A model for the statistical distribution of microlithotypes in coal

Microlithotype composition of a coal sample is often summarized by examining a large number (~500) of subsamples of a grain mount and estimating proportions of vitrite, intermediates, and inertite, where, for samples we have investigated, the proportion of intermediates is generally less than 0.4. This suggests that most subsamples are either greater than 95% vitrinite or greater than 95% inertinite, so that the statistical distribution of vitrinite has most of its weight in its tails. Two distributions which may have this shape are the beta and the logistic normal, and these have been fitted to the microlithotype distribution of some coal samples. Parameters of these fitted distributions are related to the proportion of vitrinite in the sample and thickness of microscopic bands in the coal. For coals in the Sydney Basin, at least, it was found that the parameter relating to band thickness is approximately constant over a coal seam; therefore, fitting one or other of these distributions to such data leads to directly interpretable parameters.     

木其滩岩组形成时代、地球化学特征——对北秦岭构造演化的制约

出露于北秦岭造山带中的木其滩岩组主要由斜长角闪岩组成,其原岩为玄武岩-亚碱性玄武岩。对木其滩岩组斜长角闪岩中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学分析,获得同位素年龄762.5±4.6Ma,为成岩年龄。地球化学上,这些斜长角闪岩显示低钛 (TiO₂=0.57%~2.16%),低K₂O/Na₂O比值(0.06~0.55)和中等-高 Mg^#(45.3~68.7)特征,为低钛拉斑玄武岩。在球粒陨石标准化图解中,表现出轻重稀土分异,无Eu异常的特征,类似于E-MORB。这些斜长角闪岩以Rb、Ba、Th和La富集,低(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i 比 (0.7038~0.7040) 和高的ε_Nd(t)值(+4.1~+6.9)为特征,表明其来源于地幔,成分上相似于FOZO。(Th/Nb)_N, Nb/La 和 Ba/La的比值特征表明它们经历了不同程度的地壳混染。所有这些特征,结合区域地质资料阐明木其滩岩组斜长角闪岩代表的是大约762.5±4.6Ma商丹洋盆初始裂解时的洋壳残片。     

Compositional data analysis of Holocene sediments from the West Bengal Sundarbans,India: Geochemical proxies for grain-size variability in a delta environment

This paper is part of a special issue of Applied Geochemistry focusing on reliable applications of compositional multivariate statistical methods. This study outlines the application of compositional data analysis (CoDa) to calibration of geochemical data and multivariate statistical modelling of geochemistry and grain-size data from a set of Holocene sedimentary cores from the Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B) delta. Over the last two decades, understanding near-continuous records of sedimentary sequences has required the use of core-scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, for both terrestrial and marine sedimentary sequences. Initial XRF data are generally unusable in ‘raw-format’, requiring data processing in order to remove instrument bias, as well as informed sequence interpretation. The applicability of these conventional calibration equations to core-scanning XRF data are further limited by the constraints posed by unknown measurement geometry and specimen homogeneity, as well as matrix effects. Log-ratio based calibration schemes have been developed and applied to clastic sedimentary sequences focusing mainly on energy dispersive-XRF (ED-XRF) core-scanning. This study has applied high resolution core-scanning XRF to Holocene sedimentary sequences from the tidal-dominated Indian Sundarbans, (Ganges-Brahmaputra delta plain). The Log-Ratio Calibration Equation (LRCE) was applied to a sub-set of core-scan and conventional ED-XRF data to quantify elemental composition. This provides a robust calibration scheme using reduced major axis regression of log-ratio transformed geochemical data. Through partial least squares (PLS) modelling of geochemical and grain-size data, it is possible to derive robust proxy information for the Sundarbans depositional environment. The application of these techniques to Holocene sedimentary data offers an improved methodological framework for unravelling Holocene sedimentation patterns.     

化探数据挖掘在金矿找矿及靶区优选中的应用——以甘肃玉石山地区为例

由于自然界中Au元素呈微粒状、不均匀状态分布,致使部分金矿床(点)没有与之对应的Au元素异常出现,增加了通过元素异常开展地质找矿和成矿预测研究的难度。本文依据地学大数据"查明数据间的相关关系,解决地质问题"这一基本思路,以甘肃玉石山地区化探数据为研究对象,建立起研究区全样本Au元素回归模拟模型和异常样本Au元素回归模拟模型,分别计算全样本Au元素回归理论值(Au Q)和异常样本的回归理论值(Au Y)。通过异常查证,在Au Q异常区发现金矿点1处,在Au Y异常区发现金矿点3处(一处达到小型规模),取得了很好的找矿效果。进一步对Au、Au Q、Au Y分别做正规化处理相加获得综合理论值(Au H),以Au H圈定的综合异常使研究区75%金矿床(点)分布在研究区7. 1%面积范围内,有效地缩小了找矿靶区的范围,解决了小范围研究区内因已知矿床(点)不足而无法开展定量找矿预测的难题。结合异常强度和地质背景分析,在研究区划分出3级共10个找矿靶区,为今后在该区找矿工作提供了基础依据。     

