Observation of mixed Rossby-gravity waves in the Western equatorial Pacific

During the IOP (Intensive Observation Period) of TOGA/COARE (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment) from December 1992 to February 1993, four Japanese moored ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) measured vertical profiles of three-component velocities at the stations 2S (2°S, 156°E), 2N (2°N, 156°E), 154E (0°N, 154°E) and 147E (0°N, 147°E). Power spectra of the surface current showed a pronounced peak having a period of around 14 days for both the zonal and meridional velocities at the stations 2S and 2N near the equator, and for only the meridional velocity at the equator. This 14-day phenomenon is considered to be a kind of equatorial wave of the first baroclinic mode, from a comparison of the result of the vertical mode analysis and the vertical distribution of the standard deviation of band-pass filtered velocity fluctuations. A dispersion relationship obtained from the horizontal mode analysis of this wave confirmed that the 14-day phenomenon is a mixed Rossby-gravity wave with the westward propagating phase speed and eastward propagating group velocity. From the cross-spectral analysis of velocity data, the average phase speed and wavelength of the wave were estimated as 3.64 m s⁻¹ and 3939 km, respectively, for station pair 2S∼147E. These values were in good agreement with the average phase speed and wavelength of 3.58 m s⁻¹ and 3836 km estimated from the dispersion curve and the observed period. A northerly wind burst blew over all the mooring sites during the middle of the observation period. The mixed Rossby-gravity wave, which is anti-symmetric for the zonal velocity about the equator, is likely to be forced by this northerly wind burst crossing the equator. Generation of the oceanic mixed Rossby-gravity wave of the first baroclinic mode is discussed in association with the atmospheric Rossby wave having the same period.     

2013年赤道波动调制下的东印度洋春季Wyrtki急流季节内变化研究

A strong spring Wyrtki jet(WJ) presents in May 2013 in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The entire buildup and retreat processes of the spring WJ were well captured by two adjacent Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers mounted on the mooring systems. The observed zonal jet behaved as one intraseasonal event with the significant features of abrupt emergence as well as slow disappearance. Further research illustrate that the pronounced surface westerly wind burst during late-April to mid-May, associated with the active phase of a robust eastwardpropagating Madden–Julian oscillation in the tropical Indian Ocean, was the dominant reason for the rapid acceleration of surface WJ. In contrasting, the governing mechanism for the jet termination was equatorial wave dynamics rather than wind forcing. The decomposition analysis of equatorial waves and the corresponding changes in the ocean thermocline demonstrated that strong WJ was produced rapidly by the wind-generated oceanic downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave and was terminated subsequently by the westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave reflecting from eastern boundaries of the Indian Ocean.     

气侯平均风场作用下热带太平洋主流系和赤道行星波研究

将两层约化重力原始流体动力方程耦合气候月平均风场,数值计算流场基本能够正确反映热带太平洋上层主流系和温跃层的空间分布和季节变化．在气候平均条件下,东太平洋125°W附近经向风应力可激发出高阶混合Rossby重力波．海洋高阶赤道Kelvin波流速模态可从西太平洋边界传播到东太平洋边界,而高阶赤道Kelvin波温跃层模态从西太平洋边界东传后,在中太平洋受到高阶混合Rossby重力波诱发的西传温跃层扰动的阻挡．     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的年际变化及其影响机制

Interannual variability(IAV) in the barrier layer thickness(BLT) and forcing mechanisms in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean(EEIO) and Bay of Bengal(BoB) are examined using monthly Argo data sets during 2002–2017. The BLT during November–January(NDJ) in the EEIO shows strong IAV, which is associated with the Indian Ocean dipole mode(IOD), with the IOD leading the BLT by two months. During the negative IOD phase, the westerly wind anomalies driving the downwelling Kelvin waves increase the isothermal layer depth(ILD). Moreover, the variability in the mixed layer depth(MLD) is complex. Affected by the Wyrtki jet, the MLD presents negative anomalies west of 85°E and strong positive anomalies between 85°E and 93°E. Therefore, the BLT shows positive anomalies except between 86°E and 92°E in the EEIO. Additionally, the IAV in the BLT during December–February(DJF) in the BoB is also investigated. In the eastern and northeastern BoB, the IAV in the BLT is remotely forced by equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the western BoB, the regional surface wind forcing-related ENSO modulates the BLT variations.     

