Cloud feedback on sst variability in the western equatorial pacific in goals / lasg model

The cloud feedback on the SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific in GOALS / LASG model is studied in this paper. Two versions of the model, one with the diagnostic cloud and another with the prescribed cloud, are used. Both versions are integrated for 45 years. It is found that in the prescribed cloud run, the SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific is mainly of interdecadal time scale and the interannual variability is very weak. In the diagnostic cloud run, however, the interdecadal SST variability is depressed much and the interannual SST variability becomes much significant. The mechanism for the feedback is then explored. The variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific is found to be controlled mainly by the zonal wind anomaly, through the process of upwelling / downwelling in both versions. Then it is found that in the diagnostic cloud case, the negative feedback of the solar short wave (SW) flux acts significantly to balance the effect of upwelling / downwelling in addition to the latent flux. In addition, the variability of the SW flux is shown to be closely related to the variability of the middle and high cloud covers. Therefore, the negative feedback of the SW surface flux may have significant contribution to the cloud feedback on the SST variability.     

IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的纬向平均大气气候态分析(英文)

分海洋和陆地两种情况来讨论IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式（GOAL）四个版本的结果,并与观测资料进行对比分析。一些重要的大气变量包括表面空气温度,海平面气压和降水率用来评估GOALS模式模拟当代气候和气候变率的能力。总的来说,GOALS模式的四个版本都能够合理地再现观测到的平均气候态和季节变化的主要特征。同时评估也揭示了模式的一些缺陷。可以清楚地看到模拟的全球平均海平面气压的主要误差是在陆地上。陆地上表面空气温度模拟偏高主要是由于陆面过程的影响。值得注意的是降水率模拟偏低主要是在海洋上,而中高纬的陆地降水在北半球冬天却比观测偏高。 通过模式不同版本之间的相互比较研究,可以发现模式中太阳辐射日变化物理过程的引入明显地改善了表面空气温度的模拟,尤其是在中低纬度的陆地上。太阳辐射日变化的引入对热带陆地的降水和中高纬度的冬季降水也有较大改进。而且,由于使用了逐日通量距平交换方案（DFA）,GOALS模式新版本模拟的海洋上的温度变率在中低纬度有了改善。 比较观测和模拟的年平均表面空气温度的标准差,可以发现GOALS模式四个版本都低估了海洋和陆地上的温度变率,文中还对影响观测和模拟温度变率差异的可能原因进行了探讨。     

IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的纬向平均大气气候态分析

分海洋和陆地两种情况来讨论IAP／LASG全球海－陆－气耦合系统模式（GOALS）四个版本的结果，并与观测资料进行对比分析，一些重要的大气变量包括表面空气温度，海平面气压和降水率用来评估GOALS模式模拟当代气候和气候变率的能力，总的来说，GOALS模式的四个版本都能够合理地再现观测到的平均气候态和季节变化的主要特征，同时评估也揭示了模式的一些缺陷，可以清楚地看到模拟的全球平均海平面气压的主要误差是在陆地上，陆地上表面空气温度模拟偏高主要是由于陆南过程的影响，值得注意的是降水率模拟偏低主要是在海洋上，而中高纬的陆地降水在北半球冬天却比观测偏高。通过模式不同版本之间的相互比较研究，可以发现模式中太阳辐射日变化物理过程的引入明显地改善了表面空气温度的模拟，尤其是在中低纬度的陆地上，太阳辐射日变化的引入对热带陆地的降水和中高纬度的冬季降水也有较大改进。而且，由于使用了逐日通量距平交换方案（DFA），GOALS模式新版本模拟的海洋上的温度变率在中低纬度有了改善。比较观测和模拟的年平均表面空气温度的标准度，可以发现GOALS模式四个版本都低估了海洋和陆地上的温度变率，中还对影响观测和模拟温度变率差异的可能原因进行了探讨。     

CMIP6云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP）概况与评述

世界气候研究计划(WCRP)于2003年支持开展云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP)。目前已经开展到第三阶段（CFMIP-3)。相比前两阶段的试验,CFMIP-3试验设计更加丰富、具体,除增加CMIP6 DECK和Historical试验的观测模拟器（COSP）输出外,还围绕着回答7个云反馈相关的科学问题,设计了Tier-1（必做）和Tier-2（可选）两类试验。CFMIP将气候模拟、观测研究和过程模拟等几个研究方向更紧密地联系在一起,并为理解和模拟云及其辐射反馈的气候贡献提供更深刻的认识和分析手段。     

