深海能源土含气储层力学特性三轴试验研究

为研究深海能源土在负压开采过程中含气储层的力学特性,基于含气土赋存理论,提出一种能够控制含气量及气泡大小的制样方法,通过GDS标准应力路径三轴试验系统,开展深海能源土含气储层的固结排水试验研究,分析深海能源土在不同黏土含量及不同含气量下的力学响应规律。研究结果表明：围压变化对深海能源土含气储层的抗剪强度峰值大小影响显著,围压越大抗剪强度峰值越高;黏土含量是决定应力应变曲线变化趋势的关键影响因素,黏土含量越高试样抗剪强度越低,试样抵抗应变软化效应的能力越强;含气土比饱和土体承载能力更低,且承载能力随含气量的增大呈衰减趋势;黏土含量和含气量是深海能源土含气储层抗剪强度指标的重要影响因素,黏土含量、含气量越高,土体自身的总抗剪强度值越低。     

Experimental research on the mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments during hydrate dissociation

This paper describes studies of the effect of hydrate dissociation on the safety and stability of methane hydrate-bearing sediments. Methane hydrates within the sediments were dissociating under the conditions of a confining pressure of 0.5 MPa, 1 MPa, 2 MPa and a temperature of −5 °C. After 6 h, 24 h, or 48 h, a series of triaxial compression tests on methane hydrate-bearing sediments were performed. The tests of ice-clay and sediments without hydrate dissociation were performed for comparison. Focusing on the mechanical properties of the sediments, the experimental results indicated that the shear strength of the ice-clay mixtures was lower than that of the methane hydrate-bearing sediments. The strength of the sediments was reduced by hydrate dissociation, and the strength tended to decrease further at the lower confining pressures. The secant modulus E_S of the sediments dropped by 42.6% in the case of the dissociation time of the hydrate of 48 h at the confining pressure of 1 MPa; however, the decline of the initial yield modulus E₀ was only 9.34%. The slower hydrate dissociation rate contributed to reducing the failure strength at a declining pace. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb strength theory, it was concluded that the decrease in strength was mainly affected by the cohesive reduction. Moreover, the mathematical expression of the M–C criterion related to the hydrate dissociation time was proposed. This research could be valuable for the safety and stability of hydrate deposits in a permafrost region.     

南海深海海底沉积物力学性质试验研究

采用土力学中的三轴试验方法,对南海深海海底沉积物进行力学性能研究。得到海底沉积物样品的主应力差与轴向应变曲线及抗剪强度数据,并得到海底沉积物样品的破坏点应力值与含水量、湿密度及孔隙度的关系曲线。通过分析,得到海底沉积物样品的破坏点应力值在含水量40%~45%之间以及在孔隙度50%~55%之间分别取得最大值。通过对比表明试验的海底沉积物样品的力学性能与陆地的半脆性黏土相近。     

细砂质含水合物沉积介质的非线性弹性力学模型

描述含水合物沉积介质的应力-应变关系,建立含水合物沉积介质的力学模型,预测水合物储层的变形规律,是有效开发水合物资源的基本前提。以经典邓肯-张模型为基础,结合细砂质含水合物沉积介质力学三轴试验数据,提出了适合细砂质含水合物沉积介质的非线性弹性力学模型及其参数,并验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,该模型及其参数可以很好地描述细砂质含水合物沉积介质的应力-应变的非线性弹性关系。     

Enhancing the mechanical properties of marine clay using cement solidification

Abstract

The use of soft clay and dredged marine clays as the construction material is challenging. This is because the high water content, high compressibility and low permeability of the clay causing the instability of ground and structure. This detrimental effect of soft clay can be improved by the cement solidification process, which is relatively cheap and efficient. This paper mainly focuses on the study of improvement on the mechanical behavior of cement mixed marine clay. The soil is reconstituted by using ordinary Portland cement of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by its mass. The study reveals that cementation of clay significantly improves the peak and residual strength of soil. Similarly, the primary yield stress of the soil is also improved from 16 to 275?kPa as cement content increases from 5% to 20%, respectively. By using statistical tools, the relationships between various parameters are established, which are very important to define the mechanical behavior of the clay. This study reveals that the yield surface of the solidified marine clay is not a smooth elliptical surface. Rather it is composed of two linear surfaces followed by a log-linear surface which can be modeled by using simple parameters obtained from triaxial tests.     