赤道太平洋海域上层海洋热含量及其变化机制的诊断分析

基于1992—2015年国际共享的ECCO v4 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4)同化产品,利用热含量控制方程定量地诊断赤道太平洋(118°E—75°W, 5°S—5°N, 0～300m)和Ni?o 3.4区(170°W—120°W, 5°S—5°N,0～80m)这两块区域热含量变化机制。对于去掉季节平均后的年际变化,在赤道太平洋地区,时间趋势项主要由经向输送和海表热通量项共同驱动。通过5°N断面的输送决定了时间趋势项的幅值和正负符号。在Ni?o3.4区,时间趋势项主要由海表热通量项和热量输送项共同驱动,其中垂向输送对总输送贡献最大。赤道太平洋地区经向热量输送异常领先于Ni?o3.4区垂向热量输送异常,这解释了在年际尺度上赤道太平洋热含量异常领先Ni?o3.4指数变化的原因。尽管EP(Eastern Pattern)型El Ni?o和CP(Central Pattern)型El Ni?o有许多不同之处,合成分析表明,两类El Ni?o的共同点为:在赤道太平洋地区,两类El Ni?o事件的热量输送异常在发展期和衰退期由经向输送主导;在Ni?o 3.4区, EP型El Ni?o和CP型El Ni?o的热量输送在发展期和衰退期由垂向输送主导。     

Effects of horizontal mixing on the upper ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The influence of horizontal mixing on the thermal structure of the equatorial Pacific Ocean is examined based on a sigma coordinate model.In general,the distributions of the temperature and currents si...     

An extended variable-grid global ocean circulation model and its preliminary results of the equatorial Pacific circulation

1IntroductionThetropicalPacificOceanplaysanimpor-tantroleintheclimatevariabilitiessuchasElNi-no-SouthernOscillation(ENSO)phenomenon(Chao,1993).ManystudieshavefoundthatthetropicalPacificvariabilitiescanhavesignifi-cantinfluenceontheoceancirculationintheseasadjacenttoChina(Yu,1985;Chaoetal.,1996;Wangetal.,2002).TheseaareaadjacenttoChinaischaracterizedbyitscomplextopog-raphyandnumerousnarrowstraits,andthusre-quiresafinegridtoresolve.Tostudytheinter-actionbetweenthetropicalPacificandChinas…     

赤道印度洋中部沉降颗粒物的季节变化特征及调控机制研究

基于2020年1—12月在赤道印度洋中部海域获取的沉积物捕获器时间序列样品,分析了沉降颗粒物与颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon, POC）通量的季节变化特征,并结合卫星遥感、数值模式及再分析数据探究上层物理过程对生物泵输出通量的调控作用。结果表明,2020年赤道印度洋中部海域的沉降颗粒物总通量与颗粒有机碳通量的变化范围分别为4.57~35.75 mg/(m2·d)\[(18.94±10.18) mg/(m2·d)\]和0.27~2.97 mg/(m2·d)\[(1.09±0.66) mg/(m2·d)\],两者均呈现显著的季节变化特征。总体上,1—3月、6月和9—11月呈现出3个显著的高通量事件。通过分析发现混合层深度变化与营养盐跃层波动的耦合作用可能是调控中深层通量变化的主要原因。与此同时,西南季风流（Southwest Monsoon Current, SMC）与赤道Wyrtki急流生消也可能通过改变温跃层或营养盐跃层深度对沉降颗粒物通量强度和季节变化起调控作用。     

