Mangrove wetland ecosystems in Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh

The Sundarbans is one of the productive mangrove wetland ecosystems in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh. The delta is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to human activity. In the present study, surface water salinity data from 13 rivers of the Sundarbans were collected in order to investigate the saline water intrusion in the mangrove wetlands. Results demonstrate that saline water has penetrated the upstream area as river water salinity has increased significantly in 1976 compared to the year 1968. The soil and river water salinity data also shows that it has crossed the water salinity threshold line in most parts of the Sundarbans wetlands. These observations are due to the construction of Farakka Barrage in 1975, which reduced the water discharge of the Ganges River from 3700 m³/s in 1962 to 364 m³/s in 2006. The shortage of freshwater discharge to the deltaic area is trailing active ecosystems function, especially in the dry season in the south western region in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to understand and analyze the present degraded mangrove wetland ecosystems and their negative impacts. The findings of this study would contribute to the formulation of the mangrove wetland ecosystems management plan in the Ganges delta of Bangladesh.     

全球湿地的状况、未来情景与可持续管理对策

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目针对湿地与水编写的《生态系统与人类福祉：湿地与水综合报告》的核心内容。报告表明：①据估算,2000年全球的湿地面积大约为1.28×10⁹hm²,但是这一数据显著偏低,尤其是对新热带区的湿地以及有些特殊类型湿地的估算因数据源问题可能远低于实际面积;②根据MA构建的4种情景的分析结果,未来50年（2000—2050年）内,在对生态系统实行被动式管理的全球协同和实力秩序2种情景中,预计全球的湿地面积将会减少,而在对生态系统实行主动式管理的技术家园和适应组合2种情景中,预计全球的湿地面积将保持相对稳定;③湿地的丧失和退化会对人类福祉和减轻贫困产生极为不利的影响,尤其是对低收入国家湿地附近居民的影响更为严重。为了实现湿地的可持续管理,必须从经济、制度和管理以及相关驱动力方面采取积极对策,减轻湿地生态系统承受的各种压力,保育各项生态特征,增强其自恢复能力,减缓和扭转湿地的丧失和退化趋势。     

利津县黄河湿地生态治理浅析

刁口乡自然保护区位于利津县东北部,丰富的湿地植被和水生生物资源已成为当地生态旅游的重要场所和经济来源,但由于区内自然资源开发,特别是石油、天然气的勘探开采,石油外溢引起的大面积水土污染,导致自然生态系统破坏。根据当地地质环境和湿地生态系统特点,制定了工程措施和生物措施的湿地治理设计方案,使黄河湿地生态系统得到恢复,带动当地海洋经济板块发展和产业结构调整。     

Mapping wetland cover in the greater Himalayan region: a hybrid method combining multispectral and ecological characteristics

In the greater Himalayan region, wetland ecosystems such as lakes, marshes, and peat lands play an important role in regulating the flow of major rivers. These ecosystems are often overlooked and not well represented on land-use planning and conservation maps. Wetland complexes are partly ephemeral and difficult to map accurately either with digital image processing or visual interpretation. This study developed a hybrid method of extracting spatial patterns of wetland areas which combines month-on-month multispectral classifications of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data with a sample wetland extraction method based on knowledge of the spectral characteristics of satellite data and wetland ecological systems. The results were compared with the best available sources for lakes and wetlands on global and national scales. It was demonstrated that the method could extract wetlands automatically to a reasonable degree of accuracy and, therefore, reduce the need for extensive ground knowledge. The model was transferred by adjusting parameters through application of high-resolution satellite data (Landsat) in some sub-basin areas. These findings are cognizant with field interviews conducted by wetland experts. The hybrid method and high-altitude wetlands maps will provide decision makers with valuable information about wetland distribution and change in response to global warming and human activities.     

