北京沙尘天气的变化特征及其沙尘源地分析

通过对北京市沙尘天气的变化特征、出现沙尘天气的天气形势、移动路径、关键区域和地表特征的分析,以及与降水量的相关分析,研究了北京市沙尘天气的变化趋势及其沙尘源地的基本特征。结果表明,近56年来,北京市浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴等天气现象均呈现出不规则的波动减少的变化态势;进入北京的冷空气和沙尘主要有偏西、西北和偏北三条移动路径;蒙古气旋加冷锋是北京产生沙尘天气的最主要天气系统;影响北京的沙尘质点主要来源于我国内蒙古以及中蒙边境地区;从地表特征来看,北京市周边地区存在着大片的沙尘来源地。沙尘天气与降水量的相关分析表明,沙尘源区的春季降水对当年北京市三种沙尘天气的影响突出,而本地的降水更多的是仅仅影响当年的沙尘暴天气。要缓解北京市的沙尘天气灾害,除了在北京市及其周边地区植树造林、建立生态屏障外,还要加强对沙尘源地的监测与管理,坚持以草定畜、适度放牧,严防植被破坏,同时要及时预报沙尘天气的影响范围和持续时间,把危害降到最低程度。     

新疆沙尘天气为何较多

沙尘天气是因风将地面沙尘扬起,使水平能见度下降的天气现象,能见度是辨别它们的重要标准之一。出现沙尘天气需要哪些主要条件？首先是充足的沙尘源,其次是足够吹起沙尘的风力,再次需满足一定的热力条件。     

塔城地区沙尘天气变化特征

 根据1961-2005年塔城地区9个气象站地面实测资料,用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall、相关分析和合成分析等方法对塔城地区沙尘天气的时空分布及变化特征进行了分析,并对其机理进行了讨论。结果表明：1) 沙尘天气高发区位于沙湾、乌苏一带,次高值中心位于额敏,沙尘日数与大风日数、降水量空间分布呈反向分布的特点;2) 年均沙尘暴日数为3.8 d,主要发生在4-9月;3) 沙尘日数呈减少的趋势,其中沙尘暴日数以1.0 d/10a的速率显著减少,大风日数以10.5 d/10a的速率显著减少;4) 沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘日数分别在1993、1992、1973年发生了显著减少的突变;5) 近半个世纪来新疆的冷空气活动强度和频率有所减弱(小),而大风日数的显著减少是沙尘日数减少的主要原因。     

2003年山西沙尘天气气候特征初步分析

本文通过1970年至2000年山西省扬沙和沙尘暴发生日数的统计分析，总结出山西省沙尘天气的时空特征，并对比近几年沙尘天气的情况，从环流特征和气候背景人手，分析2003年沙尘天气偏少的原因。     

石家庄大气污染与沙尘天气的关系分析

利用2002—2006年石家庄市逐时气象资料和环境监测资料,分析了8次典型沙尘天气对空气污染的影响。结果表明:沙尘天气的首要污染物均是可吸入颗粒物,春季中度以上污染日平均出现在沙尘日当日或次日;造成石家庄沙尘天气污染源分外来型、本地型以及二者共同影响型3种;其中,本地型沙尘污染多受冷锋影响,PM10浓度与风速呈正相关。而外来型污染多处于弱气压场控制,PM10浓度与南风呈反相关,而当风向转偏北时则利于污染物积累。     

珠峰地区积雪变化与气候变化的关系

根据三次Landsat遥感数据,应用GIS空间分析方法,分析了1975-2000年珠峰地区定日县常年积雪变化特征,并探讨其与气候变化之间的关系。结果表明,1975-2000年间定日县内常年积雪总计减少了7.49％,减少面积为105.35 km2,主要发生在珠峰及其周围高大山体常年积雪覆盖的边缘地区,其中,海拔5 000～6 000 m之间减少最多,占减少总面积的70％左右。气温和降水量变化是导致常年积雪变化的主要因素,特别是在全球变暖的大背景下,珠峰地区的气温上升趋势是其主要驱动因子。气温升高导致珠峰及周围高大山脉边缘的冰川和常年积雪不断消融,加上1980年代的降水量相对较少,使得1975-1992年常年积雪面积不断减少;但1990年代后期降水量增加显著,研究区东南部海拔相对较低的区域有较多的积雪累积,1993-2000年常年积雪面积略有增加。     

郑州市春季气象条件与沙尘天气关系研究

为了研究郑州市春季沙尘天气与气象条件关系,利用郑州市1951—2011年的春季沙尘天气与降水、温度观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明:近60 a来郑州市的气候变化是显著的,表现在温度升高、降水减少,沙尘天气减少;春季沙尘天气的频次与降水和温度气象条件有较好的对应关系,降水日数多,沙尘暴次数少;降水量大,扬沙次数少;温度低,降水量小,降水日数少,发生沙尘天气的频次高。     

