蔚县矿区断层构造定量研究

采用数理统计方法,分析了断层要素与断层性质的相关关系,建立了不同性质断层的落差与走向长度之间的经验公式,揭示了断层发育的平面展布规律。本文强调小型缓倾斜逆冲断层在蔚县矿区构造格局中的重要性。      

柴达木盆地北缘煤田构造特征的遥感解译

柴达木盆地北缘地区构造复杂,特征明显。在经过增强处理的ETM卫星遥感图像上,通过详细分析构造判别标志,对研究区线性构造进行解译,并对解译结果进行分区统计分析。线性构造走向玫瑰花图统计表明,构造走向在东、中、西部构造分区内呈现明显的规律性：西部地区断层发育较为复杂,中部地区断裂发育中等,东部地区断层发育比较单一,呈现过渡带性质。构造密度等值线图显示,线性构造总体展布呈北西—南东向,与区域主干构造线方向一致,等值线图清楚的展示出断层发育的“南北分带、东西分块”的特征。     

平山湖勘探区首采区地质构造定量分析

为了揭示平山湖勘探区构造发育规律,优化矿井设计,采用数理统计及趋势面分析方法对其首采区地质构造进行了定量分析。结果表明:该区断层走向以NE向为主,兼有NW、SN和EW向;断层落差与延伸长度呈正相关关系;断层密度等值线呈现明显分区性,由北向南、由西向东断裂强度呈减弱趋势;煤层底板自北西向南东呈现由高到低的变化趋势;局部构造形态的复杂程度具有明显的分区特征。     

巨野煤田赵楼井田构造发育规律

在野外地质和勘查资料分析的基础上,结合区域构造背景,论述了赵楼井田构造发育、组合及分布规律。研究表明：石炭-二叠纪成煤期后,多期性质、强度不同的构造作用相互叠加、改造,致使赵楼井田构造以断裂为主．褶皱发育次之。断裂构造主要有近NS、NW、NE及NNE向四组,其中以NE、NNE向为主,NW向断层组多为落差、延展长度都较小的断层。断裂以正断层为主,在剖面上主要表现为堑-垒构造组合,这种组合特征不仅使矿井构造更加复杂,而且使煤层的连续性受到破坏。井田东南部断层发育,断层叠加于早期的褶皱之上,破坏了褶皱的完整性．构成井田的构造复杂区。赵楼井田构造发育规律及成因机制的研究为今后矿井建设与生产提供了地质依据。     

基于灰色模糊模型的塔山煤矿构造复杂程度定量评价

为实现大同煤田塔山煤矿构造复杂程度的定性-定量综合分析和分区评价,本次研究充分收集研究区钻孔实测数据和井田详查和勘探阶段的区调资料,以及各煤层采掘工程平面图,统计了研究区近百条褶皱和断裂构造产状、落差和延伸长度等参数,绘制了研究区构造纲要图.厘定了断层密度、断层强度、断层影响指数和褶皱的平面变形系数4个构造评价指标,应...     

舒兰街煤矿构造型式力学性质的分析

从收集整理资料入手,利用地质力学观点,阐述了舒兰街煤矿的构造型式与构造特征,即构造型式为一入字型构造,主要特征是分支断裂越靠近主干断裂落差越大,远离主干断层落差逐渐变小直至尖灭,断层也都为压扭性高角度正断层,断层面(带)断层泥发育,有糜棱岩化、硅化现象,紧闭程度高,具有隔水性。     

峰峰通二井田构造特征研究

通过井下地质调查，率述了通二井田地质构造发育特征及煤层断裂展布规律，表明已采区中，小型煤层断层的展布具有分区性和方向性等特点，并就层滑断裂引起煤层变薄与增厚进行了研究，在此基础上，对北部（深部）未采区进行了构造预报。     

