北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究

洞穴大气CO2浓度不仅是影响洞穴沉积物沉积（或者溶蚀）的重要因素之一,而且在旅游洞穴,它关系到沉积物景观的稳定性以及旅游环境的舒适性。本文通过对石花洞洞穴大气温度、湿度及CO2浓度近4个水文年的观测,结果表明：（1）洞穴温度在15℃上下波动,夏季约高1℃,主要与洞内外温差的季节性变化和旅游活动有关;（2）洞穴CO2浓度随着大气温度上升而缓慢升高,至每年的7月上旬雨季来临时,气温、降水及土壤中CO2大幅提高,降水溶解大量的土壤CO2并渗入洞穴中,导致洞穴CO2浓度迅速上升,8月观测到的最高浓度可达到4 334ppm,在雨季结束后,随着大气温度降低,CO2浓度缓慢下降,2月份平均值达到最低,为360~458 ppm。另外,在5月份和10月份的旅游黄金周,旅游人数的增加,洞穴CO2浓度异常增高。在进行洞穴管理与规划时,应综合考虑自然和人为因素对洞穴的影响。     

山东沂源九天洞洞穴环境变化监测分析

为改善九天洞洞穴环境质量及保护洞穴景观提供科学依据,2006年5月1—5日和2006年7月28—30日曾两度对该洞的洞穴空气温度、湿度、CO2浓度和游客量的变化进行实地监测。结果表明,九天洞CO2浓度受游客数量影响,具有明显累积效应,其中灵霄玉塔（测点11）CO2浓度最高,日平均值为11250ppm;CO2浓度之高,国内外颇为罕见;而洞穴温度兼受洞穴滴水及洞穴形态的影响,具有一定的变化幅度;洞穴湿度除了受天气影响外,游客呼吸对封闭洞段湿度增大也有一定的贡献作用。      

短时间尺度下旅游洞穴空气环境自净能力研究——以绥阳大风洞为例

在2017年9月30日-10月9日对贵州绥阳大风洞洞内的温度、湿度、CO2浓度和洞外的温度、湿度、降雨量等指标进行为期10天的连续自动监测,并结合监测期内游客量和当地降雨情况,利用数理统计方法进行分析,结果发现:洞穴空气环境的自净能力主要取决于洞内气流交换的强弱程度,尤其是在极端天气(主要指夏秋季降雨)下,洞外温度降低,促使通风模式发生转变,进而增强了洞内外气流的交换,提高了洞穴环境的自净能力。但洞穴空气环境的自净能力是有限度的,除温度、湿度外,当游客产生的CO2浓度超过洞穴空气环境的自净能力阈值时,洞内CO2会出现累积效应;反之,洞内CO2浓度又回归至洞穴环境背景值。同时,洞穴空气环境的自净能力反应时间也会因洞腔体积、洞道结构等的不同而有所差异,大风洞1#、2#、3#监测点的自净能力反应时间分别为15 h、18 h、20 h。      

本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度与温、湿度的空间分布和昼夜变化特征

洞穴空气CO2浓度是影响洞穴次生化学沉积物沉积和溶蚀的重要因素之一。基于对本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度、温度和湿度连续两个昼夜的系统观测结果,结合洞外大气CO2浓度、温度和湿度数据,初步分析了本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度空间分布特征和昼夜变化规律：（1）洞穴空气CO2浓度自洞口开始快速增高至一定深度后趋于稳定,这个快速升高的距离与不同季节洞穴交换能力有关,秋季大约是370 m。洞穴CO2浓度稳定区的空间差异可能主要与洞穴结构和裂隙发育情况有关,在洞体变小的倚天长剑景点附近出现峰值,而在洞体变大的石瀑布景点和游客无法进入的源头区出现低谷。（2）观测期间,洞穴空气CO2浓度总体上呈递降趋势,基本上与游客数量有关。（3）在洞穴空气CO2浓度急剧上升的近洞口段,洞穴空气CO2浓度每个昼夜出现两个峰值,分别对应正午12时和午夜前后。本溪水洞洞穴空气CO2浓度的这种变化特点,受游客与工作人员的呼吸排放和洞穴与大气间的气体交换作用的双重影响。     

桂林市芦笛岩、大岩洞穴环境特征

对桂林市西郊的芦笛岩和大岩洞穴环境长期观测的结果表明,作为游览洞穴的芦笛岩与洞外空气交换频繁,洞穴CO2 的含量较低,温、湿度变化频繁而且幅度大。游览活动导致洞内CO2 含量显著增加,但是回落十分迅速,不会引起洞内温度、CO2 的累积效应。作为非游览洞穴的大岩与外界交换弱且缓慢,保持着相对恒定的原始环境,有较好的洞穴气候分带,空气温度、湿度比较稳定, CO2 的含量呈规律性季节变化;最近20多年来,洞内气温、湿度有明显的降低。      

洞穴自然环境系统的观测及研究－－以广西柳州响水岩为例

重点叙述了1990年代中期对广西柳州响水岩所进行的洞穴自然环境系统长期观测的成果,在响水岩洞内设置12个测点,进行洞穴空气温度、湿度、CO2、空气负离子的长期观测,并对响水岩的氡浓度、风速、放射性等作了测定。对洞穴空气负离子的观测在我国属于首次。观测研究工作表明,洞穴空气负离子浓度远大于洞外,洞穴空气质量一般皆属最清洁空气。响水岩的氡浓度低, CO2 含量略高于洞外,放射性背景值低,是一个具有洞穴医疗价值的洞穴。      