兰州市呼吸道疾病与沙尘天气关系的分析

利用 1996～ 1998年春季兰州市某医院呼吸道门诊逐日病例资料和同期甘肃河西 19站沙尘暴、扬沙及兰州站浮尘逐日资料 ,对兰州市呼吸道疾病发病人数与沙尘天气的关系进行了分析。分析结果表明 ,两者之间呈显著的正相关 ,当甘肃河西发生沙尘暴、扬沙天气或兰州出现浮尘天气且无明显降水后的 1～ 2d ,兰州市呼吸道疾病呈现高发趋势。     

沙尘天气成因分析与预报

针对黑龙江省近两年发生的几次沙尘天气进行分析，结合其频发原因，沙源路径及物理机制找出黑龙江省沙尘天气出现的预报着眼点及预报方法。     

贵南县近50年沙尘天气变化特征

贵南的沙尘天气主要是扬沙和沙尘暴天气,扬沙多于沙尘暴,浮尘很少。沙尘天气出现在11月至翌年5月。对近50年贵南11月至翌年5月影响沙尘天气的平均风速、月大风天数、月扬沙和沙尘暴天数、气温及其降水资料进行分析表明:20世纪60—70年代是沙尘天气较多期,年际间变幅也大。特别是70年代是沙尘天气最多期(地面月平均风速、大风、扬沙、沙尘暴的极端气候最大值都在70年代)。1985年以后扬沙,沙尘暴天气明显减小且变幅也小。年内1—3月沙尘天气较多,其中3月份为最多,随后逐月回落。沙尘天气的日变化:沙尘天气一般出现在午后,傍晚消退。     

Relationship between East Asian Monsoon and Dust Weather Frequency over Beijing

The relationship between dust weather frequency (DWF), which denotes the number of days of dust weather events, over Beijing and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) was studied using DWF data for Beijing during the period 1951--2006. Results show that, during this period, the blowing-dust weather frequency (BDWF), as well as the indices of East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), all decreased considerably, with a t-test confidence level of 99%. The correlation coefficients between the chosen EAWM index and BDWF over Beijing in winter and the following spring were 0.34 and 0.33, respectively, with significance levels of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. For the chosen EASM index and BDWF, these correlation coefficients were 0.51 and 0.45, respectively, with both at a confidence level exceeding 99.9%. With the linear trends removed, the values (in the same order as above) were 0.14, 0.14, -0.12, and -0.09, all not significant at the 95% confidence level. Clearly, the EAM relates mainly to DWF over long timescales. To a certain extent, the EAM might have some impact on DWF by affecting the associated surface air temperature and precipitation during the corresponding time period in sand-dust source regions at the interannual scale. A stronger (weaker) EAWM might advance (suppress) the occurrence of DWF, and the opposite for the EASM.     

东亚沙源地与下游影响区沙尘天气频数变化对比分析

基于1999—2019年地面气象观测资料,对东亚主要沙尘源地(蒙古国、中国新疆和内蒙古)及中国沙源地下游地区的沙尘天气频数演变特征进行了分析,结果表明：蒙古国是沙尘天气发生最严重的地区,且有明显增加的趋势,扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴均远高于其他区域。中国整体沙尘天气数量显著减少,新疆快速增多,内蒙古和下游地区明显减少。新疆浮尘发生频次最高,近21 a线性倾向呈明显上升趋势;内蒙古扬沙频次最高,强沙尘暴最少,4类天气均呈逐年减少趋势;我国下游地区多发浮尘和扬沙,沙尘暴和强沙尘暴发生次数很少,全部沙尘天气呈减少趋势。1999—2004年为我国沙尘天气高发期,2005—2019年明显减少,其中2010—2014年减少速度最快。沙尘源地对我国沙尘天气总数的贡献持续增大,从2000年初的39%增长到2015年之后的71%。作为沙尘源地,蒙古国对沙尘天气产生的作用有所增强,而内蒙古则在减弱;国内沙尘源地导致的能够影响并扩展至中国下游地区和下游国家的强沙尘天气显著减少。     

Seasonal Prediction of Spring Dust Weather Frequency in Beijing

In this paper, seasonal prediction of spring dust weather frequency (DWF) in Beijing during 1982-2008 has been performed. First, correlation analyses are conducted to identify antecedent climate signals during last winter that are statistically significantly related to spring DWF in Beijing. Then, a seasonal prediction model of spring DWF in Beijing is established through multivariate linear regression analysis, in which the systematic error between the result of original prediction model and the observation, averaged over the last 10 years, is corrected. In addition, it is found that climate signals occurring synchronously with spring dust weather, particularly meridional wind at 850 hPa over western Mongolian Plateau, are also linked closely to spring DWF in Beijing. As such, statistical and dynamic prediction approaches should be combined to include these synchronous predictors into the prediction model in the real-time operational prediction, so as to further improve the prediction accuracy of spring DWF in Beijing, even over North China. However, realizing such a prediction idea in practice depends essentially on the ability of climate models in predicting key climate signals associated with spring DWF in Beijing.     

