Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of the Amba Dongar Carbonatite Complex, Gujarat, India

A carbon and oxygen isotope survey based on 42 samples from the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex of Gujarat, India, indicates that the magmatic differentiation series sövite → alvikite → ankeritic carbonatite is beset with a distinct isotope trend characterized by a moderate rise in ¹³C coupled with a sizeable increase in ¹⁸O. From an average of −4.6 ± 0.4 ‰ [PDB] for the least differentiated (coarse) sövite member, δ¹³C values slowly increase in the alvikite (−3.7 ± 0.6 ‰) and ankeritic fractions (−3.0 ± 1.1 ‰), whereas δ¹⁸O rises from 10.3 ± 1.7 ‰ [SMOW] to 17.5 ± 5.8 ‰ over the same sequence, reaching extremes between 20 and 28 ‰ in the latest generation of ankeritic carbonatite. While an apparent correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O over the δ¹⁸O range of 7–13 ‰ conforms with similar findings from other carbonatite complexes and probably reflects a Rayleigh fractionation process, the observed upsurge of ¹⁸O notably in the ankeritic member is demonstrably related to a late phase of low-temperature hydrothermal activity involving large-scale participation of ¹⁸O-depleted groundwaters. As a whole, the Amba Dongar carbonatite province displays the characteristic ¹³C/¹²C label of deep-seated (primordial) carbon, reflecting the carbon isotope composition of the subcontinental upper mantle below the Narmada Rift Zone of the Indian subcontinent.     

Typing Mineral Deposits Using Their Associated Rocks, Grades and Tonnages Using a Probabilistic Neural Network

A probabilistic neural network is employed to classify 1610 mineral deposits into 18 types using tonnage, average Cu, Mo, Ag, Au, Zn, and Pb grades, and six generalized rock types. The purpose is to examine whether neural networks might serve for integrating geoscience information available in large mineral databases to classify sites by deposit type. Successful classifications of 805 deposits not used in training—87% with grouped porphyry copper deposits—and the nature of misclassifications demonstrate the power of probabilistic neural networks and the value of quantitative mineral-deposit models. The results also suggest that neural networks can classify deposits as well as experienced economic geologists.     

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Geochronology of the Eppawala Metamorphic Rocks and Carbonatite,Wanni Complex,Sri Lanka

Petrological studies on the surrounding metamorphic rocks of the Eppawala carbonatite body, Wanni complex, Sri Lanka, revealed that these rocks had been metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. Garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneiss shows lower range of metamorphic temperature (730–770°C) than the migmatite gneiss (750–780°C) and the pressure varies from 6.6–7.8 kbar to 5.6–6.4 kbar respectively. The metamorphic age of the garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneiss and migmatite gneiss dated 607±23 Ma and 626±16 Ma, respectively for mineral — whole rock isochron in Sm-Nd system. These ages are compatible with the ages of regional high-grade metamorphism occurred 610–550 Ma in the three crustal units in Sri Lanka.Rb-Sr system for biotite, apatite and whole-rock fractions suggests 493±5 Ma for the Eppawala carbonatite body. This age indicates the cooling age of the biotite. The presence of non-crystalline carbonatite matrix and large hexagonal apatite crystals suggests a slow cooling history. Further, low closure temperature of biotite in Rb-Sr system suggests that the intrusion age of carbonatite body should be more than 493 Ma, but non-metamorphosed nature provides evidence that the intrusion age of the carbonatite body should be less than the period of regional metamorphism 610–550 Ma. Therefore, Eppawala carbonatite body has a strong possibility to be a late to post magmatic intrusion. The other late to post magmatic intrusions in the Wanni complex and Highland complex are dated between 580–550 Ma. Therefore, the most probable intrusion age of the Eppawala carbonatite body is suggested to be around 550 Ma.     