新疆东昆仑-阿尔金地区航磁反映的断裂构造特征

本文根据最新的航磁资料,将东昆仑-阿尔金山地区按照不同的磁异常面貌特征进行了分区描述,其总体展布以北东和近东西向为主,磁异常具有明显的分区、分带性。同时辅以卫星重力资料,通过解析延拓、任意水平方向导数计算等处理,得到大量与断裂相关的地球物理场信息,并结合地质资料综合分析,揭示了研究区内断裂构造尤其是深大断裂在磁场上的特征。这些特征主要以不同磁场分界线、磁异常梯度带和串珠状异常等形式呈现,明显的表现为磁场分区、分带的界线。在此基础上,根据航磁资料解释和实际应用结果对深大断裂与成矿的关系进行了探讨。本文实例揭示已知的中小型矿床多位于深大断裂附近。     

青海省祁连山西北部煤田构造遥感解译

西北祁连山地区自然地理条件恶劣、工作程度低。通过选取优质ETM影像数据进行融合、镶嵌、裁剪等预处理,在解译标志信息和复合处理后制作该区的影像图。影像图表明祁连山西北部构造复杂,特征明显,北西向大断裂发育,是控制区域构造和煤田构造格局的主要构造要素。依据线性构造走向玫瑰花图和密度等值线图可以发现,研究区呈现明显的分区性:西部分区线性构造展布以北东东、北东向为主,密度为全区最大;中区线性构造以北西向展布,与区域主要构造线方向一致,且密度最小;东部线性构造以北西西向为主,延伸较长且较为密集。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏亥图地区构造特征及对煤系的控制分析

以勘查资料为基础,结合已有研究成果,从鄂尔多斯盆地的构造演化、区域构造背景、构造特征进行分析,认为苏亥图地区发育7条北东向断层和3条近东西向断层,主断裂为北东向,断裂构造控制了煤系的展布,将煤系地层切割为北东走向的断块状。根据煤系与构造形态之间的关系,苏亥图地区构造控煤类型可划分为单斜断块型和逆冲褶皱型两种,其中以单斜断块型为主。     

Scaling properties within the Gulf of Corinth, Greece; comparison between offshore and onshore active faults

The Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is a 110-km-long by 30-km-wide active graben displaying strong seismicity hosted both on north and south dipping normal faults. This complex fault pattern consists of two fault populations, offshore and onshore. The offshore fault population is investigated by densely arranged seismic reflection profiles during the last 20 years, whereas the onshore fault population displays spectacular and well exposed faults, delineated by high accuracy mapping. We analyzed fault length and throw, in order to study the scaling properties of 136 well-determined offshore and onshore faults and the comparison between the two datasets. We examined the statistical properties on both fault populations, in order to describe the role of segmentation in the growth of faults and the different stages of the evolution of the fault networks.Our results on power law relationships associated with the scaling properties of the fault zones in the Gulf of Corinth, suggest that both fault populations are bi-fractal, providing the initiation of a sature state in deformation. In addition, the vertical throw of faults shows that both fault populations have similar properties but different distributions below and above 5 km, respectively. Displacement–length ratios, show that faults larger than 9 km appear to accumulate throw without any dramatic change to their length. These observations combined with other geophysical studies within the Gulf, suggest that the characteristic fault lengths of 5 km and 9 km can be correlated to the crustal mechanical structure and the seismicity of the Gulf.     

Mechanical relation between crustal rheology,effective fault friction,and strike-slip partitioning among the Xiaojiang fault system,southeastern Tibet

