由盐湖卤水合成球形纳米硅酸镁锂

用青海柴达木盆地的盐湖卤水为原料,经浓缩后用水热法直接合成球形纳米硅酸镁锂,此方法充分利用了盐湖资源,无需镁锂分离。同时对样品进行了X-ray、TEM表征、计算了比表面积和粒径。     

阻燃级氢氧化镁制备过程中表面有机化改性

文章通过论述阻燃剂型氢氧化镁制备过程中的表面有机化改性,对改性剂、作用机理和改性工艺等进行了探讨,说明了对阻燃剂型氢氧化镁表面有机化改性的重要性,及在氢氧化镁制备过程中综合分析、系统研究的必要性。     

在乙醇介质中以氢氧化锂与过氧化氢反应制无水过氧化锂(Li_2O_2)

一、前言在无机过氧化物中,过氧化锂(Li_2O_2)活性氧含量为34.87%,是固体过氧化物中含量最高的一个,甚至还高于超氧化钾(33.8%),因此它在过氧化物中具有重要的地位。自从 R.de.Forcrand 于1900年得到纯过氧化锂以来,在过氧化锂制备方面进行了一些工作。主要制备方法有:1.以氧直接氧化金属锂及锂化合物。这种方法得不到纯过氧化锂,只能得到含过氧化锂的混合     

Fe3O4/Mg(OH)2复合材料的制备及形貌控制

通过种子沉积法制备出Fe_3O_4/Mg(OH)_2复合材料并进行XRD、SEM测试分析。探究了氨水的浓度与加入速度、搅拌速度及等因素对磁性复合材料形貌的影响。氨水浓度与注入速度的降低,对氢氧化镁基体形貌的影响是相同的,但要使合成磁性复合材料形貌和四氧化三铁粒子在氢氧化镁中分散性均匀,应控制氨水浓度(ω=2.5%)或加入速度在一个合理的较低值。     

Al3+掺杂锂皂石的合成及其性能研究

采用水热法合成锂皂石,以LiCl-MgCl2-Na2SiO3-H2O为主要反应体系,加入NaOH调节反应体系的pH值,通过加入Al2(SO4)3.18H2O而引入Al3+进行掺杂改性,合成了系列锂皂石。对所得产物进行XRD检测,探测了产物的结晶化度和结构组成。通过分光光度计和流变仪测定了产物的透光性及粘度性能,结果发现反应体系pH值的变化可引起锂皂石产品水分散体系的透明度;控制一定的Al3+加入量,可得到具有较高粘度的锂皂石产品。     

SiCp/Mg复合材料的制备及其阻尼特性研究

采用搅拌铸造法在真空度为200 Pa的条件下制备得到含有微量氧化物的SiCp/Mg复合材料,通过显微组织观察和动态热机械分析等对其阻尼特性进行了研究。结果表明,所制备的SiCp/Mg复合材料基体晶界处分布着附着有氧化物的网状结构,且随着SiCp含量的增加,网状结构增多,且分布更加分散。此结构增大了位错密度和晶粒界面滑移,位错脱钉和界面滑移在振动过程中耗能量增大,因此所制备的SiCp/Mg复合材料具有理想的阻尼性能。     

生物质炭基硫正极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

锂硫电池因较高的理论比容量和能量密度在动力汽车和储能装置等领域具有广阔的应用前景,因此设计制备低成本和高性能的锂硫电池正极材料具有重要研究价值。以廉价易得且可再生的红薯淀粉为生物质碳源,经水热反应、高温石墨化以及碱活化等方法,得到表面富含多孔的碳材料。再将其与硫单质按不同比例混合,通过熔融扩散法制备锂硫电池正极材料。运用X射线衍射、氮气吸附、X射线光电子能谱等手段对材料的表面形貌和结构进行了表征。另外,对利用该材料组装的电池进行电化学测试,结果显示碳/硫比为1∶2时,电池具有更优良的循环及倍率等电化学性能,其在0.1 A g^-1下的初始放电容量为1 470.6 mAhg^-1,恒电流循环300圈后容量为754.6 mAhg^-1;并在3 C下的放电容量达到864.1 mAhg^-1。研究成果为自然界中生物质转化为功能性碳材料提供了一种新思路。     

钛系离子筛用于盐湖卤水锂提取的研究进展

锂资源是国家战略资源,我国盐湖锂丰富,从盐湖中高效提取锂具有重大意义。在盐湖提锂的各种方法中,吸附法具有选择性高、经济性好、工艺成熟度高的优势,发展高性能的吸附材料是该方法的关键,其中钛系离子筛被认为是很有发展前景的一类吸附材料。全面综述了近年来钛系离子筛用于盐湖卤水提锂的研究进展,重点阐述了钛系离子筛的结构、吸附机理、合成与改性方法以及成型方法,对钛系离子筛应用中存在的问题进行了分析、归纳,对其未来发展方向进行了展望,以期充分挖掘钛系离子筛的优势,实现其在盐湖提锂中的规模化应用。     