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Mineral Isochron Ages of the Metamorphic Rocks in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic studies were carried out for metamorphic rocks in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa. The metamorphic rocks give the Rb-Sr mineral isochron ages (whole-rock - biotite - felsic fractions) of 844±85 Ma and 811.6±6.6 Ma for the lower granulite zone and of 776.5±5.4 Ma for the upper granulite zone. The rocks yield the Sm-Nd mineral isochron ages of 1071±18 Ma (whole-rock - garnet - felsic fractions) and 1067±158 Ma (whole-rock - hornblende - biotite rich fraction - felsic fractions) for the lower granulite zone and of 1052.0±3.6 Ma and 1002.5±1.4 Ma (whole-rock - garnet - felsic fractions) for the upper granulite zone. These age data suggest that the granulite facies metamorphism took place at 1060-1000 Ma, and that the rocks cooled down at 850-780 Ma. The Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of metamorphic rocks are different between the lower and upper granulite zones.     

Fluorides and Fluorcarbonates in Rocks of the Katugin Complex,Eastern Siberia: Indicators of Geochemical Mineral Formation Conditions

The paper discusses the chemical composition and parageneses of fluorides and fluorcarbonates in rocks of the Katugin Complex, with which a unique deposit of REE–Nb–Ta ore with cryolite is associated. In mineralogy and chemical composition, the rocks correspond to biotite, biotite–amphibole, arfvedsonite, and aegirine–arfvedsonite granites, which were regarded in earlier publications as granite-like metasomatic rocks. Aegirine–arfvedsonite granite contains a cryolite–gagarinite assemblage, which reflects depletion of Ca in the mineral-forming medium and enrichment in Na and F. Arfvedsonite granite is characterized by intergrowth of yttrofluorite with fluocerite and gagarinite, which indicates a relative enrichment in Ca and low CO₂ content. Biotite granite is characterized by an assemblage of fluorite with titanite, apatite, and monazite as evidence for an elevated Ca concentration along with moderate F and P contents in the system. Neighborite, coulsellite, gagarinite, fluocerite, and tveitite-(Y) appear in biotite–amphibole granite along with replacement of annite with riebeckite and development of albite after microcline. All this indicates that a moderately alkaline Na-fluoride solution with a low Ca concentration affects biotite granite.     

Geochronology of Granitoid Rocks and Geochemistry,Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Dahalajunshan Formation Towards a Genetic Model for the Associated Iron Ore Deposits,Xinjiang, NW China

<正>There are many skarn deposits that occur in volcanic rocks as stratiform and lentoid bodies,for example the Lower Yangtze River Valley,Western Tianshan Mountains and Lhasa Terrane in China,the Nuuk in West Greeland and the Austroalpine Alps(e.g.Xv et al.,1984;Appel,1994;Raith and Stein,2000;Wang et al.,2001;Gu et al.,2007;Hou et al.,2011;Zhou et al.,2011;Jiang et al.,2012;Xu et al.,2010;Wang et al.,2012;Yu et al.,2011).Despite     

世界钴矿资源及其研究进展述评

本文概述了当前世界钴资源状况，钴矿床分类及国内外钴矿床勘查与研究的最新进展，全球钴资源丰富，但分布较为集中，沉积型砂岩容矿的铜钴矿床和含钴的岩浆岩型硫化铜镍矿床是两个最重要的钴矿床类型。尽管钴多数以铜-镍、铜、铁等矿床的伴生金属产出，国外的研究也主要集中在层控铜钴矿床之上，中国近几年却在华北地台北缘东段、西部 中央造山带、赣西地区等陆续发现了一些不同元素组合，不同成因类型且为独立的或以钴为主的钴矿床，钴矿床勘查的重大突破既对开拓钴矿床成矿学研究具有重要理论意义，也为弥补国内钴资源长期供应不足具有重要现实意义。     