The north–south trending Xiaojiang fault system accommodates ～10–12 mm/yr sinistral motions between southeastern Tibet and south China. In the south segment, the fault system composes mainly of four parallel strike-slip faults, namely from west to east, the Luzhijiang fault, the Yimen fault, the Puduhe fault, and the Xiaojiang fault. Geological and Seismological observations have shown that these strike-slip faults are all of active, while the slip rates of the Luzhijiang, the Yimen, and the Puduhe faults are much less than that of the Xiaojiang fault. We use finite element modeling to explore the mechanical relation between crustal rheology, effective fault friction and long-term slip rate partitioning among the four parallel faults. The individual faults are simplified as vertical discontinuities embedded in the crust as geophysical explorations have predicted. A large number of models are tested, associating with variations of the crustal rheolohy and the effective fault friction of individual faults. Result shows that if crust bounding the faults trends to behave like rigid blocks and decoupled mechanically from underlying layer, the modeled result is hard to approximate slip rates of the individual faults. To better fit slip rates of the individual faults, viscous deformation of the lower crust should be included. With a heterogeneously viscous lower-crust model that is built upon thermal structure of the heat flow data, associating with relatively low effective friction of the Xiaojiang fault, the modeled results fit the geological slip rates well, with ～1–1.5 mm/yr for the Luzhijiang, the Yimen and the Puduhe faults, and ～6–6.5 mm/yr for the Xiaojiang fault. Thus, in the southward movement of the Tibetan plateau around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, slip partitioning among the Xiaojiang fault system should be related to viscous deformation of the lower crust associated with different strength of the individual faults, highlighting that deformation of this fault system is coupled mechanically between the frictional upper crust and the viscous lower crust.     

西藏错那-拿日雍错地堑的第四纪正断层作用及其形成机制探讨

青藏高原内部的近东西向伸展变形在藏南地区形成了一系列近南北向裂谷带,对其中最东端的错那-沃卡裂谷带南段错那-拿日雍错地堑调查结果表明,它是第四纪活动明显的半地堑式断陷盆地。控制该盆地发育的主边界断裂带是近南北走向、倾向东侧和长80～110km左右的盆地西缘正断层,是区域内N90°～92°E方向伸展变形的产物。断裂活动速率的多种估算结果表明,该断裂带百万年时间尺度的平均垂直活动速率介于0.2～0.9mm/a之间;MIS 8和MIS 6以来的断裂平均活动速率的合理估计值是0.6±0.2mm/a;但末次冰期盛冰阶以来的断裂平均活动速率明显增加,介于1.0～2.1mm/a之间,合理的估计值为1.3±0.3mm/a,末次冰盛期以来断裂垂直活动速率的增加极可能是该断裂带进入地震丛集期的反映。该地堑近于严格的南北走向及其与当雄-羊八井地堑相似的活动强度,指示了下地壳物质侧向流动所产生的纵向拉张作用最有利于该区近南北向裂谷带的形成。     

The role of gravitational collapse in controlling the evolution of crestal fault systems (Espírito Santo Basin,SE Brazil)

A high-quality 3D seismic volume from offshore Espírito Santo Basin (SE Brazil) is used to assess the importance of gravitational collapse to the formation of crestal faults above salt structures. A crestal fault system is imaged in detail using seismic attributes such as curvature and variance, which are later complemented by analyses of throw vs. distance (T-D) and throw vs. depth (T-Z). In the study area, crestal faults comprise closely spaced arrays and are bounded by large listric faults, herein called border faults. Two episodes of growth are identified in two opposite-dipping fault families separated by a transverse accommodation zone. Statistical analyses for eighty-four (84) faults show that fault spacing is < 250 m, with border faults showing the larger throw values. Fault throw varies between 8 ms and 80 ms two-way time for crestal faults, and 60–80 ms two-way time for border faults. Fault length varies between ∼410 m and 1750 m, with border faults ranging from 1250 m to 1750 m. This work shows that border faults accommodated most of the strain associated with salt growth and collapse. The growth history of crestal faults favours an isolated fault propagation model with fault segment linkage being associated with the lateral propagation of discrete fault segments. Importantly, two episodes of fault growth are identified as synchronous to two phases of seafloor erosion, rendering local unconformities as competent markers of fault reactivation at a local scale. This paper has crucial implications for the understanding of fault growth as a means to assess drilling risk and oil and gas migration on continental margins. As a corollary, this work demonstrates that: 1) a certain degree of spatial organisation occurs in crestal fault systems; 2) transverse accommodation zones can form regions in which fault propagation is enhanced and regional dips of faults change in 4D.     

