Geochemistry and geochronology of the bimodal volcanic rocks of the Suguti area in the southern part of the Musoma-Mara Greenstone Belt, Northern Tanzania

The Suguti volcanic rocks of the southern Musoma-Mara greenstone belt in northern Tanzania comprise mainly of a bimodal suite of tholeiitic basalts-basaltic andesites and calc-alkaline rhyolites with a subordinate amount of intermediate rocks. Zircon U–Pb and whole rock Sm–Nd geochronology suggests that the two suites are cogenetic and were emplaced at 2755 ± 1 Ma with a common initial _Nd value of 2.1.The tholeiitic basalts are characterised by relatively flat chondrite-normalised REE patterns with La/Yb_CN ratios of 0.8–1.6 (mean = 1.0). The basalts also exhibit negative Ti and Nb anomalies in primitive mantle-normalised multi-element diagrams. The flat REE patterns, the presence of prominent negative Nb anomalies and the positive initial _Nd value of 2.1 suggest that the basalts were formed by low pressure melting of a mantle wedge in an active continental margin setting.Compared to the tholeiitic basalts, the calc-alkaline rhyolites are characterised by low abundances of the transition elements (Cr < 20 ppm, Ni < 20 ppm) and moderately high HFSE (e.g. Zr = 111–250 ppm) abundances. The rhyolites display strongly fractionated, slightly concave upward chondrite normalised REE patterns that are characterised by a slight depletion of the MREE relative to the HREE and minor to large negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.3–0.9) and their epsilon Nd values range from +2.05 to +2.33. The depletion of the MREE relative to the HREE is an indication of fractionation of clinopyroxene and hornblende during petrogenesis whereas the negative Eu anomalies indicate plagioclase fractionation. The rhyolites are interpreted to have formed from the parental magma of the basalts by fractional crystallization and/or partial melting of a relatively young basaltic crust.     

粤北长塘盆地晚白垩世早期流纹岩的成因:地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O同位素制约

长塘流纹岩为"大量流纹岩-少量玄武岩"构成的不对称双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元,前人对年代学研究认为是目前华南识别的燕山期最年轻的流纹岩(SHRIMP年龄96.8 Ma),但在岩石地球化学特征及成因方面尚未深入研究。本文通过全岩主微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O和锆石Hf同位素研究得到:流纹岩为亚碱性弱过铝质岩石,稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常;具有较小的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、较高的εNd(t)和较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值;锆石的εHf(t)值较高且Hf模式年龄和全岩基本一致,均显示为新生下地壳岩浆;全岩的δ18O值较高。结合区域地质资料,本文认为长塘流纹岩是在晚白垩世早期拉张环境下,源于EMⅡ富集地幔的岩浆混染少量下地壳物质形成新元古代新生下地壳,发生熔融产生的岩浆在上升过程中经历结晶分异演化后喷出地表的产物。晚白垩世早期流纹岩成因对华南陆壳拉张减薄到正常厚度时间节点提供了证据。     

准噶尔盆地南缘晚古生代双峰式火山岩成因机制及其地球动力学背景

准噶尔盆地南缘晚古生代双峰式火山岩组合以玄武岩和英安斑岩的伴生出现为特征。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,英安斑岩和玄武岩的结晶年龄分别为298±2 Ma和297~304 Ma。在地球化学组成上,英安斑岩样品富SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Na_2O,相对于原始地幔富集Th和LREE,明显亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素;而玄武岩样品相对于原始地幔明显富集Th、LREE、Zr和Hf等,明显亏损Nb、Ta和Ti。全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究结果显示,英安斑岩样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t值为0.705,εNd(t)值分布在+6.5~+11之间,而玄武岩样品的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t值为0.704,εNd(t)值分布在+7.5~+8.4之间。这些特征指示玄武岩和英安斑岩应分别起源于相对亏损的地幔源区和新生地壳组分的部分熔融。综合野外地质、岩石学、地球化学和同位素地质学等多方面的资料,可以确定准南地区玄武岩和英安斑岩并非同源岩浆作用的产物。其中,玄武岩应起源于亏损地幔的部分熔融,并且岩浆在上升侵位过程中经历了一定程度的陆壳混染。英安斑岩的形成与玄武质岩浆的底侵导致新生地壳组分的部分熔融有关。结合区域上已有的研究成果,认为至少从早二叠世(~298 Ma)开始,天山地区已经进入后碰撞阶段,区域构造体制开始由挤压转向伸展。     

