白令海颗粒有机物碳、氮同位素组成及其生物地球化学意义

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter(POM) were measured for samples collected from the Bering Sea in 2010 summer. Particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate nitrogen(PN) showed high concentrations in the shelf and slope regions and decreased with depth in the slope and basin, indicating that biological processes play an important role on POM distribution. The low C/N ratio and heavy isotopic composition of POM, compared to those from the Alaska River, suggested a predominant contribution of marine biogenic organic matter in the Bering Sea. The fact that δ13C and δ15N generally increased with depth in the Bering Sea basin demonstrated that organic components with light carbon or nitrogen were decomposed preferentially during their transport to deep water. However, the high δ13C and δ15N observed in shelf bottom water were mostly resulted from sediment resuspension.     

长江口海域悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素季节分布与关键生物地球化学过程

对2010年2、5、8、11月份长江口海域水体中的悬浮颗粒物进行稳定氮同位素分析。根据不同季节、不同区域内悬浮颗粒有机物的稳定氮同位素组成(δ15 Np)值的变化研究水体中氮的迁移、转化等生物地球化学过程,揭示其环境行为,从而对该海域的氮循环机制进行探索。研究发现:长江口海域悬浮颗粒物的稳定氮同位素组成具有较宽的分布范围,δ15 Np值分布范围为-1.1‰~8.6‰,具有明显的时空分布特点,反映了不同程度的陆源输入和氮的生物地球化学过程的影响。其中,2月份生物反应较弱,δ15 Np分布体现了陆源和海源的混合特征;5月和11月份上层水体δ15 Np随叶绿素a升高而降低,指示了生物的同化吸收作用;8月和11月δ15 Np和总溶解无机氮呈现极显著正相关关系,说明该海域发生了氮的矿化再生。     

夏季大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物碳、氮同位素组成及其物源指示

2015年夏季开展了大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物碳（POC）、氮含量（PN）及其同位素组成的研究,结果表明,δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的变化范围分别为-25.7‰~-17.4‰和-6.3‰~10.4‰,平均值分别为-20.2‰和8.2‰。大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物含量及其碳氮同位素组成的空间变化反映了不同有机质来源的影响:喜洲岛附近海域表现出高POC、PN、δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的特征,指征着浮游植物水华的主导贡献;东北部范和港附近海域具有高POC、PN、低δ13C_POC和高δ15N_PN的特征,反映了河流/河口水生有机物的影响;湾顶白寿湾附近海域的δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN出现低值,体现了陆源有机质和人类污水排放的影响。借助δ13C_POC和δ15N_PN的三端元混合模型,定量出海洋自生有机质、陆源有机质、河流/河口水生有机质等3个来源的贡献平均分别为70%、13%和17%,其中海洋自生有机质是夏季大亚湾悬浮颗粒有机物的最主要来源。从这3种来源颗粒有机物含量的空间变化看,海洋自生有机质含量由湾内向湾外减少,与初级生产力的空间变化相对应;河流/河口水生有机质含量在大亚湾东北部出现高值;陆源有机质含量在表、底层出现不同态势,表层陆源有机物含量在湾中部海域最低,而底层则呈现出自湾内向湾口增加的趋势,主要受控于离岸距离和珠江冲淡水、粤东沿岸上升流输送的影响。     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物的碳同位素组成及其影响因素

依托中国第29次南极科学考察航次开展了南大洋普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物碳同位素组成(δ13CPOC)的研究,结合温度、盐度、营养盐和溶解CO_2的数据,揭示了影响研究海域颗粒有机物碳同位素组成的主控因素,计算出混合层中浮游植物吸收无机碳过程的碳同位素分馏因子。结果表明,普里兹湾及其邻近海域的δ13CPOC介于-28.5‰~-21.1‰,平均值为-24.6‰,表现出湾内大于湾外的特征。浮游植物同化吸收CO_2过程的碳同位素分馏是影响研究海域混合层δ13 CPOC的主要因素,根据δ13CPOC和1/[CO_2(aq)]的线性拟合关系,计算出浮游植物同化吸收CO2过程的碳同位素分馏因子εp为23.4‰。δ13CPOC的垂直分布随深度增加而增大,反映出颗粒有机物垂向输送过程中颗粒有机物再矿化过程同位素分馏作用的影响。     

