致密储层岩石应力各向异性与材料各向异性的实验研究

本文在实验室中对四组来自不同地区的致密砂岩和页岩的波速和波速各向异性开展了研究.结合扫描电镜分析和波速应力敏感性测试,分析了引起致密砂岩和页岩各向异性的主要影响因素及规律.研究结果:(1)层理和微裂隙是引起致密砂岩各向异性的主要影响因素,而页岩的各向异性主要由定向发育的矿物成分导致,本研究中所用的致密砂岩各向异性强于页岩的各向异性.(2)平行地层方向的岩石波速高于垂直地层方向的岩石波速,超声波速随着应力增加而增加(3)波速各向异性随应力的变化分为两阶段,第一阶段随应力增加而减弱的应力各向异性,与定向排列的微裂隙相关.第二阶段随应力不再发生变化的材料各向异性,与基质中的矿物成分相关.(4)利用体积应变获得的裂隙孔隙度,以及矿物成分含量验证了这两类各向异性,应力各向异性与裂隙密度成正比,材料各向异性与黏土矿物含量线性相关.(5)根据波速各向异性随应力变化的两阶段,可以定量区分裂隙和基质(矿物)对岩石各向异性的影响,研究结果对体积压裂的裂缝扩展具有重要的意义.     

组合坚固体应变扰动及波速异常的破裂前兆特征研究

研究了高、低强度3段拼合岩石样品在单轴压缩和双轴单面直接剪切时的破裂特征及突发应变扰动与波速异常的破裂前兆。从分别置于高、低强度段上的应变变化看,在整个样品破裂前,低强度段(弱岩)先出现突发扰动,高强度段(强岩)后出现突发扰动。从分别穿过高、低强度段上的波速变化看,低强度段波速先出现下降,高强度段后出现下降。主破裂后明显的裂缝贯穿整个拼合岩样。进而讨论了坚固体孕震模式(主破裂前)的突发性应变前兆与波速异常的时空特征。     

波速资料管理工作初探

分析了波速资料管理现状和所存在问题的原因及所造成的影响，提出了具体的波速资料管理办法。     

含裂缝VTI介质的弹性波传播特性研究

有利油气储集的层状沉积地层中广泛存在裂缝,属于含裂缝VTI介质.综合考虑层状介质和裂缝介质的特点,基于几何相似原理,设计并制作了含定向排列裂缝的VTI介质物理模型,实验研究了测量频率、裂缝特征尺寸、裂缝密度对弹性波透射的影响.结果表明,波垂直裂缝面传播时,纵波首波速度随测量频率的增加而线性增大,峰值速度基本不变,单纯由裂缝导致的衰减以良好的乘幂规律降低;纵波波速随裂缝密度、裂缝特征尺寸的增大而线性增大;衰减随裂缝密度增大而增大,随裂缝特征尺寸的增大而减小.当接收探头波长与特征尺寸比为1~12时,纵波首波速度变化显著,处于射线理论与等效介质理论描述的过渡区间.纵横波速比对裂缝特征尺寸变化敏感,可作为典型的裂缝监测参数,也为基于弹性波相应的预测岩石孔隙结构提供了依据.     

气枪震源信号波速变化计算中的水位影响及消除

气枪震源是一种重复性很高的人工震源.受激发条件改变影响,气枪信号一致性会有所下降.反褶积方法可以去除气枪信号中激发压力、沉放深度、位置移动等的影响,但信号中水位变化的影响难以通过反褶积消除.地震信号波速变化反映了介质应力及物理状态的变化.利用气枪信号计算的波速变化受水位变化影响不能完全反应真正的介质变化,对研究结果及后续分析和应用产生较大干扰.为消除气枪信号波速变化中水位变化的干扰,本文提出了一种消除水位影响的方法:(1)水位以△h =0.2 m为间隔分段,将各个水位区间内激发的所有气枪信号叠加;(2)计算所有水位区间内气枪信号的波速变化,得到波速变化与水位变化的关系;(3)进行最小二乘拟合得到水位变化与波速变化的关系式,并计算水位变化引起的波速变化;(4)初始波速变化减去水位变化引起的波速变化,得到消除水位后的介质波速变化.研究结果表明:大银甸水库水位变化引起的气枪信号波速变化率最大可迭10-2,波速变化与水位变化呈线性正相关,水位影响随震中距的增大而减小,相同震中距气枪信号受水位变化的影响大小与气枪信号穿过水体的多少有关.运用本文提出的去除水位影响的方法可较好地消除波速变化中的水位变化信息.     