Chemical evolution of groundwater in the River Danube deposits in the southern part of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary)

Processes controlling the groundwater chemical composition were studied in the River Danube deposits, in the southeastern part of Hungary. PHREEQM, a combined geochemical and one-dimensional transport model and PHREEQE, NETPATH and WATEQF geochemical computer codes were used to simulate these processes. The main processes controlling water chemistry are equilibrium with calcite, undersaturation in dolomite and albite weathering in the recharge area, ion exchange along the flow path, and ion exchange and mixing with old water at the end of the flow path. Ion exchange seems to be the most important process controlling groundwater chemistry along the flowpath in the fluvial sediments studied. Isotopic data support the geochemical model. The groundwater ages, adjusted for the modeled C mass transfer range from 3300 to 20 200 a B.P. Cation exchange suggests that displacement of a former aqueous solution by the present groundwater occurred. This displacement is attributed to tectonic and paleoclimatic events at the end of the Pleistocene.     

苏北盆地晚白垩世—新近纪原型盆地分析

苏北盆地是我国东部中新生代箕状含油气盆地群,主要由东台坳陷、盐-阜坳陷和建湖隆起三大构造单元组成;坳中有凸,隆中有凹,一系列凸、凹构造组成盆地的二级单元。运用盆地原型分析方法,对盆地的蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积间断等进行了研究,并估算了沉降量和剥蚀量。在此基础上,提出苏北盆地的形成经历了挤压的前陆盆地、弧后扩张的裂陷盆地、大规模拉张的断陷盆地和热沉降的坳陷盆地等四个演化阶段;认为盆地沉积物主要来自5个蚀源区：NE面的滨海隆起、NW面的鲁苏隆起、西面的大别山、SW面的张八岭以及南面的扬州一宁镇古生代沉积岩区;提出建湖隆起从始新世末期以来长期处于暴露和剥蚀状态,有条件为北侧的盐阜坳陷、南侧的东台坳陷提供部分成油气物质的认识。进一步确定苏北盆地曾经历过仪征、吴堡、真武和三垛等4次抬升剥蚀事件,这些事件对不对称箕状盆地的形成起了很大的作用。区内盆地的南侧边界多呈上陡下缓的“犁式”正断层,并呈阶梯状逐次朝北下掉,盆地北侧岩层与下伏层多呈超覆关系,形成“南断北超”的盆地面貌。主断层常出现上部下滑（新）、下部逆冲（老）的反转构造现象,因而苏北盆地具有多期复合迭加的特点。本区沉积中心多表现为不对称的深凹区,沉积厚度巨大,是研究区生油层系的重要场昕。     

苏北盆地晚白垩世一新近纪原型盆地分析

苏北盆地是我国东部中新生代箕状含油气盆地群,主要由东台坳陷、盐-阜坳陷和建湖隆起三大构造单元组成;坳中有凸,隆中有凹,一系列凸、凹构造组成盆地的二级单元.运用盆地原型分析方法,对盆地的蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积间断等进行了研究,并估算了沉降量和剥蚀量.在此基础上,提出苏北盆地的形成经历了挤压的前陆盆地、弧后扩张的裂陷盆地、大规模拉张的断陷盆地和热沉降的坳陷盆地等四个演化阶段;认为盆地沉积物主要来自5个蚀源区:NE面的滨海隆起、NW面的鲁苏隆起、西面的大别山、SW面的张八岭以及南面的扬州一宁镇古生代沉积岩区;提出建湖隆起从始新世末期以来长期处于暴露和剥蚀状态,有条件为北侧的盐阜坳陷、南侧的东台坳陷提供部分成油气物质的认识.进一步确定苏北盆地曾经历过仪征、吴堡、真武和三垛等4次抬升剥蚀事件,这些事件对不对称箕状盆地的形成起了很大的作用.区内盆地的南侧边界多呈上陡下缓的"犁式"正断层,并呈阶梯状逐次朝北下掉,盆地北侧岩层与下伏层多呈超覆关系,形成"南断北超"的盆地面貌.主断层常出现上部下滑(新)、下部逆冲(老)的反转构造现象,因而苏北盆地具有多期复合迭加的特点.本区沉积中心多表现为不对称的深凹区,沉积厚度巨大,是研究区生油层系的重要场所.     