氢氧化铝基锂吸附剂从卤水中吸附锂的机理

氢氧化铝基锂吸附剂是采用吸附法从卤水中提锂时唯一得到产业化应用的吸附剂,该吸附剂的吸附速率和吸附容量适中,选择性和循环使用性能较好,制备成本低。综合分析了吸附剂的制备、吸附和脱附性能、吸附剂吸附与脱附后的结构与形貌变化,重点分析了吸附机理。锂离子很可能是以裸离子的形式进入氢氧化铝层内的八面体空腔内而被吸附,为平衡电荷,氯离子进入层间。筛分效应和锂离子与其它离子水合作用的差异是吸附剂对锂有较好选择性的主要原因。     

纳米TiO2光催化降解及其掺杂改性研究

半导体TiO2光催化研究自从发现其光解水制氢开始便掀起了科研者的研究热潮。因其催化活性较高、性能稳定、无毒环保、成本低廉等优点更被认为是目前环境污染治理最有前景的光催化材料。近年来人们对其进行掺杂改性并深入研究,期望得到更加高效、实用的光催化复合材料。对TiO2掺杂改性进行了探讨并对TiO2光催化技术提出了建议和展望。     

Slowness-backazimuth weighted migration: A new array approach to a high-resolution image

We have developed a new array method combining conventional migration with a slowness-backazimuth deviation weighting scheme. All seismic traces are shifted based on the theoretical traveltime of the scattered wave from specific gridpoints in a 3-D volume. Observed slowness and backazimuth are calculated for each raypath and compared with theoretical values in order to estimate slowness and backazimuth deviations. Subsequently, stacked energy calculated by a conventional migration method is weighted by the slowness and backazimuth deviations to suppress any arrival energy whose slowness and backazimuth are inconsistent with the expected theoretical values. This new method was applied to two P- wave data sets which comprise (1) underside reflections at the 410 and 660 km mantle discontinuities and (2) D" reflections as well as their corresponding synthetic data sets. The results show that the weighting scheme dramatically increases the resolution of the migrated images and enables us to obtain well-constrained, focused images, making upper-mantle discontinuities and D" reflections more distinct by reducing their surrounding energy.     

A fast converging and anti-aliasing algorithm for Green's functions in terms of spherical or cylindrical harmonics

Geophysical observables are generally related to earth structure and source parameters in a complicated non-linear way. Consequently, a large number of forward modelling processes are commonly necessary to obtain a satisfactory estimate of such parameters from observed data. The most time-consuming part of the forward modelling is the computation of the Green's functions of the different earth models to be tested. In this study, we present a fast converging algorithm: the differential transform method for the computation of Green's functions in terms of spherical or cylindrical harmonics. In this method, a deconvolutable high-pass filter is used to enhance the numerical significance of the far-field spectrum of Green's functions. Compared with existing fast converging algorithms such as the Kummer's transformation and the disc factor method, the differential transform method is more efficient except for the extremely near-source region. The new method can be used to suppress numerical phases (non-physical seismic signals) associated with the aliasing effect that may arise in synthetic seismograms when the latter are computed from a windowed wavenumber (or slowness) spectrum. The numerical efficiency of the new method is demonstrated via two representative tests.     

Regional differentiations and classification for various forms of Cadmium in eight main soil types in China

TheekistenceformofachemicalelementinsoildependsnotonlyonthePropeniesoftheelement.butalsoonphysicalgeographiccondihons.eSPeCiallytheacandpropeltyofsoil.Theregional~renhallonsofphysicalgeographiccondihonsandofsoilacsaswellastheeffectSofthesechrenhallonsonsoilelementformsprovidetheorehcalPOssibilityforthegeoglaphicamrentiahonsofsoilelementfonns.ThecombinationanteofelementekistencefonnsinsoilrejeCtStheelement'smobilityortranSPOhabilityinsoilenvironmentandtheelement'ssuPPlyandavailabilitytopla…     

