重庆市产业结构与就业结构协调性测度研究

促进产业结构和就业结构的协调是实现城市产业健康发展的一个重要问题.借用建立在相似系数公式基础上的产业结构与就业结构协调系数计算方法,以重庆市为例,从时间、空间上分别测算了1985-2011年间及“一圈两翼”战略下2008年重庆市三大经济区域的产业结构与就业结构协调系数.结果显示:城市或区域的产业结构与就业结构是否均衡发展可以通过协调系数整体了解和掌握;长期以来重庆市产业结构与就业结构处于不平衡状态,整体协调性较差,协调系数呈现明显的波浪性变动;从空间上看,重庆市三大经济区域的产业结构与就业结构协调系数呈现出明显的地域差异.在此基础上,提出了促进产业结构与就业结构协调发展的相关建议.     

北京城市居住和就业空间类型区分析

基于2010年北京市工商企业登记数据和第六次人口普查数据,从分行业视角对北京市城区职住空间结构及其类型区特征进行详细实证分析。研究表明：北京市就业空间结构和居住空间结构均有3个主成分因子构成,其中就业空间结构包括综合服务业、流通地产服务业与二产、高科技产业等主因子,居住空间结构则由一般服务业、流通生活服务业与二产、科技和教育产业等主因子构成,且不同城市就业与居住空间主因子的空间关联强度存在差异。采用GIS分组分析方法可将北京城市居住和就业空间划分为5种类型区,即流通生活服务业与二产居住集中区、流通生活服务业与二产职住综合区、一般服务业职住综合区、职弱住强型科教优势区和职强住弱型科教优势区。分析发现,北京城市居住和就业空间结构形成主要受到历史力、市场力、政府力和个体力等因素共同作用。     

中国城市就业结构的特征及其演变

通过对 1 999年全国 6 6 7个城市就业结构的分析可以发现 ,我国就业仍然以工业为主 ,金融保险、房地产等第三产业就业比重较低。城市规模不同 ,就业结构也出现差异。规模越大 ,采掘业、建筑业、工业就业比重越小 ;金融保险、科教、行政等服务业比重越大。而商业、交通运输业比重相差较小。我国城市就业结构具有一定的地带差异 ,东部地带工业、金融保险、房地产业相对比较发达 ,从业职工比重较大 ;西部地带城市交通、文教及行政等方面所占比重较高。近 1 0年来 ,我国城市就业结构变化很大 ,总的趋势是科教文卫、商业等第三产业大幅增加 ,工业、行政等行业增长较慢。通过对全国各种行业就业的频率分布可知 ,除采掘业外 ,其它行业多呈正态分布 ,城市专业化程度较低。     

国内就业结构演变与旅游需求关系研究

通过就业结构演变驱动旅游需求的简单反馈模型假设,利用单位根检验(unit root test)、协整检验(cointegra-tion test)和格兰杰因果检验(Granger causality test)计量方法,以我国1984-2006年三大产业的就业人数和国内旅游人次变动数据为依据,探讨国内就业结构演变与旅游需求变化的关系。实证结果表明,三大产业就业结构演变与国内旅游人次的变化具有很强的相关性,其间存在长期稳定的均衡关系且具有正负增长递减的规律;第一产业就业人数的减少是国内旅游需求增长的重要驱动因素。     

民族特质、风险意识、就业环境对新疆维吾尔族农村劳动力外出务工意愿的影响

基于新疆701份维吾尔族农村劳动力调查样本数据,从民族特质、风险意识、就业环境3个层面对托达罗模型(Todaro model)中的其他因素进行拓展,引入个人特征为控制变量,对影响维吾尔族农村劳动力外出务工意愿的社会因素进行系统分析。结果表明:(1)汉语沟通能力、清真饮食等民族特质因素为负向影响,赞成女性外出务工呈正向影响;(2)风险意识因素(风险整体预期、是否担心被歧视、是否想到维权)削弱了外出务工意愿;(3)对城镇就业环境的总体认知、政策安全环境、就业条件的认识提升了外出务工意愿;(4)个人特征中年龄呈负向影响,男性的外出务工意愿强于女性,未婚的维吾尔族农村劳动力外出务工意愿更强。     