现场剪切波速测试误差及其对地震动影响研究

剪切波速是建筑工程场地上岩土体介质的一个重要参数。由于其数据结果直观、现场实验简单易行,剪切波速在工程中得到了广泛的应用。对任何一个物理量,测试结果均存在着一定程度的偏差。长期以来,无论专家学者还是工程技术人员,对剪切波速测试结果的可靠性均心存疑虑,希望能够早日了解掌握客观情况,以便制订相关标准进而改进技术。由于剪切波速测试不是一个孤立的量,对地震工程而言,现场剪切波速测试误差直接影响了地震动计算结果。这一结果涉及地震小区划和工程场地地震安全性评价工作。目前,还缺乏对剪切波速测试误差的实测结果,相关工作还无法开展。基于以上原因,本文围绕剪切波速测试误差专项实验展开,对现场剪切波速测试误差及其对震动的影响进行了研究,旨在为评价波速测试误差和确定其对地震动的影响提供依据。首先,本文介绍了剪切波速测试误差及其对地震动影响的研究现状,评述了相关工作的研究进展。目前,对剪切波速测试误差的研究还停留在对波速与深度关系进行拟合的层面上,还缺乏专门的波速测试误差专项实验。对于现场剪切波速测试误差对地震动的影响研究则主要集中在假设波速变化的定性分析上。本文的研究内容填补了国内外波速测试误差研究的空白,提出用专项实验结果来研究现场剪切波速测试误差并研究其影响。其次,本文设计了剪切波速测试误差专项实验并通过实验获得了波速测试误差的初步分布。通过对国内8个地区20个专项实验场地的测试,给出了涵盖4类工程场地的剪切波速测试误差测试结果,证明了波速测试误差客观存在。实验结果表明,噪音是影响波速测试误差的首要因素。再次,本文对剪切波速测试误差进行了分布拟合并进行了验证,论证了剪切波速测试误差的分布符合标准正态分布。通过将每一类场地的波速测试误差进行整合,本文将波速值的偏差变成了无量纲的测试误差百分比,这一结果就将具体场地的波速测试误差结果推广到所有一、二、三、四类场地。研究表明:波速测试误差的标准差约为15%,结合标准正态分布的性质,本文认为,约38%的测试结果精度较高,约68%的测试结果较为可靠。然后,本文利用专项实验结果采用一维等效线性化土层反应分析程序,研究了波速测试误差对加速度反应谱的影响。通过2 160组工况的计算结果,本文总结了剪切波速测试误差对反应谱的影响规律。研究表明:剪切波速测试误差对加速度反应谱有影响,影响程度主要由波速测试误差程度、场地类别和输入的地震波决定。剪切波速测试误差引起的加速度反应谱偏差程度与输入的地震动强度基本无关,只与波速测试误差的大小有关。当输入的地震波周期成分与场地卓越周期相近时,场地易发生共振,波速测试误差引起的反应谱变化明显。最后,本文结合波速测试误差的正态分布特性讨论了不同概率水平下,波速测试误差对地震动的影响程度。本文认为,用PGA和SI作为指标讨论影响程度是合理的。PGA值的变化准确描述了场地最大响应的变化,而SI则代表了能量的变化。研究表明:如果以PGA变化20%为标准,那么均值0.5倍波速测试误差范围内的波速测试误差对PGA基本没有影响,结合波速测试误差的分布进行分析,可以认为,38%的波速测试结果对PGA没有影响,其余62%的波速测试结果对PGA是否有影响,需要结合场地条件和地震波进行分析。均值0.5倍波速测试误差范围内的波速测试误差对造成的SI偏差基本都在5%以内。本文的结语部分对工作进行了总结,指出了现有工作的不足之处和未来工作的重点。     

岩石裂缝扩展前波速异常的实验研究

近年来岩石中的裂缝扩展问题受到地震研究者的重视。人们认为有些地震可能是地壳岩石中既存裂缝和断层扩展引起的。裂缝和断层临扩展前其四周大范围内岩体中的应力值低于岩石强度很多,在此情况下周围岩体中有没有裂缝或断层扩展的前兆性波速变化是个值得重视的问题。本文用实验的方法就此问题进行了探索。     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震前后介质波速变化特征分析

