Identifying Galactic PeVatrons with neutrinos

We perform a realistic evaluation of the potential of IceCube, a kilometer-scale neutrino detector under construction at the South Pole, to detect neutrinos in the direction of the potential accelerators of the Galactic cosmic rays. We take fully account of the fact that the measurement of the energy of the secondary muons at the detector can be used to further discriminate between the signal and the background of atmospheric neutrinos. A PeVatron is defined as the accelerator of cosmic rays with energies of several PeV, the knee in the spectrum; it has a hard energy spectrum and produces secondary photons of hundreds of GeV on the interstellar medium. Assuming that the Milagro sources are PeVatrons, an IceCube analysis combining the information from the different sources can reveal them as such at the 3σ level in one year and at the 5σ level in three years. We discuss the dependence of these expectations on the considerable ambiguities associated with the source spectra.     

射电天空与观测源分布可视化软件

射电天文观测需要事先对射电源分布及天空背景有清晰的了解。目前国内射电天文台站缺乏射电天空与观测源分布可视化软件来对射电天空背景和观测源进行显示。开发一款简洁、移植性强的可视化软件,方便观测者直观地了解射电天空,帮助他们制定合理的观测计划。该软件使用C语言及PGPLOT子函数库编写,在Linux系统下运行,实现了星空的实时查询和按时查询,并支持用户更改观测台站、天空背景和射电源表等。该软件具有很好的扩展能力,将面向国内各天文台站及天文爱好者开源发布。     

中国频谱射电日像仪FITS-IDI文件格式研究

我国新一代中国频谱射电日像仪（Chinese Spectral Radio Heliograph,CSRH）原始观测数据采用自定义格式,在进行后续处理与共享使用时必须转换相应的格式.在分析FITS-IDI（FITS Interferometry Data Interchange）格式的基础上,结合CSRH的实际观测模式与数据产出方式,定义与设计了符合项目情况的FITS-IDI格式及字段,并对FITS-IDI文件中若干字段的值如何获取、计算进行了深入讨论.根据定义生成的FITS-IDI文件已成功导入CASA软件,并可以进行后续处理.经过对CASA测量集文件的核实,证明了数据生成的正确性.本研究有效地推进了CSRH的建设工作,也对其他射电干涉阵数据存储有一定的参考价值.     

关于太阳射电快速活动真伪信号识别问题

本文列举了云南天文台四波段太阳射电实测中得到的几种干扰实例及确认的太阳快速信号，在认识到太阳射电和干扰信号十分相似的基础上，探讨如何识别真伪信号问题。     

用于太阳射电快速记录系统中的微带功率晶体管放大器的研制

本文介绍了云南天文台微带功率晶体管放大器在太阳射电快速记录系统中的设计原理和技术性能，并给出了放大器的线路图和最初的测量结果。     

15厘米太阳射电望远镜增益运算放大器的制作与调试

本文介绍了１５厘米太阳射电望远镜增益运算放大器的结构原理，调试检测及测试结果。     

射电天球参考架指向维持方法讨论

依据河外射电源天球参考架的现状与建立射电天球参考架的最终目的，本文提出了以共同基本源维持参考架指向的观点。对实际资料的归算结果表明，在确保参考架指向长期稳定性方面，共同基本源指向维持模型优于ＩＥＲＳ维持模型。依据验算结果，文中同时讨论了选源标准与参考架指向稳定性的关系，指出基本源一次性变更的比例不能过高。一方面应完善选源标准；另一方面，一旦此标准发生性？上的改变时，应对在旧标准下选出的基本源进行复核，并作相应的指向调整，否则将可能造成参考架指向的跳变。     

Studying the first galaxies with ALMA

We discuss observations of the first galaxies, within cosmic reionization, at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths. We present a summary of current observations of the host galaxies of the most distant QSOs (z∼6). These observations reveal the gas, dust, and star formation in the host galaxies on kpc-scales. These data imply an enriched ISM in the QSO host galaxies within 1 Gyr of the big bang, and are consistent with models of coeval supermassive black hole and spheroidal galaxy formation in major mergers at high redshift. Current instruments are limited to studying truly pathologic objects at these redshifts, meaning hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (L _FIR ∼10¹³ L _⊙). ALMA will provide the one to two orders of magnitude improvement in millimeter astronomy required to study normal star forming galaxies (i.e. Ly-α emitters) at z∼6. ALMA will reveal, at sub-kpc spatial resolution, the thermal gas and dust—the fundamental fuel for star formation—in galaxies into cosmic reionization.     