赤道太平洋海域上层海洋热含量及其变化机制的诊断分析*

基于1992—2015年国际共享的ECCO v4 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4)同化产品, 利用热含量控制方程定量地诊断赤道太平洋(118°E—75°W, 5°S—5°N, 0~300m)和Niño 3.4区(170°W—120°W, 5°S—5°N, 0~80m)这两块区域热含量变化机制。对于去掉季节平均后的年际变化, 在赤道太平洋地区, 时间趋势项主要由经向输送和海表热通量项共同驱动。通过5°N断面的输送决定了时间趋势项的幅值和正负符号。在Niño 3.4区, 时间趋势项主要由海表热通量项和热量输送项共同驱动, 其中垂向输送对总输送贡献最大。赤道太平洋地区经向热量输送异常领先于Niño 3.4区垂向热量输送异常, 这解释了在年际尺度上赤道太平洋热含量异常领先Niño 3.4指数变化的原因。尽管EP(Eastern Pattern)型El Niño和CP(Central Pattern)型El Niño有许多不同之处, 合成分析表明, 两类El Niño的共同点为: 在赤道太平洋地区, 两类El Niño事件的热量输送异常在发展期和衰退期由经向输送主导; 在Niño 3.4区, EP型El Niño和CP型El Niño的热量输送在发展期和衰退期由垂向输送主导。     

苏禄—苏拉威西海内孤立波动力参数时空变化特征

基于弱非线性理论及再分析同化数据,计算了苏禄—苏拉威西海冬季及夏季内孤立波动力参数,包括内孤立波线性速度、一阶和二阶非线性参数及线性色散参数,并研究了这些参数的时空变化特征。我们发现,虽然苏拉威西海域受到更加显著的西北太平洋水入侵,但苏禄海内孤立波动力参数的时空变化特征却比苏拉威西海更为显著。夏季苏禄海内孤立波线性速度总体上比冬季约大0.1m·s^–1;与此相反,夏季苏拉威西海内孤立波线性速度却比冬季约小0.05m·s^–1。无论是一阶或二阶非线性动力参数,其在苏拉威西海的时空变化均比较微弱,但在苏禄海则较为显著。苏禄海夏季一阶非线性动力参数比冬季高出约3×10^–3s^–1,但是夏季二阶非线性动力参数却比1月份低约3×10^–5m^–1·s^–1。此外,相比冬季,夏季苏禄海和苏拉威西海的色散动力参数均有所减弱,但其在苏禄海减弱的幅度更大。综上,苏禄—苏拉威西海环流引起的水体层化最大浮力频率所在深度的时空变化是造成上述内孤立波动力参数时空变化的根本...     

Effects of adjusting vertical resolution on the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue

The vertical resolution of LICOM1.0 (LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model, version 1.0) is adjusted by increasing the level amount within the upper 150 m while keeping the total of levels. It is found that the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue is sensitive to the adjustment. Compared with the simulation of the original level scheme, the adjusting yields a more realistic strucature of cold tongue extending from the coast of Peru to the equator, as well as a temperature minimum at Costa Rica coast, north of the cold tongue. In the original scheme experiment, the sharp heating by net surface heat flux at the beginning of spin-up leads to a great warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The weak vertical advection due to a too thick mixed layer in the coarse vertical structure also accounts for the warm bias. The fact that most significant improvements of the upper 50 m temperature appear at the region of the thinnest mixed layer indicates the necessity of fine vertical resolution for the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. However, the westward extension of equatorial cold tongue, a defect in the original scheme, gets even more serious in the adjusting scheme due to the intensified vertical velocity and hence vertical advection in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.     

浮力装置触发深海管道水平向整体屈曲效果的数值模拟研究

海洋油气资源的运输主要通过海底管道进行,管道在工作时受到较大的温度荷载,会产生整体屈曲变形。深海管道设计中常采用人为装置触发一定程度的水平向整体屈曲变形,来释放轴向的温度应力,浮力装置是常用的触发方式之一。本文通过数值模拟研究,分析了不同浮力大小和不同浮力施加范围下,管道水平向整体屈曲的临界屈曲力,得出临界屈曲力随浮力大小和施加范围变化的情况;并研究了不同土体阻力下,浮力装置触发整体屈曲的效果。研究表明,水平向土体阻力较大时,浮力装置触发水平向整体屈曲的效果较好。浮力装置的触发效果对轴向土体阻力不敏感。     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化