本文利用研究区内13个地震台站2014年1月至12月的连续波形数据, 采用背景噪声互相关方法, 提取了2014年8月3日鲁甸M_S6.5地震的同震波速变化。 结果表明, 鲁甸地震对介质波速的影响具有明显的空间差异性, 较大幅度的同震波速变化主要集中于则木河断裂—小江断裂及莲峰断裂区域。 其中, 莲峰断裂SW段和则木河断裂NW段区域的波速出现了较为明显的同震降低, 则木河断裂和小江断裂交界处则出现了明显的波速升高。 通过对比研究区内介质波速的同震变化与鲁甸地震对周边主要活动断裂应力积累的影响后发现, 波速变化与应力变化在空间分布上具有较高的一致性, 且两者的变化幅度也成正相关关系。 由此可以看出, 鲁甸地震造成的应力变化可能是地下介质波速变化的主要原因。 采用相同的方法对2014年4月5日永善M_S5.1地震研究后发现, 永善地震后鲁甸地震震源区及其附近区域波速明显升高。     

砂岩孔隙度和含泥量与波速关系的模型

砂岩孔隙度和含泥量是影响波速的两个重要因素。研究它们之间关系具有重要意义,本文利用含有裂隙的有效弹性模量关系和泥与骨架的组合理论,建立一个模型,用来描述波速和孔隙度及泥质含量的关系,所得关系与实验结果基本吻合。     

实验样品波速测量的尺度效应和环境效应

本文用超声波地震模型实验方法,对引起有机玻璃样品P波速变化的尺度因素和环境因素进行了实验研究。结果表明,当样品厚度小于一个波长时,样品尺度和环境介质对样品P波速都有明显影响。当样品厚度由使用换能器的1/16个波长增加到3个波长时,P波速变化约16％。在低于样品P波速的液体中测量,样品的P波速增加,增加的幅度与液体的波速有关。文中还对纵波和拉伸波的转换现象作了初步探讨。     

孔、裂隙并存地层中的声波测井理论及多极子声场特征

在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义.     

The role of seismic methods in investigation of rock mass

The existence of cracks in a rock mass causes the reduction of seismic wave velocity and the anisotropy of seismic wave velocity, which is characteristic for rocks with preferred orientation of cracks. The present study concerns sedimentary rocks (sandstone, limestone) and igneous rocks (basalt, granite). Studying the relationship between seismic anisotropy and cracks anisotropy in rocks I was only interested in fractures perpendicular to the layering. This allowed me to calculate two-dimensional crack tensors and velocity tensors in planes parallel to the layer surface. An application of tensor calculus enables to take into account both geometry and orientation of cracks. The obtained results confirm that the directions of major axes of second-rank velocity tensor prove the relationship consistent with predictions of theoretical models. Owing to these dependences, seismic methods can be used to study the cracks anisotropy in rocks inaccessible for direct observations.     

Simulation of full-waveform log in saturated cracked formations using Hudson's approach

We study the propagation of elastic waves that are generated in a fluid‐filled borehole surrounded by a cracked transversely isotropic medium. In the model studied the anisotropy and borehole axes coincide. To obtain the effective elastic moduli of a cracked medium we have applied Hudson's theory that enables the determination of the overall properties as a function of the crack orientation in relation to the symmetry axis of the anisotropic medium. This theory takes into account the hydrodynamic mechanism of the elastic‐wave attenuation caused by fluid filtration from the cracks into a porous matrix. We have simulated the full waveforms generated by an impulse source of finite length placed on the borehole axis. The kinematic and dynamic parameters of the compressional, shear and Stoneley waves as functions of the matrix permeability, crack orientation and porosity were studied. The modelling results demonstrated the influence of the crack‐system parameters (orientation and porosity) on the velocities and amplitudes of all wave types. The horizontally orientated cracks result in maximal decrease of the elastic‐wave parameters (velocities and amplitudes). Based on the fact that the shear‐ and Stoneley‐wave velocities in a transversely isotropic medium are determined by different shear moduli, we demonstrate the feasibility of the acoustic log to identify formations with close to horizontal crack orientations.     

涪陵地区井下页岩岩芯裂缝体密度与声学性质关系实验研究

本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性.     

STRESS WAVE VELOCITY AND CRACK SYSTEM OF A MEDIUM *

Two in situ measurements of stress wave velocity in a granodiorite massif were made. Firstly, the velocities close to the source were investigated (for elimination of the influence of cracks), and secondly, the velocities in different horizontal directions over a large area were studied from the viewpoint of their dependence on the crack system of the medium. A correlation between the mutual orientation of the cracks and the maximum or minimum values of the stress wave velocities was obtained.     