长江口邻近海域氮同位素的周日变化特征及其对营养盐过程的指示

长江口邻近海域的氮循环过程一直是近海富营养化研究领域的热点问题, 然而目前较少有针对短周期的调查研究。本文调查了该区域氮、磷、硅等主要营养盐及多种形态的氮稳定同位素的在潮周期周日变化特征。结果显示, NO_3~-、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)和SiO_3~(2-)的浓度范围分别为 14.09—55.85、0.21—2.26、0.82—1.08 和 16.80—33.85μmol/L, 而δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-、δ~(15)N_P和δ~(13)C_P 等的分布范围分别为 4.7‰—11.1‰、-2.0‰—7.8‰、-1.2‰—7.9‰和-22.9‰— -14.7‰。NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)和SiO_2~(3-)均与盐度呈现明显的负相关特征, 说明三者的主要来源为长江冲淡水; 4NH(10)则随盐度升高而浓度增加, 且在底层高浓度出现时刻与高盐水团输入时刻一致, 说明外海输入是该区域铵盐的主要来源。另一方面, 氮稳定同位素(δ~(15)N-NO_2~-和δ~(15)N_P)未表现出随盐度的变化规律, 而δ~(18)3O-NO_3~-和δ~(13)C_P 则随盐度升高而增加, 说明淡水输入的同位素值低于海洋水平。通过对比中、高浓度叶绿素水体中NO_3~-、δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-的变化特征可以看出, 随NO_3~-浓度降低, δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值升高, 且呈现 6.2‰的分馏系数, 且氧同位素也随之增大, 指示水体中浮游植物对硝酸盐的同化吸收作用。而另一方面, 两种同位素的增加差值表现出△δ~(18)O︰△δ~(15)N1 , 说明硝酸盐在被消耗的同时还发生着补充作用。在较高盐度的水体中, 发现4NH(10)呈现出向硝酸盐的转化趋势并引起δ~(15)N-NO_3~-降低, 指示了底部明显的硝化过程, 与此前的研究结果一致。本文结果以期丰富对河口区氮循环和迁移转化的认知。     

长江悬浮颗粒物中稳定碳、氮同位素的季节分布

在长江南通市区段国控断面 (李港对照断面 )上自 1 996— 1 999年每两个月定期采样 ,测定悬浮颗粒物的碳、氮同位素及其相关参数。研究发现 :稳定碳同位素值分布区域在- 2 3.6‰— - 2 7.1‰之间 ;稳定氮同位素多分布在 1 .4‰— 5 .9‰。两者的季节变化趋势与陆源输入和现场浮游植物的组成和生长状况有关。δ1 5N、C/N比值均不能严格体现物源影响 ,受到水体中有机质的转化和微生物活动的影响而被改造。借助简单模式 ,获得估算的陆源贡献随季节变化的规律 ,并证实在 1 998年夏长江南通的陆源输入有明显的增大 ,与 1 998年长江大洪水事件吻合     

长江口海域表层水体颗粒有机物δ15N的分布特征

提要以长江口海域2005年4个季度的现场调查为基础,测定了不同季节表层水体中悬浮颗粒有机物的δ15N值(δ15Np),初步分析了δ15Np的时空分布特点以及表层水体中δ15Np指示水体富营养化的可行性。结果显示,长江口海域表层水体中平均δ15Np偏低,δ15Np离散程度较大,农业化肥、大气沉降对该海域氮来源贡献较大,陆源氮输入变化及氮分馏作用程度较大。δ15Np的空间分布具有季节性差异,陆源氮输入变化及氮分馏作用导致的长江口近岸海域δ15Np的季节变化是其主要原因。5月份δ15Np与DIN具有显著正相关性,一定程度上δ15Np可以指示海域氮富营养化程度。     

颗粒态有机物在长江口及其邻近海域的夏季分布和影响因素初析

利用气相色谱法对长江口及其邻近海域的表层颗粒态木质素(p-lignin)进行测定和分析,结合粒度、有机碳(OC%)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、碳稳定同位素(δ13C)等参数研究颗粒态有机物的夏季分布,并对其分布影响因素进行了初步分析。结果表明,悬浮颗粒物粒度组成以粘土和粉砂为主,平均粒径为7.9μm;OC%的值为0.57—7.41%,Chl a的值为0.35—3.71μg/L,δ13C的值为-25.7‰—–16.6‰,在口门外水华站位出现OC%、Chl a和δ13C的最大值,表明浮游生物的现场生产是主要贡献;紫丁香基酚类(S)、香草基酚类(V)和肉桂基酚类(C)8种木质素酚单体的含量Λ8(相对于总有机碳的含量)为0.0406—1.47mg/100mg OC;紫丁香基系列与香草基系列的质量比值(S/V)的分布范围较宽,为0.5—1.6之间,均值为0.8;肉桂基含量与香草基含量比值(C/V)的分布范围为0.02—0.2之间,均值为0.09;香草基酚类的酸醛比值[(Ad/Al)v]在0.24—2.30之间。盐度、总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)浓度是控制长江口内区与邻近海域颗粒态有机物来源与分布差异的重要控制因素,颗粒态木质素在向海输送过程中还会受到矿物组分、生物降解、浮游生物现场生产等各种因素的作用,使其组成成分和性质发生改变。木质素等参数表明最大浑浊带尽管对颗粒态有机物向海输送有改造作用,但是影响区域有限。     