塔里木盆地顺北地区11号走滑断裂带变形及其活动特征

塔里木盆地顺北地区发育大量走滑断裂带,并对油气的运聚成藏有重要控制作用。以顺北西部地区地震资料为基础,对顺北11号走滑断裂带的几何变形特征、活动性、活动期次及其形成机制等进行了分析。顺北11号走滑断裂带整体呈NNW走向延伸,具有垂向分层性和平面分段性。断裂带北段主体为压扭和张扭交互段,中段为两条次级断层控制的拉分地堑,南段由数条分支断层构成马尾状构造。顺北11号断裂带整体活动性由北向南减弱,运动学标志显示是一条右旋走滑断层。顺北11号断裂带主要经历了晚奥陶世和晚志留世-中泥盆世两期活动,部分地区的活动持续到石炭纪。顺北11号走滑断裂带的活动性和运动学特征与塔北地区NNW走向的走滑断裂体系比较相似,而不同于塔中地区的NE向左行走滑断裂体系。顺北11号走滑断裂带的形成主要受控于塔里木盆地北部天山洋多期俯冲挤压而产生的自北向南的挤压应力,断裂自北向南扩展延伸,类似于顺北5号走滑断裂带的北段。     

西秦岭北缘构造带的新生代构造活动——兼论对青藏高原东北缘形成过程的指示意义

西秦岭北缘构造带是青藏高原东北部一条重要的北西西向构造带,它由一组近于平行的断裂组成,中部发育活动的左旋走滑断裂,两侧发育向外扩展的多条逆冲断裂,剖面上呈向北偏心的花状构造。自古近纪中晚期以来西秦岭北缘构造带成为青藏高原早期的北东边界,其新生代构造活动控制了两侧的新生代盆地沉积演化和构造变形。在构造带南侧滩歌盆地自古近纪中晚期堆积了一套厚度较大的砾岩和砂岩地层,但未见新近纪地层;沿西秦岭北缘构造带中部在中新世形成具有剪切拉张性质的武山—漳县盆地,沉积了厚度超过千米的砾岩、砂岩和泥岩序列;在构造带北侧陇西盆地从古近纪中晚期至中新世晚期一直处于前陆盆地发育阶段,沉积了连续的新生代地层序列。在中新世晚期以后,整个构造带遭受挤压变形,逆冲活动强烈,中部的武山—漳县盆地和北侧的陇西盆地相继消亡,新生代地层发生强烈构造变形,位于构造带南侧的滩歌盆地也同时发生轻微缩短变形。第四纪晚期以来西秦岭北缘构造带断裂活动主要表现为左旋走滑运动方式,而逆冲断裂活动则迁移到了北东方向的海原断裂和香山—天景山断裂(又称中卫—同心断裂)等构造带之上,实现了大区域范围内的应变分配。     

辽东白云-小佟家堡子矿集区控矿构造及成矿有利区预测

白云-小佟家堡子矿集区是辽东青城子矿集区的重要组成部分之一,包括位于北部的白云（二道沟、三道沟）、荒甸子等大中型金矿床及位于南部的林家三道沟、小佟家堡子、杨树、桃源等大型或中小型金矿床,高家堡子、凤银大地、姜家沟等大中型银矿床.前人对该区成岩成矿时代及金-多金属成矿作用开展了大量的研究工作,但控矿构造研究相对薄弱.研究结果表明,北部白云-荒甸子矿区容（含）矿构造为近东-西走向,向南倾,倾角30°左右逆冲断裂带,沿走向延伸近8 km.该逆冲断裂带由主逆冲断层及与其近于平行的若干条逆冲断层组成,宽度可达200 m.主断层面下部地层产状陡,上部缓,明显切层;而上部逆冲断层则以顺层为主.断层面一般呈舒缓波状,缓倾部位为矿体富集区域.南部林家三道沟-小佟家堡子矿区容矿构造为总体向北倾的缓倾逆冲断层,延伸稳定,在盖县组碎屑岩与大石桥组上部大理岩硅-钙面上部碎屑岩中形成金矿体,而硅-钙面下部大理岩中则形成铅锌银矿体,不同矿区赋矿层位近于一致.NW走向的尖山子断裂是本区规模最大的陡倾断裂,长度超过13 km,并具有多期活动特征.该断裂早期以右行走滑为主,晚期为正断层,在成矿后还有明显活动,可能将白云-荒甸子矿区近东-西向容矿逆冲断裂带向南错移至扈家堡子-马隈子北-毛甸子一带,最大错断距离达6 km.根据对白云-小佟家堡子矿集区控矿构造及赋矿层位的综合分析,结合成矿后断裂活动的改造,提出了白云-荒甸子矿区以南和小佟家堡子金矿-风银大地银矿2个深部成矿有利区及扈家堡子-马隈子北-毛甸子和桃源村以南2个外围成矿有利区.      