云台40m射电望远镜的指向误差校正

首先综述了射电望远镜指向误差校正的原理并对软件校准的两种方法进行了比较。其次阐述了利用软件校准的方法对云南天文台40m射电望远镜进行指向校正的过程,并给出其指向校正结果。结果是经过指向校正后该射电望远镜的指向精度达到观测要求。     

太阳AR7646、7647活动区黑子磁场和新的射电微耀斑爆发

１９９４年１月５日日面上产生的１次１Ｎ／Ｍ１．０耀斑爆发，射电１．４２ＧＨｚ高时间分辨率观测也同时接收到，在小爆发过程里伴有５３个脉冲信号叠加在连续辐射背景上，是很罕见的现象。在ＡＲ７６４６的黑子前导区域，５日有２处新浮的小黑子对，磁场分别成细小磁流管平行和交又状态，是产生爆发的根源；脉冲信号是微耀斑在射电方面的瞬时辐射现象，由耀斑连续产生微能量释放而出现，单个的能量释放为（０．３—３．３）×１０１０焦耳。在能量释放过程里，非热电子加速起到重要作用。     

The search for hot spots associated with the Cygnus X-3 relativistic jet

We report and shortly discuss here the observational work carried out in order to test the possibility that two previously detected radio sources, in the vicinity of the well known microquasar Cygnus X-3, could be hot spot tracers of interaction between its relativistic jet and the interstellar medium (ISM). The motivation behind this search is in part justified considering recent theoretical models of high energy γ-ray emission which strongly rely on the interaction sites of galactic relativistic jets with nearby ISM clouds. The results presented in this paper include an improved radio exploration of the several arc-minute field around Cygnus X-3 using the Very Large Array (VLA), as well as deep near infrared (NIR) imaging with the Calar Alto 3.5 m telescope. We anticipate here that our observations do not appear to support the initial hot spot hypothesis. Instead, the resulting images suggest that the two radio sources, originally believed to be hot spot candidates, are most likely background or foreground objects.     

太阳和月球射电辐射对40m天线数据接收影响分析

利用标准射电源和标准噪声源,对宁静太阳和月球射电辐射的噪声温度进行了测量,估计它们对40m天线接收绕月卫星信号的影响,结论是:(1)40m天线指向偏离太阳超过2°时,能够满足正常数据接收要求;(2)40m天线指向月球时,系统接收的噪声温度增加值为87.1K, 此时系统的总噪声温度能够满足正常数据接收要求.     

太阳射电频谱仪超高时间分辨率观测的新结果

国家天文台分米波太阳射电频谱仪用新的观测模式获得太阳射电频谱的一些新的观测现象。新的观测模式频率在1．1—1．34GHz范围，时间分辨率是1．25ms；正常的观测模式下频率在1．1—2．06GHz范围，时间分辨率是5ms。在两种模式下频率分辨率为4MHz。发现窄带Ⅲ型爆发（“blips”）斑马纹（Zebra）和纤维结构（Fiber）中的超精细结构和一些新的精细结构。这些新的结果有助于深入理解在太阳耀斑期间低日冕中能量的释放和转移，也为拟建中的太阳射电频谱日像仪提出了新的要求。     