利用2002—2015年ARGO网格化的温度、盐度数据, 结合卫星资料揭示了赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化特征, 探讨了其变化机制。结果表明, 障碍层厚度变化的两个高值区域出现在赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾北部。在赤道区域, 障碍层同时受到等温层和混合层变化的影响, 5—7月和11—1月受西风驱动, Wyrtki急流携带阿拉伯海的高盐水与表层的淡水形成盐度层结, 同时西风驱动的下沉Kelvin波加深了等温层, 混合层与等温层分离, 障碍层形成。在湾内, 充沛的降雨和径流带来的大量淡水产生很强的盐度层结, 混合层全年都非常浅, 障碍层季节内变化和准半年变化主要受等温层深度变化的影响。上述两个区域障碍层变化存在关联, 季节内和准半年周期的赤道纬向风驱动的波动过程是它们存在联系的根本原因。赤道东印度洋地区的西风(东风)强迫出向东传的下沉(上升)的Kelvin波, 在苏门答腊岛西岸转变为沿岸Kelvin波向北传到孟加拉湾的东边界和北边界, 并且在缅甸的伊洛瓦底江三角洲顶部(95°E, 16°N)激发出向西的Rossby波, 造成湾内等温层深度的正(负)异常, 波动传播的速度决定了湾内的变化过程滞后于赤道区域1~2个月。     

Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Acoustic Wave Energy After the Nonlinear Interaction of Acoustic Waves in Aqueous Media

Based on the Burgers equation and Manley?Rowe equation, the derivation about nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves has been done in this paper. After nonlinear interaction among the low-frequency weak waves and the pump wave, the analytical solutions of acoustic waves’ amplitude in the field are deduced. The relationship between normalized energy of high-frequency and the change of acoustic energy before and after the nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves is analyzed. The experimental results about the changes of the acoustic energy are presented. The study shows that new frequencies are generated and the energies of the low-frequency are modulated in a long term by the pump waves, which leads the energies of the low-frequency acoustic waves to change in the pulse trend in the process of the nonlinear interaction of the acoustic waves. The increase and decrease of the energies of the low-frequency are observed under certain typical conditions, which lays a foundation for practical engineering applications.     

Some features of the dynamic structure of a deep estuary

A boundary layer formulation for the dynamic structure of a deep estuary is developed. Cross-stream averages are used, but the boundary layer structure is shown to depend on the cross-stream geostrophic constraint. A similarity transformation and a weighted residual method are used to derive an approximate solution for the velocity and salinity structure of the upper layer. This solution indicates that, in the central regime of the estuary, outflow extends through the entire halocline. Inflow takes place in a much less stratified lower layer, and mass exchange between the layers is by upwelling. This structure is modified in the outer regime of the estuary, where mixing between the layers develops, and in the inner regime, where a sharp halocline develops and where the dynamics are dominated by river runoff. The implications of the dynamics for the flushing process and for pollutant movement and dispersion are discussed.     

赤道太平洋温度、流场距平EOF分析及与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用EOF分析方法,讨论了最近20a赤道太平洋次表层温度、纬向流距平与厄尔尼诺的关系.结果表明:赤道太平洋海温距平EOF分析第一、二主分量占总量的近80%,其中第一主分量类似于厄尔尼诺模态,第二主分量类似于暖池模态;后一模态存在着突变和渐变两种过程,其中由冷位相变暖位相过程为渐变过程,而暖位相变冷位相过程为突变过程.厄尔尼诺事件是赤道西太平洋暖池突变过程的结果.赤道太平洋纬向流距平EOF的第二主分量代表赤道西太平洋潜流和东太平洋南赤道流的变化,这个模态存在着半年左右的振荡和与厄尔尼诺同位相的年际振荡两种频率.另外,它还存在明显的年代际变化.赤道西太平洋潜流和东太平洋南赤道流减弱是产生厄尔尼诺的必要条件.统计回归分析表明,赤道太平洋海温距平和纬向流距平EOF的第二特征向量的时间系数对厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜均有一定的预报意义.     

