大洋锰结核(壳)中南极底流活动的矿物学与地球化学记录

总结了大洋锰结核(壳)的形态、构造、矿物组合、元素富集特点,以及区域分布和南极底流活动的关系,采用ICP-MS测试手段对中太平洋海山区17个锰结壳样品和1个基岩样品的稀土元素进行测试,结果表明,富钴结壳的REE含量很高,平均为1716.66×10-6,轻稀土明显富集,LREE/HREE平均为4.82,锰结壳样品中除MID06样品有轻微的Ce负异常外,其余样品均具明显的Ce正异常,基岩MKD01呈明显的Ce负异常。不同区域锰结核(壳)中稀土元素的对比研究表明,南极底流活动区和非活动区Ce/La值有显著差异,但不能通过Ce/La值确定底流的迁移路径。这一成果将有助于全面认识大洋成矿作用与海洋环境变迁的内在联系。     

太平洋多金属结核和富钴结壳稀土元素地球化学对比及其地质意义

多金属结核和富钴结壳是大洋两类典型的铁锰产物。为探讨不同海区多金属结核和富钴结壳之间稀土元素特点及其揭示的地质意义,利用近年中国在太平洋获取的样品进行对比,采用ICP-AES对稀土元素测试。结果表明,结壳具有正Ce异常明显、LREE富集、∑REE高的特点,而结核表现为HREE相对富集、∑REE相对较低,因成因类型不同,Ce异常或表现为正异常、负异常或异常不明显。结核形成后受到成岩作用的影响,而结壳则为水成作用形成;结核和结壳中REE的存在形式比较复杂,不同海区各不相同,中太平洋东部产出的结壳和位于东太平洋的结核中REE可能主要赋存于铁矿物相,而西太平洋结壳REE可能主要赋存于锰矿物相;结核和结壳REE可能分别来自海水和海山蚀变玄武岩,热液作用影响有限。     

西太平洋海山富钴结壳稀土元素(REE)组成原位LA-ICPMS测定

利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)微区原位分析方法,对采自西太平洋海山具完整三层结构的富钴结壳样品进行了稀土元素(REE)含量测定,结果表明, 虽然均产于西太平洋海山且均具有明显的三层结构,富钴结壳化学组成受地理位置和沉积环境影响很大。绝大多数西太平洋富钴结壳具有高ΣREE、高LREE/HREE、δCe正异常和δEu基本无异常或微弱正异常的特点, 显示它们主要由正常海水沉积形成。结壳不同层圈之间REE组成有较大的区别, 其原因主要在于其形成环境和矿物组成不同。样品0327稀土元素总量(∑REE)由亮煤层到疏松层到外层逐渐升高,且亮煤层δCe和Y/Ho变化非常大,最大值分别为38.61和105.5,显示该层生长环境较为氧化且相对动荡,而样品0346中三层结构的∑REE都非常高,且变化趋势与0327正好相反,从亮煤层到致密层∑REE有降低的趋势。 亮煤层形成时海水相对较氧化的环境有利于铁锰氧化物的形成和Ce⁴⁺等稀土元素的吸附,导致其中ΣREE较疏松层和外层为高,而后期磷酸盐化导致REE元素的迁移和亏损。在结壳生长剖面上,由最外层到疏松层和亮煤层,δCe呈明显上升趋势,且变化范围趋大,说明该结壳所处的海水环境在由老至新的生长过程中由相对动荡和氧化变为相对平静和还原。     