Crustal accretion beneath the Koyna coastal region (India) and Late Cretaceous geodynamics

In 1967 a major earthquake in the Koyna region attracted attention to the hitherto considered stable Indian shield. The region is covered by a thick pile of Deccan lava flows and characterized by several hidden tectonic features and complex geophysical signatures. Although deep seismic sounding studies have provided vital information regarding the crustal structure of the Koyna region, much remains unknown. The two available DSS profiles in the region have been combined along the trend of Bouguer gravity anomalies. Unified 2-D density modelling of the Koyna crust/mantle suggests a ca. 3 km thick and 40 km wide high velocity/high density anomalous layer at the base of the crust along the coastline. The thickness of this anomalous layer decreases gradually towards the east and ahead of the Koyna gravity low the layer ceases to be visible. Based on the seismic and gravity data interpretation in the geodynamical/rheological boundary conditions the anomalous layer is attributed to igneous crustal accretion at the base of the crust. It is suggested that the underplated layer is the imprint of the magmatism caused by the deep mantle plume when the northward migrating Indian plate passed over the Reunion hotspot.     

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rocks from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin System (Croatia): Implications for provenance studies

Fifty-two samples of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rock from outcrops on Medvednica,Moslavacka Gora and Psunj Mts.,and boreholes in the Sava Depression and the Pozega Sub-depression were investigated.These sediments formed in different marine(with normal and reduced salinity),brackish,and freshwater environments,depending on the development stage of the Pannonian Basin System.Carbonate minerals,clay minerals and quartz are the main constituents of all pelitic sedimentary rocks,except in those from Moslavacka Gora Mt in which carbonate minerals are not present.Feldspars,pyrite,opal-CT,and hematite are present as minor constituents in some rocks.Besides calcite,dependent on the sedimentary environment and diagenetic changes,high-magnesium calcite,aragonite,dolomite and ankerite/Cadolomite are also present.Smectite or illite-smectite is the main clay minerals in the samples.Minor constituents,present in almost all samples,are detrital illite and kaolinite.In some samples chlorite is also present in a low amount.Major elements,trace elements and rare earth elements patterns used in provenance analysis show that all analysed samples have a composition similar to the values of the upper continental crust(UCC).The contents of major and trace elements as well as SiO_2/Al_2O_3,K_2O/Al_2O_3,Na_2O/K_2O,Eu/Eu~*,La/Sc,Th/Sc,La/Co Th/Co,Th/Cr,Ce/Ce~* and LREE/HREE ratios,show that the analysed pelitic sedimentary rocks were formed by weathering of different types of mostly acidic(silicic),i.e.felsic rocks.     

Geochemistry of the Dubois greenstone succession: An early proterozoic bimodal volcanic association in west-central Colorado

The Dubois greenstone succession, an Early Proterozoic supracrustal succession in west-central Colorado, is composed of fine-grained felsic volcaniclastic sediments, ash-flow tuffs, and tholeiitic flows, sills and dikes. The volcanic rocks comprise a bimodal suite of tholeiite and rhyolite. The tholeiites are divided into two groups: Group I exhibiting nearly flat REE patterns (20–30 × chondrites) and Group II with light REE-enriched patterns (40–70 × chondrites). These groups can be produced by two-stage melting of an undepleted or enriched garnet lherzolite source in which garnet remains in the residue of only the first melting stage which produces Group II magmas. The felsic magmas can be produced by partial melting of a high-grade gneiss in the lower crust in which zircon is entrained in the magma.The Dubois greenstone succession appears to have formed by felsic and mafic subaqueous eruptions in which some ash-flows, upon entering water, underwent phreatomagmatic explosions giving rise to detritus which formed the volcaniclastic sediments. Although tectonic setting cannot be assigned to the succession with a high degree of confidence, an immature back-arc basin developed on sialic crust in consistent with most data.     