渤海及北黄海河流悬浮颗粒碳氮同位素时空分布及源解析

选择流入渤海和北黄海的36条主要河流为研究对象,对比了平水期、丰水期和枯水期水体中悬浮颗粒物和河流表层沉积物的碳和氮稳定同位素的地球化学特征,并对颗粒物有机质碳和氮来源进行分析。结果表明,水体悬浮有机质碳同位素总体上表现为δ13C平水期δ13C丰水期δ13C枯水期的特点,δ15N值呈δ15N丰水期δ15N平水期δ15N枯水期的特点。渤海和北黄海的主要入海河流悬浮颗粒物有机质的来源具有明显的季节性差异,悬浮颗粒有机质碳平水期(春秋季)来源以C3植物、土壤有机质和水生藻类为主,丰水期(夏季)碳的各来源中浮游植物的贡献率明显增大,枯水期(冬季)则表现为陆源C3植物分解和水源性有机质的混合来源;悬浮颗粒态氮的来源与季节性降水量、生活污水、合成化肥及河流内源性水生植物密切相关。     

The origin of the suspended particulate matter in the seagrass meadow of tropical waters, an evidence of the stable isotope signatures

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) has been known as an important variable in the organic matter flow of coastal ecosystem. Half of burial carbon in seagrass meadows is contributed by allochthonous sources that compose the SPM such as phytoplankton, seagrass detritus, marine snow aggregates and terrestrially derived particles. Each composition of the SPM contributes different roles and is important to be identified, for instance, the exact contribution of seagrass detritus will be useful for determination of carbon export through the detritus form in seagrass meadows. Here, the SPM of seagrass meadows is studied in Bintan Island and the Selayar Archipelago. The aim of this research is to determine the source origin of the SPM using a stable isotope signature. In order to fulfill this aim, the objectives are defined as: (1) to specify the stable isotope signature (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of the SPM, and (2) to determine the proportional distribution of the SPM''s prospectus sources. The result shows that the possibility of the source origin of the SPM includes a seagrass fraction (Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii), terrestrial C4 plant, macroalgae, and terrestrial C3 plant. The SPM lies between the marine- and terrigenous-end members. However, it seems that the SPM is more to be terrigenous-end and allochthonous. According to a Bayesian mixing model, the terrestrial C4 has the highest contribution of the SPM at all sites except Barugaia and Pasi Island in Selayar (i.e., the highest contribution of the SPM is from the detritus of E. acoroides). The second contribution has been contributed by either seagrass detritus (E. acoroides or Th. hemprichii) or terrestrial C3 plant. The finding of this study indicates that there is a strong influence of the terrigenous sources in the SPM of the seagrass meadows.     

长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用及其制约因素研究

简要介绍了人海河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝机理;以长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用的研究为例,概述了影响河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝的若干因子;着重介绍了长江口水体生物地球化学过程对于细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用影响的研究进展。在此基础上,结合国内外相关研究的最新进展以及河口工程与环境中的泥沙问题,提出未来工作设想。     

The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) estuary,China

The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate (δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻) in surface water of the Yangtze River estuary was determined in four seasons of 2006. δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ ranged from 0.4‰ to 6.5‰ and varied with seasons and geographic regions, reflecting the dynamics of nitrogen cycling in the estuarine ecosystem. δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ was markedly lower in February than in other seasons and exhibited conservative mixing, which was probably attributed to the NO₃⁻ being sourced from the atmospheric deposition and agricultural fertilizer. In the upper estuary, the influence of riverine inputs was important during all surveys. In the turbidity maximum zone, nitrification was found with nitrate depleted in ¹⁵N in May, whereas denitrification resulting in heavy δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ played an important role in August. More enriched δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ values coinciding with losses of nitrate concentrations based on the conservative mixing model were found in the adjacent marine area in May, and may reflect obvious phytoplankton assimilation of dissolved nitrate. In this manner, δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻ may be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processing existing in this estuary in conjunction with the variations of dissolved nitrate and other environmental factors.     