Uncertainty of the Linear Trend in the Zonal SST Gradient Across the Equatorial Pacific Since 1881

The change in the zonal sea surface temperature gradient (ZSSTG) across the equatorial Pacific plays an important role in the global climate system. However, there has not yet been a consensual conclusion about the changing ZSSTG at either a short-term (from 20 to 90 years) or a long-term time scale (longer than 90 years) in the literature. In this study, the uncertainty of the trend in ZSSTG for different sub-periods since 1881 was examined using four interpolated datasets and four un-interpolated datasets. It was found that the trend in ZSSTG on the short-term time scale could be significantly influenced by internal variability such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. On the long-term time scale, the sign of the ZSSTG trend depends on the dataset used. In particular, it was not possible to draw a uniform conclusion about the secular trends in ZSSTG in recent history, given the high sensitivity of the ZSSTG trends to the period, dataset, and regions used to calculate the trends. Our results imply that it may not be possible to detect the response of ZSSTG to global warming until a longer data record becomes available in the future.     

山西省夏季降水与赤道东太平洋海温关系初探

利用山西省58个台站1960-2009年有观测记录的50a夏季降水资料和NCEP／NCAR逐月再分析位势高度场、NOAA逐月海温场资料,研究了山西省旱、涝年大气环流特征差异,并进一步讨论了山西省夏季降水异常与赤道东太平洋（Nino区）海温异常的关系。研究结果表明：山西省夏季降水异常年从前期春季到同期夏季,欧亚中高纬度500hPa位势高度的大气环流存在异常,尤其是乌拉尔山高压脊、贝加尔湖低槽及西太平洋副热带高压等大尺度环流系统都有明显的变化;850hPa风场上蒙古气旋南部纬向风的异常,以及我国东部到华北地区经向风（东亚夏季风）的异常,是直接影响山西省夏季降水的重要环流因子;赤道东太平洋秘鲁冷水舌和太平洋东岸暖水舌均是山西省夏季降水的敏感区,Nino区域前期海温异常对山西省夏季降水有显著的影响,即Nino区域前期海温偏低有利于山西省夏季降水偏多。     

西太平洋副热带高压对热带 海温异常响应的研究

利用多年的观测资料,研究了西太平洋副热带高压对热带海温异常的响应及其相互作用过程。着重研究冬、夏季西太平洋副高对同期及前期不同海域（特别是赤道东、西太平洋以及印度洋海域）海温异常的响应;用SVD方法分析了夏季副热带高压与前冬、前春及同期各月全球海温的最佳耦合模态。在对比研究西太平洋副热带高压异常时其垂直环流变化的基础上,进而研究海气相互作用对副热带高压影响的物理过程。     

气候系统模式FGOALS_gl模拟的赤道太平洋年际变率

本文分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室 (LASG/IAP) 发展的气候系统模式FGOALS_gl对赤道太平洋年际变率的模拟能力。结果表明, FGOALS_gl可以较好地模拟出赤道太平洋SST异常年际变率的主要特征, 但模拟的ENSO事件振幅偏大, 且变率周期过于规则。耦合模式模拟的气候平均风应力在热带地区比ERA40再分析资料的风应力强度偏弱30%左右, 由此引起的海洋平均态的变化, 是造成模拟的ENSO振幅偏强的主要原因。FGOALS_gl模拟的ENSO峰值多出现在春季或夏季, 原因可归之于模式模拟的SST季节循环偏差。耦合模式可以合理再现ENSO演变过程, 但观测中SST异常的东传特征在模式中没有得到再现, 这与模拟的ENSO发展模态表现为单一的 “SST模态” 有关。模拟的ENSO位相转换机制与 “充电—放电” 概念模型相符合, 赤道太平洋热含量的变化是维持ENSO振荡的机制。在ENSO暖位相时期, 赤道中东太平洋与印度洋—西太平洋暖池区的海平面气压距平型表现为南方涛动型 (SO型), 200 hPa位势高度分布表现为太平洋—北美遥相关型 (PNA型)。     

西太平洋赤道海域上空可降水和云液态水的遥感分析

根据1985—1989年中国科学院组织的西太平洋热带海域(0—5°N,110—150°E)综合考察过程中船载双通道微波辐射计五年累计获得的22599组观测资料,以及NOAA极轨卫星资料,综合分析了该海域中水汽总量和云液态水的统计特征及其年际变化,水汽场的整层与下层关系,可降水的日变化及空间分布等特征.指出了某些与陆地上不同的特点,为气候及海上边界层研究提供了有意义的观测事实.同时,给出了五年中辐射计探测与探空测值的统计比较结果.     