松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因

对松辽盆地南部早白垩世火石岭组和营城组火山岩进行的岩石地球化学研究表明,火石岭组火山岩主要以玄武质粗面安山岩和粗安岩为主,存在少量粗面英安岩,其Si O2=53.8%~68.6wt%、K2O+Na2O=7.70%~9.59%、Mg#=26.72~33.89,以富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(LILEs,如Rb、Ba、Th、U等),亏损重稀土和高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti、P等)为特征,这些特征与俯冲带火山岩类似。营城组火山岩以流纹岩为主,存在少量的玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩,基性端元具有低硅(Si O2=49.3%~56.6%)、低碱(K2O+Na2O=4.57%~6.60%)、富镁(Mg#=33.49~59.51)的特征,主要属于钙碱性系列,暗示其原始岩浆主要来源于地幔;酸性端元的Si O2=65.4%~74.9%,K2O+Na2O=3.23%~7.75%,低镁(Mg#=21.76~39.18)。营城组火山岩稀土配分型式呈右倾型,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土和高场强元素,与俯冲环境火山岩相似。其中,营城组流纹岩地球化学特征类似A型花岗岩,暗示形成于伸展环境。结合区域研究成果,认为松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的形成与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下的俯冲作用有关。火石岭组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境,营城组火山岩的形成与岩石圈拆沉作用引发的伸展背景有关。     

Paleomagnetism of the Late Cretaceous intrusions from the Minusa trough (southern Siberia)

The paper summarizes paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic data on the Late Cretaceous diatremes and associated dikes from the Minusa trough located within the southwestern Siberian Platform. It is shown that the stable characteristic component of magnetization is superimposed magnetization (in physical sense). It is linked to Fe-rich titanomagnetite produced by the decay and oxidation of Ti-rich titanomagnetite derived from a primary magma. This process, however, coincides in time with the intrusion cooling, which is supported by paleomagnetic tests. Correlation of magnetic polarity with ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar ages suggests that the acquired stable characteristic component of magnetization corresponds to magnetic Chrons C33-C32 and characterizes the Middle Campanian magnetic field (74–82 Ma). The mean paleomagnetic pole for this span is located at 82.8° N, 188.5° E, with α₉₅ = 6.1 and, within confidence intervals, coincides with the reference data from the European part of the Eurasian plate. The excellent agreement between virtual paleomagnetic poles testifies that the intraplate motions in the Mesozoic resulting in the crust deformation of Central Asia ceased in the late Cretaceous or were so small that elude detection by the paleomagnetic method.     

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) ammonites from southern Morocco and south western Algeria

On the basis of nine lithostratigraphical profiles, 23 cephalopods taxa (nautilus and ammonites) are described from the Preafrican Trough and the Kem Kem region. Among them, a new species is proposed: Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) asflaensis nov. sp. This fauna is placed in its biostratigraphical framework and correlated with the standard zonation of the late Cenomanian–early Turonian. Moreover, stratigraphic correlations are proposed for the whole Maghreb from the Tarfaya Basin in the west to central Tunisia in the east. Selected taxa reveal the paleogeographical context of the western Tethys; a complex distribution of emerged areas and epicontinental seas impacted by an important marine trangression that constantly modified the costaline.     