Implications of wetlands degradation for water resources management: Lessons from Nigeria

Nigeria is a country richly endowed with both coastal and inland wetlands, which altogether cover about 3% of the country's land surface. These wetlands are of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, scientific and recreational significance. Nevertheless, Nigeria's wetland resources are currently being threatened by certain anthropogenic and biogeophysical factors. Notable among such factors are population pressure, rapid rate of urbanization, mining, oil and industrial waste pollution, uncontrolled tilling for crop production, over-grazing, logging, unprecedented land reclamation, construction of dams, transportation routes and other physical infrastructure, marine and coastal erosion, subsidence, ocean water intrusion, invasion by alien floral and faunal species, sand storm, desertification, and droughts. The alarming rate at which the country's wetlands are vanishing obviously portends some dire consequences. In particular, wetlands destruction is affecting water supply and water resources management in various parts of the country. Wetlands perform some vitally important hydrological functions in the country. For instance, apart from being quite instrumental to flood protection, wetlands equally maintain stream flow during the dry season in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria. Importantly, they also help in regulating surface water quality and volume, as well as in replenishing and sustaining groundwater. There is no gainsaying, therefore, that the degradation of wetland ecosystems in Nigeria increases the task of water resources management in the country. Thus, the country's wetland resources need to be properly identified and mapped. Moreover, the right legislation and policy framework has to be put in place and enforced to safeguard the remaining wetlands from the ongoing wanton destruction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Threatened wetlands and ecologically sensitive ecosystems management in Bangladesh

Wetlands constitute a part of human heritage. It has played a significant role in the development of human culture and society. More over it contains very rich components of biodiversity of local, national, and regional significance. They also provide habitat for a variety of resident and migratory waterfowl, a significant number of endangered species, and a large number of commercially important species. Mangrove wetlands are unique environments of floral-faunal assemblages, providing a complex detritus-based food-web for a number of marine and brackish water organisms. Wetlands in Bangladesh have great importance for the country’s economic, industrial, ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural aspects. There are five types of wetlands available in Bangladesh, such as saltwater wetlands, freshwater wetlands, palustrine wetlands, lacustrine wetlands, and manmade wetlands. There are 43 designated wetlands, and some are under threat from indiscriminate utilization, encroachments and reclamation, urbanization and drawbacks from agricultural development, and flood control. Almost 50% of the country’s people are directly dependent on wetlands resources. The vast majority of the poor people in the wetlands areas are dependent on wetlands resources for their nourishment. Wetlands have potential and have been recognized as a driving force for biodiversity conservation and rural socioeconomic improvement. Smart-use of wetlands can solve the ecosystems problems in the floodplain areas. A comprehensive analysis of the various issues leading to wetlands degradation is made in this study. The country needs an adequate interdisciplinary policy and political will to implement it for sustainable management and protection of wetlands and ecologically sensitive ecosystems in Bangladesh. Therefore, a reliable data bank is provided in this study to enhance the conservation measures initiated by the Government.     

浅谈城市开发建设中湿地的保护与利用

湿地是人类赖以生存的宝贵资源,具有重要的生态和社会价值。但在城市化进程中,由于不合理的开发建设行为,导致大量湿地被破坏,功能退化。因此,必须落实科学发展观,采取切实措施,有效保护和利用城市湿地。要强化全社会的环保意识,增强保护湿地的责任感和使命感,科学地搞好城市土地利用规划及城市湿地景观设计,切实加强对城市湿地的监测评估及湿地保护的法制建设,推动经济社会全面协调可持续发展。     

流域湿地水质净化功能研究进展

湿地具有去除水中营养物质或污染物质的特殊结构和功能属性,在维护流域生态平衡和水环境稳定方面发挥巨大作用。提出了流域湿地是将流域中湿地看作一个整体,研究其水质净化功能。对国内外湿地净水功能的特殊属性、湿地系统各组分对污染物质的去除作用及湿地对污染物质的去除过程研究作了不同程度的探讨。在流域的尺度上,进行了流域湿地水质净化功能的环境因子、影响流域湿地水质净化功能的重要湿地类型和流域湿地整体水质净化功能的研究,总结了流域湿地水质净化功能。对流域湿地水质净化功能未来的研究进行了讨论与展望。     