不同制样方式下含水合物粉细砂静力学特性研究

利用高压低温三轴仪对含水合物粉细砂进行剪切试验。分别用气饱和法与水饱和法制样,实现不同水合物饱和度和围压条件的三轴剪切,并分析含水合物砂的胶结作用对剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：低饱和度时,气饱和与水饱和试样的偏应力差别不大;高饱和度时,制样方式对偏应力的影响较显著;水饱和试样的剪胀性大于气饱和试样,剪胀性随饱和度的升高和围压的降低而增大。峰值偏应力和稳态偏应力由黏聚力和摩擦力两部分组成,水合物的存在对稳态内摩擦角影响不大。     

Research on ultrasonic-based investigation of mechanical properties of ice

Arctic sea ice area and thickness have declined dramatically during the recent decades. Sea ice physical and mechanical properties become increasingly important. Traditional methods of studying ice mechanical parameters such as ice-coring cannot realize field test and long-term observation. A new principle of measuring mechanical properties of ice using ultrasonic was studied and an ultrasonic system was proposed to achieve automatic observation of ice mechanical parameters (Young’s modulus, shear modulus and bulk modulus). The ultrasonic system can measure the ultrasonic velocity through ice at different temperature, salinity and density of ice. When ambient temperature decreased from 0°C to ?30°C, ultrasonic velocity and mechanical properties of ice increased, and vice versa. The shear modulus of the freshwater ice and sea ice varied from 2.098 GPa to 2.48 GPa and 2.927 GPa to 4.374 GPa, respectively. The bulk modulus of freshwater ice remained between 3.074 GPa and 4.566 GPa and the sea ice bulk modulus varied from 1.211 GPa to 3.089 GPa. The freshwater ice Young’s modulus kept between 5.156 GPa and 6.264 GPa and sea ice Young’s modulus varied from 3.793 GPa to 7.492 GPa. The results of ultrasonic measurement are consistent with previous studies and there is a consistent trend of mechanical modulus of ice between the process of ice temperature rising and falling. Finally, this ultrasonic method and the ultrasonic system will help to achieve the long-term observation of ice mechanical properties of ice and improve accuracy of sea ice models.     

海洋沉积物微量元素地球化学特征对天然气水合物勘探的指示意义

天然气水合物与资源和全球环境变化等重大科学问题密切相关。前期关于甲烷渗漏区地球化学特征的研究主要集中于浅表层沉积物（＜20 m）,而浅层沉积物（＞20 m）地球化学特征知之甚少。为探讨海洋浅层沉积物微量元素特征与天然气水合物勘探的相关关系,对南海神狐海域沉积物进行了4个站位的钻探取样,分析了样品主、微量元素和有机碳地球化学特征,并采用氧化还原状态以及Mo与TOC相关关系的分析方法进行探讨。结果显示,沉积物主量元素特征主要受到陆源碎屑物质输入的主导,与天然气水合物富集无明显关系。水合物赋存段及附近沉积物中Ba和Mo元素高度富集,存在明显的“Ba峰”和“Mo峰”,主要是由于天然气水合物分解释放大量甲烷产生的硫化环境所导致。因此,沉积物中的Ba和Mo富集特征可作为识别可能存在天然气水合物分布的重要地球化学指标。     

Characterizing lipid biomarkers in methanotrophic communities of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk

We studied specific lipid biomarkers of archaea and bacteria, that are associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in a cold seep environment as well as the origin of sedimentary organic matter on the continental slope off NE Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk. The organic geochemical parameters demonstrated that most of the sedimentary organic matter containing hydrate layers could be derived from marine phytoplankton and bacteria, except for a station (LV39-29H) which was remarkably affected by terrestrial vascular plant. Specific methanotrophic archaea biomarkers was vertically detected in hydrate-bearing cores (LV39-40H), coinciding with the negative excursion of the δ¹³C_org at core depths of 90–100 cm below the seafloor. These results suggest that methane provided from gas hydrates are already available substrates for microbes thriving in this sediment depth. In addition, the stable isotope mass balance method revealed that approximately 2.77–3.41% of the total organic carbon (or 0.036–0.044% dry weight sediment) was generated by the activity of the AOM consortium in the corresponding depth of core LV39-40H. On the other hand, the heavier δ¹³C values of archaeol in the gas hydrate stability zone may allow ongoing methanogenesis in deeper sediment depth.     