山东半岛九天洞洞穴环境变化特征与影响因素

选取旅游洞穴九天洞为研究对象,对洞穴环境变化特征及影响因素进行分析,探讨旅游活动和外界环境变化对洞穴环境变化的影响,以期能够为旅游洞穴的保护与合理开发提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）九天洞受外界气温变化的影响呈夏季高冬季低的特征,且洞穴温度略高于当地平均温度,这与洞穴通风、旅游活动、监测时间等因素有关;（2）洞内相对湿度与洞内空气温度呈较好的负相关关系,洞内相对湿度的变化主要受控于温度,呈夏季低冬季高的变化特征;（3）九天洞CO2浓度的季节变化特征为夏秋季高冬季低,与气候变化导致的植被和微生物活动以及滴水速率的变化有关;（4）距洞口越远的监测点空气温度、相对湿度的变化幅度越小,CO2浓度越高,说明距洞口越远受洞外气候变化以及洞穴通风的影响越小;（5）九天洞各监测点pH值和电导率主要与外界气候变化有关,对气候变化响应敏感,在降水偏少的干旱年,监测点pH值偏高,电导率偏低。      

桂林凉风洞洞穴系统垂向碳迁移特征及其影响因素

2017年11月至2018年11月,以桂林毛村凉风洞为研究对象,进行大气环境和洞穴环境野外监测,同时在洞穴上覆土壤30 cm和60 cm处开展试片溶蚀实验,并在洞穴内部进行试片溶蚀和滴水脱气监测,以测定垂向碳迁移主要过程中的CO2浓度和δ13C-CO2值。结果表明:（1）“大气—土壤—洞穴”垂向碳迁移系统能够与洞穴通风一起影响洞穴系统内部的CO2分布模式。洞口通风方向的转变取决于洞内温度与外界温度的差异,少雨的11月中旬到次年3月初通风方向为从洞外到洞内,此时垂向碳迁移能力弱,洞内CO2的分布由洞口通风主导;3月初至9月中旬,洞内外温差逐渐过渡并反转,洞口通风方向为从内向外,且降雨强度大,垂向碳迁移活跃并主导洞内CO2分布;（2）岩溶关键带土壤呼吸的强度决定了垂向碳迁移系统可迁移的碳量,洞内CO2分布的季节性变异本质上是外界环境在垂向碳迁移系统和洞穴模式上的响应;（3）洞穴上覆碳酸盐岩土下溶蚀实验表明土下溶蚀可削弱土壤碳源作用。土壤30 cm和60 cm处碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率分别为:0.48 mol?m-2?a-1和0.96 mol?m-2?a-1,而洞穴第一洞厅监测点的碳酸盐岩脱气速率为49.35 mol?m-2?a-1、第二洞厅内为9.07 mol?m-2?a-1,由垂向碳迁移系统运移到洞穴内部的溶解了土壤CO2的滴水脱气作用显著。      

旅游洞穴空气环境时空变化特征及其影响因素——以贵州省绥阳大风洞为例

为探究绥阳大风洞空气环境时空变化的规律及其成因,沿洞道布设10个监测点,并对各点在垂直剖面上（洞道上、中、下部)的温度、湿度和CO2浓度进行为期11个月的监测,结果表明:(1)大风洞空气环境要素（CO2、温度、相对湿度）均呈现出明显的季节变化,大体上CO2、温度和湿度表现为冬季低,夏季高的特点。(2)春、夏、秋季洞内外空气交换较弱,由洞口至洞内深处CO2浓度、湿度逐渐增加,温度逐渐减小,且越往洞内深处,空气交换减弱,各参数变化越稳定;冬季洞内外空气交换作用强,由洞口至洞穴深部,温度变化曲线表现为并无突变点,且洞穴CO2、湿度的垂直变化加大。(3)垂直变化上,春、夏、秋季洞穴CO2浓度、相对湿度差异大,洞底部CO2浓度和相对湿度大多高于洞顶部,但越往洞穴深入,3个环境参数的垂直差异均减小。      

贵州织金洞洞穴CO2的来源及其空间分布特征

为探索喀斯特高原峡谷地区高位旱洞内CO2来源及其空间分布特征,于2015年1月至2015年7月按月实施定位监测,对贵州织金洞洞穴CO2浓度和洞穴水、土壤CO2浓度和土壤水以及大气降水、山顶泉水进行监测。结果表明:（1）织金洞上覆土壤CO2浓度是大气CO2浓度的11~17倍,是洞穴CO2的4~7倍。织金洞洞内CO2的来源,横向上主要来自于气流的交换、游客的呼吸作用;垂直方向上主要来自于洞穴上方延伸入基岩中植物根系的呼吸作用,洞穴上覆基岩溶隙、溶管中进入洞穴内的大气CO2,地下河水脱气以及洞穴滴水碳酸钙的沉积释放的CO2。（2）织金洞为多进口洞,CO2浓度插值空间分布呈现两端低中间高的空间分布特征,同时在1 200×10-6~1 400×10-6高值区范围内出现800×10-6~1 000×10-6低值区特征。整体上,洞穴CO2随着进、出洞口两端海拔向洞内升高而呈上升趋势,在洞穴中部灵霄殿达到最大值。（3）洞内水和洞外土壤水均为HCO3--Ca2+型水,大气降水、山顶泉水为SO42--Ca2+型水。在垂直迁移过程中,大气降水-山顶泉水-土壤水-洞穴水不同部位水中各化学成分（硬度、Ca2+/Mg2+、HCO3-/SO42-、PCO2、SIc）各不相同。      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.