Summer Persistence Barrier of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Central Western North Pacific

The persistence barrier of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs) in the North Pacific was investigated and compared with the ENSO spring persistence barrier.The results show that SSTAs in the central western North Pacific(CWNP) have a persistence barrier in summer:the persistence of SSTAs in the CWNP shows a significant decline in summer regardless of the starting month.Mechanisms of the summer persistence barrier in the CWNP are different from those of the spring persistence barrier of SSTAs in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific.The phase locking of SSTAs to the annual cycle does not explain the CWNP summer persistence barrier.Remote ENSO forcing has little linear influence on the CWNP summer persistence barrier,compared with local upper-ocean process and atmospheric forcing in the North Pacific.Starting in wintertime,SSTAs extend down to the deep winter mixed layer then become sequestered beneath the shallow summer mixed layer,which is decoupled from the surface layer.Thus,wintertime SSTAs do not persist through the following summer.Starting in summertime,persistence of summer SSTAs until autumn can be explained by the atmospheric forcing through a positive SSTAs-cloud/radiation feedback mechanism because the shallow summertime mixed layer is decoupled from the temperature anomalies at depth,then the following autumn-winter-spring,SSTAs persist.Thus,summer SSTAs in the CWNP have a long persistence,showing a significant decline in the following summer.In this way,SSTAs in the CWNP show a persistence barrier in summer regardless of the starting month.     

一个大羊环流模式中赤道西太平洋暖池海面温度对西风爆发的响应

用逐日的欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析(ERA)风应力,和由Haney公式结合ERA海表资料与预报海温计算出的热通量强迫一个全球大洋环流模式.并用逐日的模拟结果与TOGA-COARE(Tropical Ocean--Global Atmosphere--Coupled Ocean-AtmosphereResponse Experiment)浮标观测资料对比,分析模拟结果中暖池海区上层海洋热量平衡对西风爆发(WWB)的响应.在第一次WWB过程中,模拟与观测的主要差异在WWB期间,而造成差异的原因主要是模式中由下沉运动引起的增温和由强的纬向温度梯度引起的暖平流.初步认为下沉增温可能是差分格式本身和模式分辨率不足造成的.从热量平衡的结果看,第二次WWB事件的模拟比第一次更成功,两次差异可能与两次WWB事件的季节背景不同有关.     

一个大洋环流模式中赤道西太平洋暖池海面温度对西风爆发的响应

用逐日的欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析(ERA)风应力,和由Haney公式结合ERA海表资料与预报海温计算出的热通量强迫一个全球大洋环流模式.并用逐日的模拟结果与TOGA-COARE(Tropical Ocean--Global Atmosphere--Coupled Ocean-AtmosphereResponse Experiment)浮标观测资料对比,分析模拟结果中暖池海区上层海洋热量平衡对西风爆发(WWB)的响应.在第一次WWB过程中,模拟与观测的主要差异在WWB期间,而造成差异的原因主要是模式中由下沉运动引起的增温和由强的纬向温度梯度引起的暖平流.初步认为下沉增温可能是差分格式本身和模式分辨率不足造成的.从热量平衡的结果看,第二次WWB事件的模拟比第一次更成功,两次差异可能与两次WWB事件的季节背景不同有关.     

A Study of SST Warming Trend in the Western Equatorial Pacific in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Land GCM

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Numerical Simulation of Global Temperature Change during the 20th Century with the IAP／LASG GOALS Model

The IAP/LASG GOALS coupled model is used to simulate the climate change during the 20th century using historical greenhouse gases concentrations, the mass mixing ratio of sulfate aerosols simulated by a CTM model, and reconstruction of solar variability spanning the period 1900 to 1997. Four simulations, including a control simulation and three forcing simulations, are conducted. Comparison with the observational record for the period indicates that the three forcing experiments simulate reasonable temporal and spatial distributions of the temperature change. The global warming during the 20th century is caused mainly by increasing greenhouse gas concentration especially since the late 1980s; sulfate aerosols offset a portion of the global warming and the reduction of global temperature is up to about 0.11℃ over the century; additionally, the effect of solar variability is not negligible in the simulation of climate change over the 20th century.     