火山岩中交代岩和铁矿的实验研究

本文作者在火山岩地区的新疆磁海、雅满苏和内蒙黄岗梁三个铁矿床进行野外工作的基础上,模拟火山气热液与次火山岩-火山岩(辉绿岩、安山质凝灰岩、安山岩和凝灰质砂岩)相互作用。实验结果证明了在380—700℃和(250—800)x105Pa的温度和压力下形成了与上述三个矿床相似的交代岩的矿物共生组合,并且从次火山岩-火山岩中萃取出TFe(11.89—3881.89mg/1)。由此可见,晚期火山气热液继续沿构造断裂上升,作用于沿途所经过的早先形成的次火山岩-火山岩,从中萃取出大量的铁,并在适宜的温度和压力等物理化学条件下形成了磁海、雅满苏和黄岗梁(西段)铁矿床。     

猫岭-王家崴子金矿采矿废料的酸化潜力研究

为控制金矿开采废岩和选冶废料的酸化 ,利用净产酸量、净产酸势实验和柱淋溶实验 ,研究了猫岭 王家崴子金矿区采矿废石和尾矿的酸化情况。结果表明 ,在废石和尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化 ,且废石的产酸量远高于尾矿的产酸量 ,氰化尾矿的产酸量高于浮选尾矿的产酸量。但是 ,12 0天的淋溶实验表明 ,各种采选废物在短期内酸化现象不明显 ,与本区采矿废石和尾矿低的含硫量和系统中的缓冲能力及其外部环境因素有关 ,也反映了废物漫长的酸化过程。本研究结果为金矿开发废碴的环境管理和酸化控制提供了科学依据。     

汞同位素地球化学研究及其在矿床学中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的成矿元素,广泛分布于不同地质体中,并参与成岩成矿作用.随着质谱技术的飞跃发展,汞同位素地球化学研究取得引人瞩目的进展.汞同位素被广泛地应用于示踪地球表生生物地球化学过程及汞污染等.近年来,汞同位素又被应用于揭示行星的演化过程、识别地质历史时期大火成岩省及示踪矿床成矿物质来源等方面.本文在前人研究的基础上...     

试论我国油气田与金属矿床的伴生与共生关系

我国处于三面受挤压、多旋回、多期造山运动的大地构造地质背景,多为叠合盆地展布,其盆山耦合格局,基本上控制着油气田和金属矿床的分布。石油和天然气均产于现行盆地和残留盆地内。在石油、油层水中常含有Au、Ag、Hg、U、Fe等多金属组分;天然气中亦含有He、Xe等稀有元素。在盆地内或周边(山脉)常分布金、银、铅、锌、铀等多金属工业矿床共生或伴生,有的矿床规模已达大型、超大型。油气是来自盆地内有机和无机物质经一定温、压条件下,在生、储、蓄、圈、移、保封闭的还原环境下的产物;金属矿床是深部来自地壳、地幔含矿流体,多沿断裂构造密集、开放环境条件下卸载的结果。两者在空间上相互依赖、又相互分离的关系。研究其规律对当今深部找矿和找藏,具有重要的指导意义。     

Albite Metasomatic Rocks and Thorium Mineralization in Uranium Deposits of the Volcanogenic Type (Example of the Streltsovka Ore Field,East Transbaikalia)

Doklady Earth Sciences - The causes of metasomatic albitization of host rocks and the formation of the accompanying thorium mineralization in uranium deposits of the Streltsovka ore field located...     