Identification of the origin of salinization in groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis and geochemical modeling: a case study of Kaohsiung,Southwest Taiwan

The study of brine aquifers in southern Taiwan is highly complicated by hybrid geochemical reactions, which obscure important geochemical information. Using multivariate analysis on major and minor ion compositions normalized by Cl⁻ content, chemical constituents were combined into two principal components representing brine mixing and mineral precipitation. Comparing to multivariate analysis on the original data, this procedure reveals more geochemical information. It demonstrates that the brine groundwater of the region is primarily composed of highly evaporated seawater. The evaporation ratio is >70%; a point at which calcite, dolomite and gypsum precipitate. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm this inference; and further, geochemical modeling quantitatively determined the evaporation ratio to be about 85%. Natural boron contamination is a consequence of brine groundwater. Two evolutionary trends in the plotting of the Cl/B ratio versus Cl⁻ can be identified: (1) Cl/B ratio decreases with boron being released from clay minerals when brine aquifers are flushed with freshwater; and (2) Cl/B ratio increases when seawater of a high Cl/B ratio infiltrates coastal aquifers.     

物化探方法在寻找深部硫化铜矿中的应用——以赞比亚麻希巴矿床为例

物化探方法寻找隐伏矿床在国内外已得到广泛应用,赞比亚麻希巴矿床属卢弗利安穹隆构造成矿带上一典型层控矿床,赋矿层位为下罗恩群RL6泥岩片岩下部和RL7砂砾岩上部,矿体从浅至深具有氧化带-硫化带过度特点。为探索深部硫化铜矿体延伸情况,本文利用地球物理(激电极化法、高密度电阻率法和音频大地电磁法)和地球化学方法(土壤测量、偏提取测量),选择三条剖面进行物化探方法对比研究,物探结果显示硫化矿具有低阻(50～300Ω·m)、高幅频率(2.5%～8.0%)异常特征,高密度电阻率法和音频大地电磁法的电阻率等值线能较清晰地反映基底和RL7底部不含矿地层形态变化,对找矿有良好的指示作用;化探结果显示Cu元素相关元素为Ag、Bi,在沉积成矿过程中形成Cu-Ag-Bi元素组合,在近地表氧化矿呈"驼峰"高值异常,在深部硫化矿上方呈"偏锋"弱异常,偏提取显示Cu、Co、Bi元素主要是以第二相形式存在,在深部硫化矿上方呈"多锋"弱异常。在方法有效性试验结果的基础上,总结和建立了该矿床类型的地、物、化综合找矿模型,依据物化探异常圈定了深部找矿靶区,经后期钻探工程验证见到两层工业矿体,取得了较好的找矿效果。激电极化法...     

苏鲁造山带胶东区段花岗片麻岩类的常量与微量元素地球化学：扬子克拉通北缘新元古代活动大陆边缘的证据

胶东东部地区的基底片麻岩以牟平-海阳断裂为界,两侧在岩性组合和地球化学性质上完全不同,本文认为该断裂应代表苏鲁造山带的西北边界（北段）。断裂西侧岩性包括花岗闪长质、奥长花岗质和花岗质,地球化学上表现为低硅（SiO2：64．16～71．76％）、高铝（Al2O3=15．60-18．51％）、显著的Ba和Sr正异常、强烈的稀土元素分馏程度（LaN／YbN=15．77～68．19）和贫重稀土元素（YbN=2．9-4．4）、Eu异常不明显（δEu=0．86～1．02）,具典型的太古代高铝TTG岩石组合的特征。而东侧新元古代的基底片麻岩从地球化学上可分为高钾的Ⅰ型花岗质片麻岩和富钠的A型花岗质片麻岩。前者总体表现为富钾（K2O／Na2O比接近或大于1）和亚铝质,强烈亏损Sr、Nb和Ta,轻稀土元素之间的分馏程度强（LaN／SmN=4．21～5．37）,而重稀土元素之间几乎无分馏（GdN／YbN：0．78～1．54）,负Eu异常较强（δEu=0．47～0．61）,岩石地球化学特征显示它们的原岩类似于活动大陆边缘的Ⅰ型花岗岩类。而后者则以偏碱和富钠（Na2O／K2O=1．06～1.77）,高Y（20.4～52．9μg／g）、Zr（218～39μg/g）、Ga（18．8～22．9μg／g）及稀土元素丰度为特征,稀土元素分馏程度强（LaN／YbN=11．30～19．09）,弱到中等程度的负Eu异常（δEu=0．94～0．65）,强烈亏损Sr为显著特征,Nb和Ta相对于La也强烈亏损,而Ba则表现出明显的正异常。推测Ⅰ型花岗岩是在与俯冲有关的构造环境下,压力0．8～1．0Gpa条件下,由受俯冲板片脱水交代的镁铁质下地壳（26～33km）部分熔融形成的。而A型花岗岩则是在Ⅰ型花岗质岩浆形成后,由脱水的紫苏辉石质残留下地壳在温度大于900℃的条件下再一次部分熔融形成的。相对于Ⅰ型花岗岩,A型花岗岩中可能有更多的大洋岩石圈的组份被卷入。