南海神狐天然气水合物系统沉积物中自生黄铁矿的特征研究

南海神狐海域是中国最重要的天然气水合物调查研究区之一,为了解水合物存在对沉积物地球化学环境的影响,对采自神狐海域W19B井位的沉积物样品进行了矿物学和地球化学研究。X射线衍射分析和主量元素结果显示部分层位有异常高含量的硫化物（主要为黄铁矿）。扫描电镜结果表明随着样品深度的增加,黄铁矿的晶面、晶棱更加明显,且集合体形态呈现聚莓→单莓→细粒的变化趋势,扫描电镜还观察到草莓状黄铁矿向细粒自形黄铁矿转化的中间产物。在53.0 mbsf（meters below seafloor）和140.4 mbsf层位均发现异常高含量的黄铁矿。其中140.4 mbsf层位黄铁矿充填有孔虫壳体的现象普遍,并伴有大量柱状黄铁矿产出,可能与有机质和甲烷厌氧氧化相关,但主导作用应为甲烷厌氧氧化,该层位可能位于古硫酸根-甲烷界面（sulfate-methane interface,SMI）附近。根据所得结果,推测地质历史时期中甲烷异常渗漏事件的发生,致使向上的甲烷通量增加,推动SMI上移,导致53.0 mbsf和140.4 mbsf界面处因甲烷厌氧氧化而形成大量黄铁矿。多个黄铁矿富集层的存在可能表示沉积史中曾发生多期次的深部流体渗漏或者天然气水合物的分解活动。     

Effects of dissociation on the shear strength and deformation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments

A series of tests were conducted in order to investigate the shear strength and deformation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments during dissociation using the thermal recovery method or depressurization method. An innovative temperature-controlled high pressure triaxial apparatus which can reproduce the in situ conditions of hydrate reservoirs was used. The results indicate that: (1) the failure strength of isotropically consolidated methane hydrate-bearing sediments which dissociated completely using the thermal recovery method is less than that of pure Toyoura sand. However, the initial stiffness and volumetric strain are higher than that of pure Toyoura sand. (2) The thermal recovery method will cause the failure of methane hydrate-bearing sediments when the axial load is higher than the strength of methane hydrate-bearing sediments after dissociation. (3) The depressurization method will not cause collapse of methane hydrate-bearing sediments during depressurization. However, water pressure recovery will lead to failure when the axial load is larger than the strength of the methane hydrate-bearing sediments after dissociation. (4) The depressurization rate shows little effect on the ultimate deformation of methane hydrate-bearing sediments, while the initial deformation rate increases with increasing depressurization rate. (5) The larger the reduction of pore pressure, the larger axial strain and volumetric strain.     

海洋天然气水合物储层蠕变行为的主控因素与研究展望

蠕变是指沉积物在特定应力状态下变形与时间的关系,属于沉积物的固有力学属性。厘清海洋天然气水合物开采过程中储层蠕变的主控因素及其控制机理,对量化评价潜在工程地质风险的发生和演变规律具有重要意义。本文将在综述海洋天然气水合物储层破坏特征的基础上,梳理海洋天然气水合物储层蠕变特征及主控因素,厘清关键科学问题;结合最新研究成果,阐述天然气水合物储层蠕变特征多尺度表征与探测技术体系的基本内涵,简要探讨该领域的未来研究方向。初步分析认为,海洋天然气水合物开采过程中储层蠕变行为是水合物本身及其分解产出过程中的应力、温度、渗流等动态因素综合作用的结果,现有蠕变本构模型无法完全反映上述相变-传热-渗流-应力多场多相多组分耦合过程。为建立适合南海北部水合物储层的蠕变本构,进而为后续开采工程安全设计提供理论支撑,建议从天然气水合物储层的力学性能弱化特征及蠕变各阶段的时效参数两方面入手,从分子尺度、纳微尺度、岩心尺度、中试尺度、矿藏尺度5个层面,建立天然气水合物储层蠕变行为的跨尺度研究方法体系;以南海实际储层样品为研究对象,剖析天然气水合物开采过程中储层蠕变行为的主控因素。     

海底天然气水合物地球化学探测技术

海底天然气水合物是未来的新型能源，地球化学探测与分析技术在天然气水合物勘探、研究和开发中发挥巨大作用。简要介绍了天然气水合物地球化学探测方法及相关的分析测试技术，包括海底沉积物、海水、海面低层大气中烃类气体(主要为甲烷)、孔隙水中阴阳离子和同位素地球化学异常等。并对发展天然气水舍物地球化学探测与分析新技术提出建议。     