1988至1992各年度IERS综合河外射电源表的重新归算

鉴于ＩＥＲＳ综合河外射电源表在建立ＩＡＵ协议天球参考架方面的重要意义和它们的不足之处，本文重新组建了１９８８至１９９２各年度的综合河外射电源表，称之为Ｃａｔ系列表。并依据综合表的组建原理，对重新计算得到的Ｃａｔ系列表进行了检验，结果表明Ｃａｔ系列表克服了ＩＥＲＳ系列表中坐标系不统一的缺点，指向的定义及维持亦较之ＩＥＲＳ系列表有较大程度地改观。比较结果显示，ＩＥＲＳ系列表中部分源的坐标存在毫角秒量级的偏差，各年度综合表的指向与ＩＥＲＳ预期指向亦有不同程度的偏离，个别轴的最大指向偏差至０．６ｍａｓ。同时指出，１９９３年ＩＥＲＳ综合表的指向亦有待讨论。     

基于CCD提高射电望远镜极轴校准精度及修正

射电望远镜极轴的安装定位是否准确直接影响其指向精度和成像质量,通过运用光学CCD原理精确测量射电望远镜极轴偏差角度,用以安装校准极轴,达到提高射电望远镜指向精度和成像质量的效果,并且结合计算机可实现多极轴同时校准,提高工作效率。同时,基于CCD技术可以及时发现天线极轴出现的偏差并进行修正,提高了数据的质量。     

Radio pulses from ultra-high energy atmospheric showers as the superposition of Askaryan and geomagnetic mechanisms

Radio emission in atmospheric showers is currently interpreted in terms of radiation due to the deviation of the charged particles in the magnetic field of the Earth and to the charge excess (Askaryan effect). Each of these mechanisms has a distinctive polarization. The complex signal patterns can be qualitatively explained as the interference (superposition) of the fields induced by each mechanism. In this work we explicitly and quantitatively test a simple phenomenological model based on this idea. The model is constructed by isolating each of the two components at the simulation level and by making use of approximate symmetries for each of the contributions separately. The results of the model are then checked against full ZHAireS Monte Carlo simulations of the electric field calculated from first principles. We show that the simple model describes radio emission at a few percent level in a wide range of shower-observer geometries and on a shower-by-shower basis. As a consequence, this approach provides a simple method to reduce the computing time needed to accurately predict the electric field of radio pulses emitted from air showers, with many practical applications in experimental situations of interest.     

Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io’s atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array

Many of the key properties of Io’s atmosphere, such as its spatial distribution, temperature, column density and composition, are still not fully assessed despite decades of extensive observations. The contribution of the possible gas sources to the atmospheric replenishment are then still unclear.This paper presents disk-resolved observations performed with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 345 GHz of atmospheric rotational lines of the main atmospheric species SO₂, and, for the first time, of the minor species SO and NaCl. All these species appear concentrated on the anti-jovian hemisphere, but do not share the same spatial distribution. The obtained maps and line-averaged fluxes are compared to realistic models simulating gas sources including volcanic plume outgassing, SO₂ frost sublimation and photolysis. Arguments in favor of each sources are examined and compared to observations, putting constraints on their relative roles for each species.While sublimation clearly appears as the favored major source for SO₂, SO₂ photolysis may account for most of the production of SO. Using constraints on the volcanic plumes distribution from Galileo results, we find that direct volcanic input can only contribute for a minor fraction of atmospheric SO₂, but represent a more significant source for SO atmosphere, and is likely to be the only source for NaCl. Temperature and column densities findings are also presented for SO₂, and compare well to previously published observations and atmospheric models.     

Search for supernova neutrino bursts with the AMANDA detector

The core collapse of a massive star in the Milky Way will produce a neutrino burst, intense enough to be detected by existing underground detectors. The AMANDA neutrino telescope located deep in the South Pole ice can detect MeV neutrinos by a collective rate increase in all photo-multipliers on top of dark noise. The main source of light comes from positrons produced in the CC reaction of anti-electron neutrinos on free protons . This paper describes the first supernova search performed on the full sets of data taken during 1997 and 1998 (215 days of live time) with 302 of the detector's optical modules. No candidate events resulted from this search. The performance of the detector is calculated, yielding a 70% coverage of the galaxy with one background fake per year with 90% efficiency for the detector configuration under study. An upper limit at the 90% c.l. on the rate of stellar collapses in the Milky Way is derived, yielding 4.3 events per year. A trigger algorithm is presented and its performance estimated. Possible improvements of the detector hardware are reviewed.