Factors for the presence of avian scavengers in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana

Avian scavengers are common and active in the social life of southern Ghana, yet few studies consider both the ecological factors for avian presence and the avian–human interactions from human gender and age perspectives, and compare avian behaviour in both human-dominated and natural landscapes. This paper examines interactions between people, hooded vultures and pied crows in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana using both ecological and social research methods. Land use was classified for species presence into meat and waste production, vegetable marketing, non-food production, residential and central business areas, green spaces and rural areas. One hundred and eighty-four people were interviewed, classified according to age and gender. Hooded vultures and pied crows were more common in urban than rural areas, and their presence was positively correlated with human numbers. Birds were most common in meat and waste production areas, but also foraged for street discards in non-food production and residential areas, and were most rare in rural areas. Bird consumption of waste was viewed positively, while eating of other foods, close proximity and unusual behaviours were viewed negatively. Both species, especially the larger vultures, were feared as spiritual agents, this measured by odd behaviours. Women and older people had stronger beliefs, due to cultural conditioning. These human perspectives and reactions influenced avian presence. This study contributes to urban avian ecology, socio-cultural studies and urban planning.     

Labour Market Adjustment in the Time of Krismon: Changes in Employment Structure in Indonesia, 1997–98

This study examines the labour market outcomes of the recent economic crisis ( krismon ) in Indonesia, focusing on the change of employment structure between 1997 and 1998. Indonesia's labour market has been extremely flexible in adjusting itself during the crisis. Labour has moved from "modern" economic sectors to agricultural and "informal" sectors, reflecting the strategy of poor households to cope with the hardship. While the impact of the economic crisis on the majority of male workers has been severe, female labourers have become increasingly involved in several jobs to enable the survival of their families.     

海南昌江县海滨土地风沙化及其环境整治

昌江县海滨土地风沙化主要是由于昌化江、珠碧江两大河流及研究区其它西流水系源头及沿岸森林植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失日趋严重,生态环境恶化;恶劣的气候条件;盲目开发等原因所致。针对上述原因和研究区土地风沙化状况,海南省和昌江县林业部门开展了一系列治沙造林试验研究,主要技术措施是:①先固沙,后造林,为造林幼苗生长创造有利条件;②用木麻黄大苗、壮苗带营养袋深栽造林;③采用"旱天造林"新技术,确保造林质量。该试验研究已取得成功,但还是存在一些问题,如木麻黄枯梢较为严重;垂直于主风方向的露兜行成活率较低;治沙林树种单调;后期管理差等。为此,本文提出了有关解决问题的建议:①造林过程中施加稀土微肥,以增强治沙林的抗逆性等;②增加与主风方向垂直的露兜行行数,提高网格固沙露兜的成活率;③扩大藤本植物种植面积,以增强固沙能力;④尝试引进其它地区固沙效果较好的物种,以增强抵御自然灾害的能力;⑤在防风林中立体套种适于生长的经济作物,以林养林;⑥加大投入,加强管理,加强环保教育,以确保治沙造林任务的顺利进行和环岛海防林的早日保质保量合拢。     

转型期长春市就业结构的空间分异

在经济体制改革及产业空间重构初期,利用2000年第五次人口普查数据,以街道和乡镇为基本单位,运用因子生态分析和聚类分析方法研究了长春市这一老工业基地就业空间结构的特征。研究表明:① 处在特定历史条件下的长春市工、居分离现象并不明显;② 根据因子分析的结果,得到受教育水平、普通收入群体、外来人口比重、性别分化程度四个主要因子对2000年长春市就业空间结构影响较大;③ 运用聚类分析法将长春市划分为6大就业类型区:混合就业区、传统产业区、科技教育集中区、物流业集中区、以农业为主的远郊区、新兴产业集中区,并最终得出长春市就业结构的空间形态特征为:单核心、混合圈层式、综合扇形要素的空间结构模型。     

Glacial and palaeoenvironmental history of the Cape Chelyuskin area, Arctic Russia

Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and relative sea-level changes reveal at least two glacial expansions over the Chelyuskin Peninsula, bordering the Kara Sea at about 77°N in the Russian Arctic, as indicated from tills interbedded with marine sediments, exposed in stratigraphic superposition, and from raised-beach sequences mapped to altitudes of at least up to ca. 80 m a.s.l. Chronological control is provided by accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dating, electron-spin resonance and optically stimulated luminescence geochronology. Major glaciations, followed by deglaciation and marine inundation, occurred during marine oxygen isotope stages 6–5e (MIS 6–5e) and stages MIS 5d–5c. These glacial sediments overlie marine sediments of Pliocene age, which are draped by fluvial sediment of a pre-Saalian age, thereby forming palaeovalley/basin fills in the post-Cretaceous topography. Till fabrics and glacial tectonics record expansions of local ice caps exclusively, suggesting wet-based ice cap advance, followed by cold-based regional ice-sheet expansion. Local ice caps over highland sites along the perimeter of the shallow Kara Sea, including the Byrranga Mountains and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, appear to have repeatedly fostered initiation of a large Kara Sea ice sheet, with the exception of the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS 2), when Kara Sea ice neither impacted the Chelyuskin Peninsula nor Severnaya Zemlya, and barely touched the northern coastal areas of the Taymyr Peninsula.     

海峡西岸经济区城镇体系空间结构特征研究

在经济全球化背景下,福建省正处于全面发展的工业化阶段,面对外界各种流体的汇集和离散,机遇与挑战并存。如何构建福建省区域城镇体系的等级、功能和空间结构,协调区域发展,实现海峡西岸经济区的成功崛起乃是福建省在今后区域规划中的重要任务。立足海峡西岸经济区主体福建省城镇体系空间结构现状,从节点、轴线、网络、域面四个维度分析其结构特征,得到以下结论:①福建省城镇经济发展目前已形成2个主中心(厦门市、福州市辖区)、1个次中心(泉州市辖区)、6个地方中心和一批较大生产规模城镇;②闽东南地区城镇整体水平高于闽西北地区,中部地区城镇沿线发展程度仅次于沿海地区城镇密集带;③福建省城镇体系空间分布较为适中;④福建省城镇经济发展梯度差异较大。     

Groundwater Assessment for Current and Future Water Demand in the Daka Catchment,Northern Region,Ghana

The use of untreated surface water for domestic purposes has resulted in the infection of some people by guinea worm and other water borne diseases in the Northern Region of Ghana. The aim of this study is to assess the current groundwater quantity and quality conditions in the 7,820 km² Daka catchment and project the water demand in 2025. Results of groundwater analyses generally show good water quality for domestic use. Borehole analyses indicate that the catchment’s groundwater system can be characterized by a regolith aquifer underlain by a deeper fractured rock aquifer in some areas. The current per capita water demand is estimated at 40 l/day although 60 l/day is the desired amount, indicating that with the current population of 363,350, the projected water demand for the communities is 21,800 m³/day. With a projected population of 555,500 in 2025, an expected 33,300 m³/day of water is required. The estimated optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment is 154 × 10⁶ m³/year (4.24 × 10⁵ m³/day). However, the current total groundwater abstraction is only 8,876 m³/day or 2% of the optimum. In comparison, the projected total current and 2025 water demands are only 5 and 8%, respectively, of the optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment. In addition, only 1,780 m³/day (0.65 × 10⁶ m³/year) or 0.06% of the average annual flow of 1,016 × 10⁶ m³/year of the Daka River is treated for domestic use. These figures reveal that a significantly very large water resource potential exists for both surface and groundwater development in the Daka catchment. It is suggested that their development should proceed conjunctively.     

Resource management and agriculture in the periurban interface of Kumasi,Ghana: Problems and prospects

This paper outlines pressures on agricultural land in periurban Kumasi, Ghana. A survey of agricultural practices underlines the recent and rapid transition from agricultural to urban land use in the periurban interface, and shows how farmers are reacting by reducing fallow periods. Farmers are also intensifying agriculture near streams and rivers through increased use of irrigation, in response to growing urban markets for a wider range of vegetables. We identify specific problems of water resource pollution and waste management, with particular reference to farmland irrigation. We report results of composting interventions as a community‐based waste management strategy. We consider integrated organic waste recycling as a generic strategy to help protect periurban natural resources, to enhance food production through nutrient recycling, and to improve community sanitation.