The Impact Cooling of the Storm-Induced SST on Hurricane Intensity

The effects of storm-induced sea surface temperature （SST） cooling on hurricane intensity are investigated using a 5-day cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bonnie （1998）. Two sensitivity simulations are performed in which the storm-induced cooling is either ignored or shifted close to the modeled storm track. Results show marked sensitivity of the model-simulated storm intensity to the magnitude and relative position with respect to the hurricane track. It is shown that incorporation of the storm-induced cooling, with an average value of 1.3℃, causes a 25-hPa weakening of the hurricane, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST. Shifting the SST cooling close to the storm track generates the weakest storm, accounting for about 47% reduction in the storm intensity. It is found that the storm intensity changes are well correlated with the air-sea temperature difference. The results have important implications for the use of coupled hurricane-ocean models for numerical prediction of tropical cyclones.     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the SST Anomalies in the Tropical Western Pacific on the Blocking Highs over the Northeastern Asia

The effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are simulated by the IAP-GCM with an observed and idealized distributions of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific,respectively.Firstly,the atmospheric circulation anomalies during July and August,1980 are simulated by three anomalous experiments including the global SST anomaly experiment,the tropical SST anomaly experiment and the extratropical SST anomaly experiment,using the observed SST anomalies in 1980.It is shown that the SST anomalies in the tropical ocean greatly influence the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia,and may play a more important role than the SST anomalies in the extratropical ocean in the influence on the atmospheric circulation anomalies.Secondly,the effects of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are also simulated w     

江淮梅雨与太平洋海表温度的相关分析

讨论了江淮梅雨期降水量与太平洋海表温度的同期和前期的相关性,揭示其年际和年代际变化的相互关系。表明江淮梅雨量与同期和上年春季、冬季几个关键区域SST具有显著相关性;江淮梅雨量年际和年代际变化与太平洋SST年际和年代际变化也存在一定关系,热带太平洋、墨西哥湾和东太平洋SST年代际变化对江淮地区梅雨降水量的年代际变化趋势预测有较强指示意义。     

The Impact of the Storm-Induced SST Cooling on Hurricane Intensity

The effects of storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on hurricane intensity are investigated using a 5-day cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Two sensitivity simulations are performed in which the storm-induced cooling is either ignored or shifted close to the modeled storm track. Results show marked sensitivity of the model-simulated storm intensity to the magnitude and relative position with respect to the hurricane track. It is shown that incorporation of the storm-induced cooling, with an average value of 1.3℃, causes a 25-hPa weakening of the hurricane, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST. Shifting the SST cooling close to the storm track generates the weakest storm, accounting for about 47% reduction in the storm intensity. It is found that the storm intensity changes are well correlated with the air-sea temperature difference. The results have important implications for the use of coupled hurricane-ocean models for numerical prediction of tropical cyclones.     

Possible Origins of the Western Pacific Warm Pool Decadal Variability

In this study,the impacts of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) were investigated.Our results show that the WPWP is linked with the PDO and the AMO at multiple time scales.On the seasonal time scales,the WPWP and the PDO/AMO reinforce each other,while at decadal time scales the forcing roles of the PDO and the AMO dominate.Notably,a positive PDO tends to enlarge the WPWP at both seasonal and decadal time scales,while a positive AMO tends to reduce the WPWP at decadal time scales.Furthermore,the decadal variability of the WPWP can be well predicted based on the PDO and AMO.     

SST日变化对西太平洋暖池海表热通量季节内变化的影响(英文)

基于利用日最大太阳辐射、日平均海面风和日降水量近似计算海表温度（SST）日变化的振幅的方法,发展了一个计算SST日循环的参数化方案。利用周平均SST强迫美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的CCM3大气模式进行了有、无考虑SST日变化的比较试验。热带海洋与全球大气计划之耦合海气响应实验（TOGA COARE）的强化观测期间 IMET浮标的逐时海表观测资料不仅验证了该参数化方案的合理性,也表明了利用参数化方案对强迫场SST迭加日变化使CCM3较真实地模拟出西太平洋暖池海表热通量的季节内变化的位相结构。