Consequences of Climate Change on the Ecogeomorphology of Coastal Wetlands

Climate impacts on coastal and estuarine systems take many forms and are dependent on the local conditions, including those set by humans. We use a biocomplexity framework to provide a perspective of the consequences of climate change for coastal wetland ecogeomorphology. We concentrate on three dimensions of climate change affects on ecogeomorphology: sea level rise, changes in storm frequency and intensity, and changes in freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs. While sea level rise, storms, sedimentation, and changing freshwater input can directly impact coastal and estuarine wetlands, biological processes can modify these physical impacts. Geomorphological changes to coastal and estuarine ecosystems can induce complex outcomes for the biota that are not themselves intuitively obvious because they are mediated by networks of biological interactions. Human impacts on wetlands occur at all scales. At the global scale, humans are altering climate at rapid rates compared to the historical and recent geological record. Climate change can disrupt ecological systems if it occurs at characteristic time scales shorter than ecological system response and causes alterations in ecological function that foster changes in structure or alter functional interactions. Many coastal wetlands can adjust to predicted climate change, but human impacts, in combination with climate change, will significantly affect coastal wetland ecosystems. Management for climate change must strike a balance between that which allows pulsing of materials and energy to the ecosystems and promotes ecosystem goods and services, while protecting human structures and activities. Science-based management depends on a multi-scale understanding of these biocomplex wetland systems. Causation is often associated with multiple factors, considerable variability, feedbacks, and interferences. The impacts of climate change can be detected through monitoring and assessment of historical or geological records. Attribution can be inferred through these in conjunction with experimentation and modeling. A significant challenge to allow wise management of coastal wetlands is to develop observing systems that act at appropriate scales to detect global climate change and its effects in the context of the various local and smaller scale effects.     

西北内陆河流域地下水循环特征与地下水资源评价

在系统梳理前人调查研究成果基础上,总结了西北内陆河流域主要的含水层特点,对山区、平原区和沙漠区的地下水循环特点进行了分析,着重对平原区地下水水流系统进行了讨论。由于西北内陆河流域地下水与地表水关系密切,形成了具有密切水力联系的含水层-河流系统,不论是上游开发地表水还是地下水,都会引起整个流域内地下水资源的强烈变化。地下水资源评价表明,西北内陆河流域地下水资源量为783亿m~3/a,其中平原区的地下水资源量为487亿m~3/a,山区与平原区的地下水资源重复量为199亿m~3/a,现状开采量为128亿m~3/a。地下水开发潜力分析表明,除柴达木盆地、塔里木盆地南缘等地区外,其他地区的地下水开采潜力有限,应通过提高水资源的利用效率来提高其承载能力。今后应加大(微)咸水资源化、地下水水库的调查研究,加强地下水的生态功能和生态需水量评价,为地下水资源的合理开发利用提供技术支撑。     

东北地区湿地及其保护

中国东北地区湿地分布面积约1060.69×10⁴hm²,约占东北地区陆地总面积的8.5%.在分析湿地的类型、分布规律及其所面临问题的基础上,阐述了湿地保护的紧迫性和必要性.指出水是湿地生态环境系统中的重要因子,保护湿地生态环境,首要是加强水资源环境的保护.提出了完善法规,保护湿地资源;开展湿地资源调查,加强综合研究;科学管理湿地,严把开发利用审批关;合理配置水资源,保护湿地生态环境;建立湿地保护和合理利用示范区;实行退牧还泽还草,退耕还沼还泽等保护对策与措施.     