珠一坳陷新生代断裂体系特征及其转型机制

运用丰富的三维地震资料, 在断裂体系静态刻画与动态分析的基础上, 分析珠一坳陷新生代断裂发育的时空差异性, 并就断裂转型机制进行探讨.结果表明: 断裂体系发育差异性及转型受控于不同区域动力学背景及岩石圈的差异伸展机制.裂陷期(E₂w-E₂e), 控盆断裂由始新世的北北东、北东-北东东向向近东西、北西西向转变, 岩石圈伸展作用由宽裂谷方式向窄裂谷方式转变以及由陆(北)向海(南)的迁移, 造成了断裂活动北强南弱及其向北扩展, 推测是因为印支地块的旋转挤出和古南海的俯冲导致区域应力场由北西向顺时针转变为近南北向拉张, 进而产生了断裂的幕式特征变化; 裂后拗陷期(E₃z-N₁z-N₁h), 断裂活动微弱, 推测与岩石圈伸展中心逐渐向南迁移至南海扩张中心, 南海北部陆缘整体处于裂后沉降阶段有关; 构造活化期(N₁y-N₂w-Q), 先期北西西向、近东西向控盆断裂复活, 近东西、北东和北西向走滑断裂形成, 推测与弧-陆碰撞作用产生的北东东向右旋走滑作用有关.现今断裂体系特征体现了多期构造运动的叠加效应, 明确断裂发育的时空差异性对于珠一坳陷油气勘探具有重要指导意义.     

Late Miocene normal faulting beneath the northern Nile Delta: NNW propagation of the Gulf of Suez Rift

The north Egyptian continental margin has undergone passive margin subsidence since the opening of Tethys, but its post-Mesozoic history has been interrupted by tectonic events that include a phase of extensional faulting in the Late Miocene. This study characterizes the geometry and distribution of Late Miocene normal faulting beneath the northern Nile Delta and addresses the relationship of this faulting to the north–northwestwards propagation of Red Sea–Gulf of Suez rifting at this time. Structural interpretation of a 2D grid of seismic reflection data has defined a Tortonian–Messinian syn-rift megasequence, when tied to well data. Normal fault correlations between seismic lines are constrained by the mapping of fault-related folds. Faults are evenly distributed across the study area and are found to strike predominantly NW–SE to NNW–SSE, with some N–S faults in the north. Faults are interpreted to be <10 km in length, typically in the range 3–6 km. This suggests that rifting in the northern Nile Delta did not proceed beyond a continental rift initiation phase, with distributed, relatively small-scale faults. This contrasts with the Gulf of Suez Rift, where faulting continued to a more evolved fault localization phase, with block-bounding faults >25 km in length. Results suggest that future studies could quantify fault evolution from rift initiation to fault linkage to displacement localization, by studying the spatial variation in faulting from the northern Nile Delta, south–southeastwards to the Gulf of Suez Rift.     

Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data

The detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike-slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike-slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian-Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike-slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike-slip faults and shallower en-echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike-slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en-echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone(PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en-echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi-level and multi-stage deformations of the strike-slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike-slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.