浙赣部分火山岩的稀土元素地球 化学特征及其地质意义

本文根据64个样品的分析结果,论述浙江北部和江西东部中生代火山岩的稀土元素地球化学特征。区内各地中酸性和酸性火山岩的稀土元素分布型式都很相似,均为向右倾的、彼此近于平行的V型曲线,具铕负异常;它们的稀土元素参数(ΣREE、ΣLREE/ΣHREE、δEu、Ce/Yb、La/sm、La/Yb等)也存在一定差异,铀矿化火山岩特别富集重稀土元素。火山岩的~87sr/~86Sr初始比值介于0.7056—0.7139。这些特征和数据表明火山岩的成岩物质来源于硅铝壳。火山岩的稀土元素分布型式和地球化学参数以及La/Sm—La和Ce/Yb—Eu/Yb图解,可用于探讨成岩成矿物质来源。     

中国富钴结壳合同区海水的稀土元素特征及其意义

通过对西太平洋34件海水样品的稀土元素（REY:REE+Y）测试及其与研究区富钴结壳稀土耦合特征分析,揭示了海水稀土特征及其成因.海水的稀土含量随水深呈现逐渐增加的趋势,∑ REY范围为14.0×10-12~65.5×10-12,平均值为31.9×10-12,其中Y的绝对值（均值为6.0×10-12~24.1×10-12）和相对值（（Y/Ho）_N均值为1.98）均较高,La含量次之（均值为1.8×10-12~11.6×10-12）,Ce含量相对较低（均值为2.4×10-12~8.8×10-12）,δCe范围为0.33~1.03（均值为0.66）,（La/Yb）_N平均值为0.71.海水稀土元素北美页岩标准化后显示左倾模式,具有显著的Ce负异常、Y正异常和无明显的Eu异常特征.研究区普遍发育水成成因的富钴结壳,即其稀土元素和其他组分均源自海水.富钴结壳的稀土含量相对海水富集6~7个数量级,其Ce正异常和Y负异常的稀土模式与海水构成良好的耦合关系,指示富钴结壳类组分对海水稀土清扫具有选择性,是造成海水稀土模式的重要因素.海山上发育的磷块岩以及周围盆地深海泥中的磷酸盐组分,它们具有较高的稀土含量和类似于海水的稀土模式,指示海洋磷酸盐消耗稀土时并未分馏而是继承海水模式.海水独特的稀土模式特征是补给与消耗平衡作用的结果,铁锰氧化物和海洋磷酸盐是两种典型的海洋自生组分,它们对海水稀土特征的形成至关重要.      

黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积-构造环境分析

为了深入探讨黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,笔者对页岩气钻孔CY1井打屋坝组黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了页岩稀土元素地球化学特征。分析结果表明,该区早石炭世页岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为(213.08~308.1)×10-6,平均值为251.43×10-6,大于北美页岩的平均值(173.21×10-6);w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)及w(Ce)N/w(Yb)N等地球化学参数表明,轻、重稀土元素分异明显;REE分布模式呈平坦状,表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损;δEu值为0.53~0.671,显示中等程度的负Eu异常,Ce异常表现不明显。根据δCe和Ce异常值的变化,反映研究区早石炭世为缺氧还原环境。根据稀土元素组合特征、δEu值的变化及w(La)N/w(Yb)N-ΣREE的图解特征,结合区域地质背景,认为黔南地区打屋坝组黑色页岩的物源来自黔中隆起和雪峰山隆起,母岩为沉积岩和花岗岩的混合,沉积区构造环境为被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

下扬子二叠系泥页岩稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

为探讨下扬子地区二叠系泥页岩的稀土元素特征、物质来源及其地质意义,对研究区昌桥剖面大隆组、龙潭组和孤峰组的泥页岩样品进行了微量和稀土元素地球化学测试.测试结果表明该地区稀土元素（∑REE）含量较高,∑REE平均值为259.15 μg/g,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损.稀土元素的配分曲线整体表现为“右倾”,Eu呈明显的负异常,Ce有轻微的负异常.样品的Ce_anom值（平均值为-0.07）和δCe值（平均值为0.90）反映了沉积时水体为缺氧的还原环境,有利于形成优质烃源岩,（La/Yb）_N值的变化反映研究区在垂向上的沉积速率为:大隆组 < 孤峰组 < 龙潭组.稀土元素数据还表明研究区物源来自上地壳,母岩为长英质岩石,以花岗岩为主.利用La-Th-Sc、Th-Sc-Zr/10、Th-Co-Zr/10三角图版和La/Th-Hf图解,判断得到研究区的构造背景为被动大陆边缘.      