Magnetic fabric of Late Miocene clay-rich sediments from the southern Pannonian basin

The magnetic fabric of Late Miocene sediments from the southern Pannonian basin was studied on oriented samples collected from 19 geographically distributed localities. All of them are characterized by near-horizontal magnetic foliation plane after tilt correction, indicating weak deformation. Well-developed lineations were observed for 16 localities, which are interpreted as due to compressional/transpressional deformation, except from three localities, where the fabric must have been formed in an extensional setting. Comparison between the orientation of the map-scale folds and faults and magnetic lineation directions shows that magnetic lineation is either related to NNE-SSW directed compression, leading to the formation of folds or it can be connected to NW–SE or NNE-SSW trending dextral faults.     

蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩主要出露于青山群八亩地组和方戈庄组中。火山岩SiO₂含量为53.71%~69.08%,主要为安山质岩石和流纹岩,以钙碱性系列为主(σ平均3.42);富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)=0.7051~0.7110,ε_Nd(t)=-5.16~-16.4)。根据MgO含量和Mg^﹟值,可将安山质火山岩划分为高镁(Mg^﹟>60)和低镁(Mg^﹟<60)两个系列。高镁安山质岩石的MgO、Cr、Ni及不相容元素的含量明显高于低镁安山质岩石,且具有相对高的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)和较低的ε_Nd(t)值,Sr-Nd同位素组成趋向于EMⅡ型富集地幔端元。低镁安山质岩石地球化学特征类似于埃达克岩,其同位素组成介于EMⅠ型富集地幔端元与华北麻粒岩相下地壳之间。流纹岩具有较低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和明显的负Eu、Sr异常,同位素组成类似于扬子中、上地壳。研究表明,蒙阴盆地高镁安山质岩石由曾遭受俯冲扬子陆壳熔体改造的华北岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成,且岩浆在上升 过程中经历了华北下地壳物质一定程度的混染或混合作用;低镁安山质岩石主要由华北下地壳部分熔融形成;流纹岩为岩石圈伸展减薄背景下仰冲至华北克拉通之上的扬子中、上地壳部分熔融的产物。地质现象显示,郯庐断裂带的伸展活动控制着蒙阴断陷盆地的发育,与蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩的成因有着密切的联系,在华北克拉通破坏中可能起到了重要的作用。     

沂沭断裂带高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩的地球化学及岩石成因

沂沭断裂带内高桥盆地早白垩世火山岩SiO2含量为51.97%～68.94%;由玄武粗安岩、 粗面岩和流纹岩组成;都属于碱性岩。岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素;相对亏损Nb、 Ta、 Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;并具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。钾质粗面岩具有高稀土Cr、 Ni含量、 La/Yb、Sr/Y和Th/U高比值;这类似于华北克拉通东南缘早白垩世富集岩石圈来源的基性岩（如方城玄武岩、 沂南辉长岩）;其可能主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融。与之相比;钠质玄武粗安岩具有低Cr、 Ni含量 、 87Sr/86Sr（t）、 Th/U和高εNd（t）值;表明它可能由岩石圈地幔熔体与软流圈物质混合而成。沂沭断裂带高桥盆地火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展背景下;沂沭断裂带的活动可能诱使软流圈物质的上涌;导致岩石圈地幔升温发生部分熔融;并为软流圈物质的上升提供了通道。     

赣东北晚白垩世橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩中单斜辉石矿物化学及其地质意义

利用电子探针对广丰-玉山盆地晚白垩世橄榄玄粗岩中单斜辉石进行了详细的矿物学研究,结果表明,所有的单斜辉石都属于普通辉石,表现出低Al,高Ti、Na含量的特征,具有碱性系列特征;单斜辉石斑晶的结晶温度为1 151～1 202℃,压力为0.12～0.58 GPa,可能是相对原始的岩浆上升到浅部（相当于上地壳位置）发生结晶分异作用形成。单斜辉石指示板内构造环境,与寄主岩石指示的构造环境一致。单斜辉石的矿物化学特征与碱性橄榄玄武岩中在浅源结晶的单斜辉石斑晶特征一致,而与碱性橄榄玄武岩中在深源处结晶的单斜辉石斑晶特征存在差异,且明显区别于拉斑玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶的特征。