 733,7 (1 – e^{?0,1054 (t + 1,879)})mm.

There is a significant difference in growth by mass between the sexes. The respective equations describing growth by mass (in g) for males and females are:

Weight-at-age = 8616 (1 – e^{?0,1054 (t + 1,879)})^2,805 and

Weight-at-age = 9499 (1 – e^{?0,1054 (t + 1,879)})^2,890.     

大鹏湾夜光藻种群的季节变化和分布特征

于１９９０年３月－１９９２年６月对中国南海大鹏湾盐田附近海域的夜光藻种群动态及时空分布进行了综合调查，结果表明，夜光藻种群的出现期间一般为每年的１－６月，最早是１９９１年的１２月，娄量高峰期为３－５月，种群密度的波动极为显著；调查期间共发生８次赤潮，且都发生在３月初至５月初；大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮的发生特点是，赤潮的发生和消失突然，持续时间短，一般不超过３ｄ。     

大鹏湾夜光藻种群的季节变化和分布特征

于1990年3月－1992年6月对中国南海大鹏湾盐田附近海域的夜光藻种群动态及时空分布进行综合调查。结果表明，夜光藻种群的出现期间一般为每年的1－6月，最早是1991年的12月，数量高峰期为3－5月，种群密度的波动极为显著；调查期间共发生8次赤潮，且都发生在3月初至5月初；大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮的发生特点是，赤潮的发生和消失突然，持续时间短，一般不超过3d；调查海域夜光藻种群的空间分布模式为近岸的高于中央水域的，表面的高于底层的。     

Bacterial populations,heterotrophic potentials,and water quality in three New Zealand Rivers

Abstract

Thirty sites were sampled in three New Zealand rivers (Waikato, Maitai, and Wakapuaka) during late summer 1977. Samples were collected from just below the surface at mid river or in the tailraces below hydro‐electric dams.

Parameters measured included bacterial numbers (direct counts), heterotrophic potential (V_max ), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), chlorophyll a (Chi a), and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.

Bacterial populations per millilitre fluctuated threefold (6.4–19.4 × 10⁵) along the Waikato River and were lower and more consistent in the two South Island rivers (1.46–2.55 × 10⁵). In contrast, V_max varied 5000‐fold in the Waikato River, from a characteristically oligotrophic value of 0.0035 μg. l^?1·h^?1 (Lake Taupo outlet) to a eutrophic value of 18.4 μg. l^?1·h^?1 at the Mihi bridge. V_max for the two South Island rivers ranged from 0.0091 to 0.189 μg. l^?1 · h^?1.

ATP, Chi a, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations for the 20 sites on the Waikato River varied in a similar way to the V_max and bacterial data. There were large peaks at the Mihi bridge, lower values for the dam tailraces and significant increases for the sites below Hamilton. Concentrations for these parameters were lower and more consistent along the lengths of the two South Island rivers.

Most parameters were significantly correlated with each other for the Waikato River samples. The strongest correlations were between V_max and bacterial numbers and between V_max and nitrate nitrogen. In the Maitai and Wakapuaka River series these correlations were also significant, but the only other significant correlations recorded there were between ATP and nitrate nitrogen, and between ATP and bacterial numbers.     

Moina sp. (cladocera: Moinidae) in a sewage plant,wellington, referred to moina tenuicornis sars, 1896 (note)

A species of Moina from sewage ponds at Glenside, Wellington, New Zealand, is identifiable with Moina tenuicornis Sars, 1896, and distinguishable from Moina australiensis Sars, 1896 sensu stricto, in having rectangular sculpturing on the ephippium, ungrouped setae on the hind margin of the carapace, and in lacking a permanent supra‐ocular depression. Because of wide variation in some diagnostic characters, possibly both taxa are conspecific.

Some physical and chemical characteristics of the habitat are tabulated, since little is known of the ecological requirements of these morphologically similar species. Using mean values as a guide, the Glenside population of Moina tenuicornis favours a temperature in the vicinity of 20°c, a very slightly alkaline pH, a dissolved oxygen content in excess of 6mg/litre, a dissolved solid content of about 270 mg/litre, of which about half is organic and exerts a BOD5 of about 60 mg/litre, and suspended organic solids of about 150 mg/litre.