冲绳海槽中部Jade热液活动区中块状硫化物的稀土元素地球化学特征

用ICP－MS对冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区中6个块状硫化物样品进行了稀土元素分析。除一个样品表现出极微弱的正Eu异常外(δEu=1.09)，其他样品均表现出负Eu异常(δEu=0.58-0.71)和LREE相对富集((La/Yb)N=1.29-47.87)的球粒陨石标准化配分模式。块状硫化物样品之间稀土元素组成的变化是由于热液流体－岩石的相互作用以及海水和热液流体不同程度混合的结果，与深海沉积物，火山岩和海水稀土元素配分模式对比，表明块状硫休物的REE部分来自沉积物和火山岩，海水的混合作用对块状硫化物的REE配分模式具有一定的影响。海底热液硫化物稀土元素组成的变化可以一定程度的反映在出热液流体的演化特征。     

西藏努日白钨矿床微量和稀土元素地球化学特征——对成矿流体与矿床成因的指示

对努日矿床白钨矿中稀土元素、微量元素的地球化学特征研究表明:白钨矿亏损V、Cs、Hf、Ta等元素,并具有异常低的Rb/Sr、Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta的比值,以及Hf/Sm、Nb/La、Th/La值也都远远小于1,指示原始富钨成矿流体来源于深部壳源岩浆结晶分异,并总体以富CL热液为主;采自不同位置的白钨矿样品其稀土元素组成基本一致,其球粒陨石配分曲线表现为明显轻稀土富集的右倾模式,具有明显的Ce正异常(δCe=1.066~1.107)和弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.768~0.910),表明白钨矿与流体之间稀土元素发生了不太明显的分异;白钨矿与夕卡岩化有密切关系的黑云母花岗岩的REE球粒陨石标准化配分曲线均为明显的右倾模式,ΣREE、δCe、δEu值基本一致,暗示岩体对努日白钨矿成矿物质的贡献。努日矿床初始热液流体为一中高温、中低盐度的流体,其沿着构造裂隙运移过程中,与比马组地层发生接触交代反应,体系中CO2和Ca含量的增加,流体的初始平衡体系被破坏,最终导致大量Ca2+与WO42-结合形成了巨量的白钨矿。     

江陵凹陷古新统沉积岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

稀土元素因其化学性质稳定已成为研究湖泊沉积物的物源、古环境和古气候等变化的良好示踪剂。笔者采集江陵凹陷GK2井古新统沙市组上段岩芯样品21件、新沟嘴组下段岩芯样品39件,并采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术对其稀土元素进行测试分析。结果表明:∑REE为67.941~284.385μg/g,平均值为174.63μg/g,高于全球平均大陆上地壳值,稍大于北美页岩。样品的δEu值为0.61~0.89,平均为0.71,中度Eu异常;δCe值为0.88~0.99,平均为0.93,Ce微负异常。稀土元素的配分模式为LREE、HREE分异明显,LREE呈现右倾,HREE较为平坦,富集LREE,HREE相对亏损。δEu、δCe值的变化表明当时的水体为还原环境;∑REE和(La/Yb)N值的变化表明,从沙市组上段到新沟嘴组下段气候由干热变得相对暖湿;物源以沉积岩为主,也有部分可能来自花岗岩和玄武岩。黄陵隆起的隆升剥蚀过程和东秦岭、华容地区花岗岩稀土元素配分模式与江陵凹陷样品的对比分析结果,表明东秦岭、黄陵隆起和华容地区花岗岩在古新世时期可能向江陵凹陷提供了物源。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with