海洋悬浮颗粒物中氮同位素的 EA-IRMS法测定

本测定方法利用元素分析 同位素质谱 (EA IRMS)分析系统 ,设计改装了一套适用于大气氮标定钢瓶氮同位素的封闭分析系统 ,并建立了测定悬浮颗粒物中氮同位素的分析方法 .将海水样品经 45 0℃预燃烧过的玻璃纤维滤膜过滤 ,获得悬浮颗粒物 .设定大气δ1 5N值为零 ,连续进样 12次 ,测定大气氮的δ1 5Nair 值为 ( 0 .0 2±0 .0 3)‰ ;并对参考气高纯钢瓶氮进行了标定 ,其δ1 5Nair值为 ( -0 .0 9± 0 .0 2 )‰ ;其离子强度在 0 .5 0～ 6 .0V之间具有良好的线性 ,样品分析精度优于 0 .15‰ .采用该方法实测 5 8份海水悬浮颗粒物 ,获得1 5N天然丰度平均值为 0 .36 7% .     

长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物浓度和粒径的时空变化特征

长江口是典型的高浊度河口,长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒物（suspended particulate matter,SPM）浓度跨度大,泥沙过程活跃、复杂。2015年7月9-20日（洪季）和2016年3月7-19日（枯季）,使用OBS和LISST分别测定了该区域99个和89个站位的SPM浊度、光衰减系数、总体积浓度、平均粒径和粒径谱等参数;同时通过现场过滤测定了各站位表、中、底3层的SPM质量浓度以及典型站位SPM中颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon,POC）的δ13C、颗粒氮（particulate nitrogen,PN）的δ15N以及POC/PN摩尔比值。结果表明,浊度、光衰减系数、总体积浓度等3个参数均与SPM质量浓度显示出了显著的正相关关系。研究区域SPM平均粒径一般表层大于底层、枯季大于洪季;长江淡水端元输出的SPM粒径枯季也明显大于洪季。具有相似粒径谱特征的SPM可以通过测定δ13C和δ15N值来进一步区分其来源和组成。SPM质量浓度和总体积浓度等参数结合还可以计算SPM有效密度,用以了解研究区域SPM的沉降过程。结果表明两个季节SPM有效密度和粒径之间显示出了显著的负相关关系,说明枯季长江输出的SPM由于粒径大、密度小、沉降速度低,加之强烈的垂直混合和口门拦门沙附近的再悬浮,随着环流可能到达研究区域北部的最东端;而洪季长江输出的SPM由于粒径小、密度大、沉降速度高,在口门附近快速沉降。     

Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuarine and East China Sea shelf sediments

To examine the source and preservation of organic matter in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), we measured bulk C/N and isotopes, organic biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) and compound-specific (fatty acids) stable carbon isotope ratios in three sediment cores collected from two sites near the Changjiang Estuary and one in the ECS shelf. Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter were observed between the estuarine and shelf sediments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes and fatty acids in the shelf surface sediments (0–2 cm) were 5–10 times higher than those in estuarine surface sediments but they all decreased rapidly to comparable levels below the surface layer. The compositions of n-alkanes in the estuarine sediments were dominated by C₂₆-C₃₃ long-chain n-alkanes with a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance. In contrast, the composition of n-alkanes in the shelf sediment was dominated by nC₁₅ to nC₂₂ compounds. Long-chain (>C₂₀) fatty acids (terrestrial biomarkers) accounted for a significantly higher fraction in the estuarine sediments compared to that in the shelf sediment, while short-chain (<C₂₀) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the shelf surface sediments than in the estuarine sediments. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids showed a general positive shift from estuarine to shelf sediments, consistent with the variations in bulk δ ¹³C_TOCTOC. These contrasts between the estuarine and shelf sediments indicate that terrestrial organic matter was mainly deposited within the Changjiang Estuary and inner shelf of ECS. Post-depositional diagenetic processes in the surface sediments rapidly altered the chemical compositions and control the preservation of organic matter in the region.     

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea (China)

The levels of 19 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the aqueous phase, suspended particulate matter (SPM), pore water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea) in northeast China were investigated to evaluate their potential pollution risks. The total OCPs concentrations in the aqueous phase, SPM, pore water and sediments were 3.7–30.1 ng l⁻¹, 4.6–52.6 ng l⁻¹, 157–830 ng l⁻¹ and 2.1–21.3 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of OCPs, in the Daliao River estuary, are in the mid-range, as compared to those reported in other estuaries worldwide. The distribution of HCHs and DDTs were different indicating different contamination sources. Lindane is the main type of HCH and continuing use in northeast China of ‘pure’ HCH (lindane) rather than technical HCH accounts for the source. The ratios of (DDE + DDD)/DDT in the samples indicate no recent inputs of these chemicals to the estuary.