基于地理探测器的区域土壤耕层有机碳含量 多元复合模型构建——以珠三角核心区为例

区域土壤耕层有机碳含量的精确测算,对于研究全球碳循环至关重要,但其影响因素多,空间变异性强,现有插值测算方法精度偏低。从提高测算精度出发,基于地理探测器技术,改进传统的协同克里格插值方法,构建多元复合模型进行区域土壤耕层有机碳含量的测算,并以珠三角核心区为例进行实际验证。结果表明：1）珠三角核心区土壤耕层有机碳含量空间变异与地形、水文、土壤和农田利用方式等有关,不同因素的贡献力存在较大差异,各因素贡献力（q统计量）在0.076~0.201之间,其中土壤理化性状与农田利用方式的贡献力大于地形、水文,区别不同因素的贡献力进行土壤耕层有机碳含量的精确测算应是客观要求。2）依照地理探测器分析结果,基于不同因素贡献力构建土壤耕层有机碳含量多元复合模型,插值测算精度明显提升,在珠三角核心区普通克里格、地理加权回归克里格和BP神经网络克里格的土壤耕层有机碳含量插值结果精度较多元复合模型下降16.62%、23.86%和37.33% 。由结果发现,多元复合模型突破了现有算法中辅助因素数量的局限,有效抑制了区域SOCC测算过程中的影响因素耦合噪声,降低了测算结果的不确定性。     

Non-linear optimization for seismic traveltime tomography

This paper presents a non-linear algorithmic approach for seismic traveltime. It is based on large-scale optimization using non-linear least-squares and trust-region methods. These methods provide a natural way to stabilize algorithms based on Newton's iteration for non-linear minimization. They also correspond to an alternative (and often more efficient) view of the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Numerical experience on synthetic data and on real borehole-to-borehole problems are presented. In particular, results produced by the new algorithm are compared with those of Ivansson (1985) for the Kråkemåla experiment.     

A slowness approach to the reflectivity method of seismogram synthesis

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Of the many schemes available for computing synthetic seismograms, the reflectivity method is probably the most widely used because of its ability to provide complete solutions. The method does, however, suffer the disadvantage that intermediate results are quite difficult to interpret. A new reflectivity technique, here called reflectivity-slowness, results if the original method is reformulated using a slowness rather than a spectral approach. The new procedure bears a strong similarity to the WKBJ method, but retains the ability to give complete solutions. The reflectivity-slowness and WKBJ methods share the property that intermediate results are readily interpreted; this feature may eventually be exploited in the solution of the inverse problem.     

氢化钠的合成、性质及应用

氢化钠是一种十分重要的无机及有机合成试剂,在精细化工领域应用广泛。由于其反应活性与纯度和分散度密切相关,近年来人们对合成高活性氢化钠的研究日趋重视。氢化钠的制备已有多种方法的报道,其中以油液分散金属钠法是可以实现工业化的重要工艺。论述了氢化钠的几种合成方法,叙述了氢化钠的性质,并简介了其应用情况。     

Modelling landscape evolution on geological time scales: a new method based on irregular spatial discretization

We present simulations of large-scale landscape evolution on tectonic time scales obtained from a new numerical model which allows for arbitrary spatial discretization. The new method makes use of efficient algorithms from the field of computational geometry to compute the set of natural neighbours of any irregular distribution of points in a plane. The natural neighbours are used to solve geomorphic equations that include erosion/deposition by channelled flow and diffusion. The algorithm has great geometrical flexibility, which makes it possible to solve problems involving complex boundaries, radially symmetrical uplift functions and horizontal tectonic transport across strike-slip faults. The algorithm is also ideally suited for problems which require large variations in spatial discretization and/or self-adaptive meshing. We present a number of examples to illustrate the power of the new approach and its advantages over more 'classical' models based on regular (rectangular) discretization. We also demonstrate that the synthetic river networks and landscapes generated by the model obey the laws of network composition and have scaling properties similar to those of natural landscapes. Finally we explain how orographically controlled precipitation and flexural isostasy may be easily incorporated in the model without sacrificing efficiency.
     

Earthquake location in strongly heterogeneous media

Traveltime computation methods for strongly heterogeneous 3-D media developed during recent years are well suited for earthquake location. We present here a new method based on the traveltime algorithm of Podvin-Lecomte, related to the inverse problem formulation of Tarantola & Valette. The Podvin-Lecomte method, based on the Huygens principle, is very robust and allows arbitrary surface topography and station placement even for borehole instruments. First arrival traveltimes are computed for each of the recording stations using a fine 3-D velocity mesh (up to 10⁶ cells on a workstation). The traveltime grid allows the use of the Tarantola & Valette formulation, which enables a full non-linear approach. The solution is given as a 3-D probability density function of hypocentre coordinates, which accounts for the arrival time measurements as well as a priori information for the location, the accuracy of both the arrival time readings and the computation of the theoretical traveltimes. This powerful method called 3DGRIDLOC gives the location of the induced seismicity of the gas field of Lacq (France) using 443 520 cells of a 3-D velocity mesh and the observations from nine recording stations, one of which is located at the bottom of a 3880 m deep borehole. Location of synthetic foci as well as more than 500 actual earthquakes shows the real advantages of this new method versus the classical HYPO71. A new insight into the induced seismicity is now possible: induced seismicity may occur as far away as 10 km from the gas reservoir and involve a much greater volume of rock than expected using earlier locations.