十杭带湘南—桂北段中生代A型花岗岩带成岩成矿特征及成因讨论

十杭带是华南内陆一条重要的北北东向、具有高εNd (t )值和低t DM值的花岗岩带,该带在湘南—桂北段的花岗质岩体（千里山、骑田岭、西山、金鸡岭、花山和姑婆山等）均形成于151~163 Ma间。但从西南往东北方向,形成时代有逐渐变年轻的趋势。这些岩体在地球化学组成上显示出较为相似的特征,岩石均富碱、高钾,富含Rb,Th,U等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和REE,Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf等高场强元素（HFSE）。在地球化学图解上均落入A型花岗岩区域,因此该花岗岩带应属于一条A型花岗岩带。进一步划分,这些花岗岩应该属于A2亚类。这些花岗岩均具有较低的（87Sr/86Sr）i 值、较高的εNd (t )值和相对低的Nd模式年龄值,但从西南往东北方向,εNd (t )值具有逐渐降低的趋势。在这些花岗质岩体中暗色包体非常发育,岩石学和地球化学,特别是锆石的Hf同位素组成,指示这些花岗质岩石是通过壳-幔岩浆混合作用形成的,幔源岩浆端元来自亏损地幔,可能是软流圈地幔物质的直接参与。该A型花岗岩带可能形成于古太平洋板块俯冲引起的弧后或弧内拉张构造环境,软流圈地幔上涌及诱发的幔源岩浆沿超壳深断裂底侵,导致了强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用,形成了该花岗岩带。该拉张事件从西南往东北方向进行,拉张强度由强变弱,混入花岗岩中的地幔物质也由多变少。该花岗岩带也是我国 一条重要的W-Sn多金属成矿带。研究表明,这些花岗岩均属于富Sn花岗岩,但Sn在这些花岗岩中的富集机制与传统的结晶分异富集的方式不同。该区锡矿化类型十分丰富,除了存在传统的岩浆热液演化成矿外,还存在新类型的绿泥石化花岗岩锡矿化,丰富了A型花岗岩的成矿理论。     

贵州西南部与玄武岩有关的铜矿特征及找矿前景

近年在贵州峨眉山玄武岩西南部发现若干玄武岩铜矿点,其成矿地质特征与玄武岩北部的贵州黑山坡、云南鲁甸、云南永胜得等玄武岩铜矿有一定区别,前者主要产于玄武岩下部或底部,铜矿多受小尺度断裂构造控制;后者多产于玄武岩上部旋回、受植物层或含沥青质层控制,呈层带型产出。本文通过贵州西南部玄武岩成矿地质特征的研究,进一步丰富了峨眉山玄武岩铜矿研究资料,并揭示了研究区找铜前景。     

Geotectonic Settings of Large and Superlarge Mineral Deposits on the Southwestern Margin of the North China Plate

The geotectonic setting refers to the three-dimensional space and related events based on which a metallogenic system is formed and an ore-forming process takes place. This paper discusses the tectonic evolution of the southwestern margin of the North China paleocontinent and related geotectonic settings in which large or superlarge deposits are formed. Emphasis is put on the geodynamic conditions of the Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit, the Baiyin copper-polymetallic deposit and the Hanshan gold deposit. It is significant that the three deposits occur together as a "trinity" on the same paleocontinental margin. The Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit was formed during the early stage of rifting of the paleocontinental margin; the Baiyin copper-polymetallic deposit was formed during the splitting stage of a continental-margin arc. The continental-margin arc spitting resulted in an "island arc rift" in the early stage of evolution. The Hanshan gold deposit was formed within the Altun sinistral strike-slip fault     

初论雪峰山地区基性-超基性岩镍钴铜金矿找矿方向

近年来,雪峰山地区的基性-超基性岩矿床找矿工作取得了一定的进展。为了及时总结成矿规律,指导进一步的找矿工作,本文在大量野外调研的基础上,系统总结了该地区基性-超基性岩岩体的地质特征、已有找矿进展的长界镍矿和字溪金矿地质特征及已发现的镍钴铜金等矿化特征,并与国内外同类型矿床的成矿特征进行了比较,最后提出了如下认识:雪峰山地区具备找寻基性-超基性岩矿床潜力,目标矿种主要为镍、钴、铜及金矿,主要矿床类型为岩浆硫化物型镍钴铜矿及蚀变热液型金矿。前者目标地质体以通道-洪江-中方-古丈一带新元古代基性-超基性岩群/带最为有利,后者则以隘口岩群及艾头坪-大洪山岩群的大洪山段最为有利。