周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型纵波衰减特征

地震波在含孔隙、裂隙斑块饱和介质传播过程中会诱发多个尺度孔隙流体流动而产生衰减和速度频散.在含有宏观尺度“Biot流”和介观尺度“局域流”衰减诱导机制的周期性层状孔隙介质模型基础上,引入了微观尺度硬币型和尖灭型裂隙“喷射流”的影响,构建了周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型.利用双解耦弹性波动方程的方法数值计算了该模型地震频带的纵波衰减和速度频散并与周期性层状孔隙介质模型做了对比研究.分析了该模型在不同裂隙参数（裂隙密度、裂隙纵横比）及裂隙体积含量下的纵波衰减和频散特征,裂隙密度越高对于纵波衰减和频散的影响越大,裂隙纵横比越小,由裂隙引起的纵波衰减部分向高频段移动,裂隙体积含量越少,纵波衰减先降低后小幅增加再降低,频散速度增加,并逐渐接近于周期性层状孔隙介质模型的纵波衰减和频散速度曲线.最后研究了周期性层状含孔隙、裂隙介质模型有效平面波模量的高低频极限以及流固相对位移在该模型中的分布特征.     

Seismic velocities in fractured rocks: an experimental verification of Hudson's theory1

Flow of fluids in many hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers is enhanced by the presence of cracks and fractures. These cracks could be detected by their effects on propagation of compressional and shear waves through the reservoir: several theories, including Hudson's, claim to predict the seismic effects of cracks. Although Hudson's theory has already been used to calculate crack densities from seismic surveys, the predictions of the theory have not yet been tested experimentally on rocks containing a known crack distribution. This paper describes an experimental verification of the theory. The rock used, Carrara marble, was chosen for its uniformity and low porosity, so that the effect of cracks would not be obscured by other influences. Cracks were induced by loading of laboratory specimens. Velocities of compressional and shear waves were measured by ultrasound at 0.85 MHz in dry and water-saturated specimens at high and low effective pressures. The cracks were then counted in polished sections of the specimens. In ‘dry’ specimens with both dry and saturated cracks, Hudson's theory overpredicted observed crack densities by a constant amount that is attributed to the observed value being systematically underestimated. The theory made poor predictions for fully saturated specimens. Shear-wave splitting, caused by anisotropy due to both crystal and crack alignment, was observed. Cracks were seen to follow grain boundaries rather than the direction of maximum compression due to loading. The results demonstrate that Hudson's theory may be used in some cases to determine crack and fracture densities from compressional- and shear-wave velocity data.     

哀牢山变质带元江──墨江剖面岩石的纵波波速特征及其地质意义

依据研究区的地热梯度（25℃／km）,在高温高压（最高温度为1050℃,最高压力为1.2GPa）条件下系统测量了横穿红河-哀牢山断裂带的元江-墨江地质剖面上的哀牢山岩群各类变质岩（千枚岩、片岩、浅粒岩、变粒岩、大理岩和片麻岩）的纵波速度．实验结果表明,不同岩类的纵波速度随温度压力变化的趋势不同．在相当于衷牢山岩群变质岩峰期变质温度和压力条件下（P=0．4-0.8GPa,T=35-700℃）,测得大部分岩石的纵波速度为5．50－5．80km／s,这一纵波速度值与区域地球物理测深揭示的中地壳低速层的纵波速度相当因此,结合该区变质岩、地壳内热状态及地球物理测深研究成果可初步认为：组成哀牢山岩群的浅粒岩、变粒岩、酸性片麻岩以及部分千枚岩、片岩为该地区中地壳低速层的主要岩石类型．     

转换波AVO反演速度比各横波反射系数

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.     

Relation of fracture resistance to fabric for granitic rocks

Double-torsion specimens of two granitic rocks were prepared in several directions with reference to microcracks fabric. Even for the same rock and at the same stress levels, the observed crack velocities in two granitic rocks were dependent on both the propagation direction and the opening direction. The maximum difference by several orders of magnitude was found for both rocks. The highest crack velocity was observed when the subcritical crack was parallel to most of the preexisting cracks. The maximum critical stress intensity factor was about twice as high as the minimum one in different directions. An analysis for a thin plate having anisotropic elasticity under torsional load showed that the observed difference in the crack velocity and the critical stress intensity factor was not an error due to conventional equations derived on the assumption of isotropic elasticity but the true material's property. As the preferred orientation of microcracks has been pointed out for many granitic rocks, we can conclude that the anisotropic nature of the fracture resistance of the two granitic rocks used in this study was not exceptional. A region of a transport-limited velocity was not found for rocks, even at the velocity of 10^–2 m/s, that is almost equal to the theoretical limit of the stress corrosion cracking.