深海系泊系统动力特性研究进展

系泊系统设计是深海平台开发的关键问题之一。由于深海环境载荷和系泊材料物理特性及系缆构型影响,系泊系统分析涉及流固耦合非线性、非线性流体动力及整个系泊系统的运动稳定性。总结深海系泊系统关键理论和技术研究的前沿问题,包括系泊系统系缆建模、系泊系统耦合动力分析的理论和方法等,重点分析系泊系统非线性动力学问题的研究进展,并且提出了深海系泊系统需要深入研究的若干动力学问题。     

赤道印度洋中部断面东西水交换的季节变化及其区域差异

采用海洋再分析资料和实测资料研究了热带印度洋中部东西水交换特征。结果表明存在两个相互独立的过程,即北印度洋过程(4°~6°N)和赤道过程(2°S-2°N)。北印度洋过程受季风影响显著,11月至翌年3月冬季风期间表现出很强的低盐水向西输送,5-9月夏季风期间则为高盐水向东输送;由于冬季风期间的输送较强,年平均表现为低盐水向西输送。赤道过程分为表层过程和次表层过程。表层赤道过程受局地风场驱动,有明显的半年周期;4-5月和10-11月的东向流将赤道西印度洋的高盐水向东输送,其余月份相反;向东的输送较强,年平均表现为净高盐水向东输送。在次表层赤道过程没有明显的季节变化,海流全年一致向东,将海盆西部的高盐水向东输送。     

深水波浪破碎时波浪演化特征实验研究

采用能量聚焦的方式产生深水破碎波,并通过增加输入波陡使发生不同强度的波浪破碎现象。实验中,沿水槽中心位置布置22个浪高仪,分析波浪传播过程中的波面演化特征。对水槽不同位置处波面数据进行波能谱与小波能谱分析,发现在聚焦波传播过程中,低频能量部分保持相对稳定,而一次谐波高频部分先逐渐拓宽,经过破碎区域后又逐渐恢复。能量在高频部分有所损失,这种现象在破碎时更加明显,且破碎强度越大,越显著。波浪未破碎时,由于波浪传播过程中高频部分拓宽,导致聚焦前后特征频率略有增加,特征群速和特征周期略有减小;当波浪破碎时,由于破碎导致的能量损失比较明显,且卷破时更加明显,导致破碎后特征频率减小,特征群速和特征周期增大。     

Impacts of regional mixing on the temperature structure of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part 1: Vertically uniform vertical diffusion

We investigate the sensitivity of numerical-model solutions to regional changes in vertical diffusion. Specifically, we vary the background diffusion coefficient, κ_b, within spatially distinct subregions of the tropical Pacific, assess the impacts of those changes, and diagnose the processes that account for them.Solutions respond to a diffusion anomaly, δκ_b, in three ways. Initially, there is a fast response (several months), due to the interaction of rapidly-propagating, barotropic and gravity waves with eddies and other mesoscale features. It is followed by a local response (roughly one year), the initial growth and spatial pattern of which can be explained by one-dimensional (vertical) diffusion. At this stage, temperature and salinity anomalies are generated that are either associated with a change in density (“dynamical” anomalies) or without one (“spiciness” anomalies). In a final adjustment stage, the dynamical and spiciness anomalies spread to remote regions by radiation of Rossby and Kelvin waves and by advection, respectively.In near-equilibrium solutions, dynamical anomalies are generally much larger in the latitude band of the forcing, but the impact of off-equatorial forcing by δκ_b on the equatorial temperature structure is still significant. Spiciness anomalies spread equatorward within the pycnocline, where they are carried to the equator as part of the subsurface branch of the Pacific Subtropical Cells, and spiciness also extends to the equator via western-boundary currents. Forcing near and at the equator generates strong dynamical anomalies, and sometimes additional spiciness anomalies, at pycnocline depths. The total response of the equatorial temperature structure to δκ_b in various regions depends on the strength and spatial pattern of the generation of each signal within the forcing region as well as on the processes of its spreading to the equator.