青藏高原东部积雪与影响福建的热带气旋频数

应用青藏高原东部１７个测站１９５７～１９８８年秋冬季（１１～２月）平均积雪深度及积雪日数资料,分析了积雪深度及积雪日数异常年夏季５００ｈＰａ高度场的不同分布形态,同时对照登陆及影响福建的热带气旋偏多年及偏少年５００ｈＰａ高度场的分布特征,得出青藏高原秋冬季积雪深度偏小（大）年夏季热气旋频数偏多（少）,而积雪日数偏多年,夏季热带气旋频数偏少。     

Decadal Relationship Between Atmospheric Heat Source and Winter-Spring Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau and Rainfall in East China

By using a reverse computation method and the NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data from 1960 to 2004, the atmospheric heat source （AHS） was calculated and analyzed. The results show that AHS over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its neighboring areas takes on a persistent downtrend in spring and summer during the foregone 50 years, especially the latest 20 years. Snow depth at 50 stations over the TP in winter and spring presents an increase, especially the spring snow depth exhibits a sharp increase in the late 1970s. A close negative correlation exists between snow cover and AHS over the TP and its neighboring areas, as revealed by an SVD analysis, namely if there is more snow over the TP in winter and spring, then the weaker AHS would appear over the TP in spring and summer. The SVD analysis between AHS over the TP in spring and summer and rainfall at 160 stations indicates that the former has a negative correlation with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a positive correlation with that in South China and North China. The SVD analysis of both snow cover over the TP in winter and spring and rainfall at the same 160 stations indicates that the former has a marked positive correlation with precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a reversed correlation in South China and North China. On the decadal scale, the AHS and winter and spring snow cover over the TP have a close correlation with the decadal precipitation pattern shift （southern flood and northern drought） in East China. The mechanism on how the AHS over the TP influences rainfall in East China is discussed. The weakening of AHS over the TP in spring and summer reduces the thermodynamic difference between ocean and continent, leading to a weaker East Asian summer monsoon, which brings more water vapor to the Yangtze River Valley and less water vapor to North China. Meanwhile, the weakening of AHS over the TP renders the position of the subtropical high further westward and the r     

陕西沙尘天气的气候特征及影响分析

利用1971～2000年30年陕西94个气象站气象观测资料，根据中国气象局《沙尘天气预警业务服务暂行规定》中的有关规定对陕西沙尘天气及其所包含的沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘三种天气的时、空分布特点和变化特征分别进行了分析，并对其影响做简单论述。分析结果表明：陕西沙尘天气北部多南部少，沙尘暴主要出现在陕北；陕北北部沙尘天气以扬沙为最多，陕北南部、关中、陕南以浮尘为最多；陕西沙尘天气冬春季多，夏秋季较少，尤以4月最多，9月最少；陕西沙尘天气30年来呈减少趋势，其中，沙尘暴减少趋势最明显，浮尘减少趋势较小。     

北京风沙天气基本特征

为了研究自然地表面向大气排放尘埃的源强分布，对北京1961－2000年的风沙天气基本特征进行了初步分析，并且从防治大气尘污染的目的出发，对影响自然地表起尘速率的某些机理进行了探讨。     

北京地区沙尘天气的某些特征分析

利用近几年来气象卫星对沙尘天气的监测结果,分析了影响北京地区沙尘天气的一些特征,得到以下结果:(1)影响北京地区沙尘的源地可分为3类:第1类沙尘起源于蒙古国南部地区,第2类沙尘起源于我国内蒙古地区,第3类沙尘起源于北京本地.(2)影响北京地区的沙尘路径大致有3条:第1条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古浑善达克沙地-河北省西北部-北京地区;第2条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古朱日和一带-河北省西部-北京地区;第3条路径,山西高原-河北-北京地区.(3)沙尘在移动过程中,强度是不断变化的.(4)大气环流是制约沙尘天气的直接原因.     

吕梁地区沙尘天气分析及预测

利用吕梁地区13个县（市）1993年至2002年2月～5月的沙尘天气统计资料；分析了吕梁地区沙尘天气的成因并提出了预测方法及防治对策。