天然气水合物开采区内海床不均匀沉降对管道力学性能的影响

海底管道是天然气水合物大规模开采和集输的关键装备。天然气水合物的开采过程会扰动沉积层的结构,改变沉积层的强度和力学特性,诱发海床发生不均匀沉降,并对水合物开采区内海底管道的力学特性产生影响,如引起管道发生大变形、悬跨、屈曲、断裂等。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立天然气水合物开采区内“海床-管道”耦合作用模型,模拟了天然气水合物开采过程中海床沉降变形及其对管道应力、应变、弯矩、悬跨等力学行为的影响。研究结果表明,在天然气水合物开采过程中,海床的不均匀沉降将引起管道发生显著位移并发生弯曲,管道的应力、应变随着变形的增大而增大。当海床沉降量达到某一程度时,管道将脱离海床,产生悬跨,并引发涡激振动风险。     

南黄海海底沉积物声学特性及其影响因素试验研究

利用自南黄海中西部海底取回的沉积物样品,对其声学特性及其影响因素进行了试验研究,结果显示,研究区海底沉积物的压缩波速为1.359 ~1.695 km/s,剪切波速为12.5 ~70.9 m/s;颗粒较细的沉积物与较低的压缩波速、剪切波速对应,主要集中在研究区东侧水深较深处;沉积物的物理力学性质对其压缩波速、剪切波速的影响较显著,沉积物的温度和换能器的频率对上述声学两参数也具有一定的影响,而沉积物的包含物及薄夹层等影响声波传播的理论计算结果。给出了研究区海底沉积物物理力学各参数与压缩波速、剪切波速之间的回归方程,以期为国防、工程提供基础资料。     

天然气水合物沉积物力学性质测试与评价

储层力学参数的评价及预测是天然气水合物安全高效开发的关键。笔者从力学试验、本构模型以及离散元数值模拟等方面介绍了含水合物沉积物力学性质测试及数值计算研究新进展,分析总结了力学参数评价及预测的主要方法及其特点,探究了目前含水合物储层力学性质测试及评价研究存在的问题及其主要原因。为了更好的解决相关工程技术问题,笔者建议通过结合室内试验与数值模拟的方法对水合物储层力学特性及破坏机制进行分析,针对不同工况条件及储层特征建立更加准确的力学参数计算模型。     

海洋中天然气水合物的成矿机理与资源评价概述

本文综述了近年来国内外关于天然气水合物成矿机理研究的新进展，阐明了作为一种非常规的天然气矿藏，其形成和稳定存在除了需要特定的温、压条件外，更需要合适的成矿地质条件，包括沉积构造环境、充足的气源、有效的运移通道、有效的储集层和保存条件等．文中还介绍了天然气水合物资源评价方法及国外研究者对全球气体水合物中甲烷量的估算值，由于其结果相差几个数量级，表明目前还没有成熟的天然气水合物资源定量评价方法．     

大洋多金属结核矿区沉积物土工性质

利用1994年大洋多金属结核调查所获得的土工资料,结合以往有关资料进行了综合分析。研究了大洋沉积物类型、沉积物土工性质、土质强度等,为未来海底工程设施和多金属结核开采设备的设计与制造提供依据。     

天然气水合物储层有效绝对渗透率现场测试进展

天然气水合物作为一种新型的非常规能源具有较大的资源潜力。天然气水合物储层的有效绝对渗透率常被选为天然气水合物降压开采效果评价的关键指标,指标大小需要在现场进行测试加以确定。首先对国内外典型地区天然气水合物储层有效绝对渗透率的现场测试实例进行梳理,然后介绍了地层测试和核磁共振测井等现场测试方法,最后总结了目前水合物储层有效渗透率现场测试仍存在的主要问题并给出未来的研究建议,期望为天然气水合物储层现场测试技术的发展提供参考。     

多分支井射孔程度和布设位置对倾斜泥质水合物储层开采产能的影响

南海天然气水合物（以下简称水合物）较多赋存于凹凸起伏的泥质地层中。针对实际倾斜水合物储层展开多分支井产能研究十分必要。以南海北部神狐海域X01站位实际地质参数和地形参数为依据,利用TOUGH+HYDRATE水合物产能预测软件和经过验证的建模新方法,建立了代表实际情况的倾斜泥质水合物储层模型,探讨了多分支井射孔程度对开采产能的影响,对比了位于储层不同构造位置（即构造低部位、倾斜部位和构造高部位）的多分支井的产能差异,确定了优势开采井型和最佳布井位置。结果表明,相比于仅水平分支射孔的多分支井,水平分支和垂直主井同时射孔的多分支井更利于水合物分解产气。但垂直主井的打开长度不宜过长,垂直主井与水平分支的打开长度比值介于0.5～1.0最利于提高气水产出比。泥质水合物储层的地层倾角影响多分支井的开采产能,将多分支井布设在储层构造低部位的水平位置更利于实现水合物长期高效开采。