基于DPSIRM框架模型的高原湿地生态安全评价

综合考虑高原湿地生态安全的资源、 环境、 生态、 社会、 经济等影响因素, 以驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）框架模型建立高原湿地生态安全DPSIRM评价指标体系, 采用灰色关联法对各评价指标赋权重值, 运用集对分析法建立评价模型, 对威宁草海2011 - 2016年的湿地生态安全进行评价研究。结果显示： 人口自然增长率、 单位工业产值废水排放量、 生活污水排放量、 化肥施用强度、 农药施用强度、 人均水资源量、 物种多样性、 水土流失率、 物质生产、 湿地面积退化率、 污水处理率、 物质生活指数、 环保投资指数和政策法规实施力度等是影响威宁草海湿地生态安全的主要因素; 威宁草海湿地生态安全逐渐转好, 2011 - 2012年草海湿地生态安全属于不安全等级, 2013 - 2016年属于临界安全等级; 从各子系统情况看, 驱动力子系统为较安全等级, 压力、 状态、 影响、 响应和管理子系统均为临界安全等级, 响应子系统为不安全等级, 成为影响威宁草海湿地生态安全的重要系统。研究成果可为威宁草海湿地的生态安全和环境建设提供科学参考。     

黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式

本文通过对黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩芯的沉积学观测、微古分析、14C测年,同时结合历史记录及遥感资料,分析了本区末次冰后期以来的沉积序列,重建了近10ka以来古环境演变过程,分析了古环境演化对滨海湿地演替的控制作用。本文着重讨论了黄河三角洲进积与湿地形成演替规律,总结了从水生系统、浅海湿地系统、潮滩湿地直至上三角洲平原湿地向陆地生态系统的演替模式。同时通过对现代黄河三角洲与老黄河三角洲演化模式进行对比,提出气候变化、人类活动会加速和改变湿地地质环境演替进程和方向的一般规律。笔者等还进一步提出,由于人类活动的影响,1855年之后湿地演替速率明显加快,约达8~33倍。古环境的重建与滨海湿地响应机制研究可更清楚地理解湿地如何对未来环境变化进行响应,包括海平面上升,从而为滨海湿地保护与管理实践活动提供科学导向。     

Groundwater-wetland ecosystem interaction in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America

The prairie wetlands of northern USA and Canada exist in numerous topographical depressions within the glaciated landscape. The wetlands are disconnected from each other most of the time with respect to surface-water drainage. The wetland water balance is controlled by snowmelt runoff and snowdrift from the surrounding uplands, precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater exchange, and occasional “fill-spill” connections to other wetlands. Salinity of water and the seasonal variability of water level in these wetlands have a strong influence on the ecosystem. Clay-rich glacial tills, covering much of the region, have very low (0.001–0.01 m/yr) hydraulic conductivity, except for the top several meters where the factures and macropores increase conductivity up to 1,000 m/yr. Transpiration in the wetland margin induces infiltration and lateral flow of shallow groundwater from wetland ponds through the high-conductivity zone, which strongly affects the water balance of wetlands. In contrast, groundwater flow in the deeper low-conductivity till has minor effects on water balance, but has a strong influence on salinity because the flow direction determines if the salts accumulate in wetlands (upward flow) or are leached out (downward flow) under wetlands. Understanding of the roles of shallow and deep groundwater systems will improve the hydrological conceptual framework for the management of wetland ecosystems.     

环渤海海平面上升与三角洲湿地保护

环渤海地区三角洲是我国滨海重要的湿地发育区,在淤泥质滩地型湿地上发育着众多的动、植物群落,成为若干珍稀水禽的栖息地。从地面垂直形变与潮位资料等分析,黄河三角洲和辽河三角洲的地面下降速率为3～4mm/a和3.5～4.5mm/a,而相对海平面上升速率为45～5.5mm/a和5～6mm/a,预计至2050年总体的相对海平面上升量可达40～55cm。海平面上升对三角洲湿地的影响首先是直接淹没大片农田、油井和市区,其次是加剧海岸线的侵蚀与后退,还有风暴潮与洪涝灾害的加剧。针对三角洲湿地生态系统所面临的生态风险与人为活动干扰,有必要采取更加科学合理的保护与开发模式。本文介绍了生境更新与湿地调整的管理策略,以及淤长型滨海湿地的滚动开发模式。交替采用“渐进”与“跃进”的滚动开发,可保持湿地总量的动态平衡,有利于三角洲的可持续发展。     

胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及环境效应

在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用RS及GIS技术提取了1986、1995和2010年胶州湾滨海湿地的Landsat卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应。结果表明,1986～2010年胶州湾滨海湿地总面积减少,河流与河口湿地面积稍有增大,潮间带滩涂和潮上带湿地面积和斑块数减小;养殖池面积增大、斑块数增多,盐田面积减小、斑块数基本未变,增加了湿地公园这种新的人工湿地景观类型。期间,湿地的景观斑块密度指数、多样性指数和景观斑块破碎化指数增大了。上述湿地面积和景观格局变化是由围垦、城市化、港口和道路建设、河流径流量和输沙量减少、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、全球变暖、海面上升等因素引起的,并导致湿地生物多样化水平下降、有害植物入侵、环境净化功能降低、污染和赤潮灾害加重、植被退化演替、渔业资源衰退和湿地生态系统服务价值降低等累积环境效应。为减轻这些不利的累积环境效应,应采取建设湿地自然保护区、控制养殖池和盐田规模、发展工业循环经济和生态农业等措施保护胶州湾滨海湿地。     

京津冀地区国土资源环境地质条件分析

统计分析了京津冀地区土地资源、地下水、湿地、矿产、地热和地质景观等资源条件分布,结果显示,平原区土壤质量总体良好,良好及以上等级土壤分布面积约占平原区面积的80.89%,适宜种植绿色农产品的面积为96363 km~2,富硒耕(园)地面积为1894 km~2;地下水可开采资源总量为188亿m~3/a,但呈现空间分布不均的特征;衡水湖等五大湿地分布面积约为614 km~2,近30年来减少了35.57%;金属矿产和非金属矿产资源丰富,例如铁矿资源储量98.4亿t,铜矿资源量111.50万t,石油地质储量249635.02万t;地热资源丰富,开发利用地热资源可替代3.43亿t标准煤;地质遗迹资源丰富,约有300余处可纳入环首都国家公园规划建设。同时,分析了活动断裂与地震、地面沉降、地裂缝、崩滑流和地面塌陷、地下水污染和湿地退化等主要环境地质问题现状;在此基础上,针对城镇发展和重要基础设施建设、湿地保护与修复、地下水资源开发利用、优质耕地资源保护和地质遗迹资开发利用等方面提出了地学建议,为区域规划建设提供地质安全保障和资源保障。     

基于综合识别方法的河北白洋淀湿地提取研究

湿地作为地球上宝贵的自然资源,在维持自然生态平衡、改善生态环境、防治污染等方面具有极其重要的功能。基于Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据,通过对比分析关于湿地和水体的不同提取方法及结果,确定了适合于白洋淀淀区湿地和开阔水体的最佳提取方法,并利用改进的指数方法和谱间关系法分别对淀区湿地和开阔水体进行了定量化提取。鉴于白洋淀淀区湿地主要包括开阔水体和芦苇区两部分,将淀区内湿地和开阔水体进行几何拓扑后,得到淀区内芦苇区的范围。总结出一套适用于白洋淀湿地及其组成部分提取的综合方法,为利用遥感技术在白洋淀淀区内提取湿地及相关信息提供了方法借鉴。     

Quantitative assessment of drought in a lacustrine wetland based on a water balance model

Upstream inflow decline and excessive water withdrawal are the major reasons for failure in maintaining ecological functions of wetlands and could lead to wetland drought and degradation. Quantitative evaluation of wetlands drought constitutes the basis for managing and scheduling water resources and guaranteeing biological safety. In the study, we proposed a Palmer wetland drought index (PWDI) based on the water balance model that describes wetland hydrological characteristics linked to its located basin to describe drought-reflected ecological characteristics in lacustrine Baiyangdian Wetland and compared it with Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). The results presented that PWDI is able to reflect the worst drought in history, and the drought is mainly affected by water stored in the wetland, but PDSI is inadequate for evaluating the wetland drought. The PWDI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought and can be readily adapted to characterize drought on an operational basis.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen inputs to Florida Bay: The importance of the everglades watershed

A large environmental restoration project designed to improve the hydrological conditions of the Florida Everglades and increase freshwater flow to Florida Bay is underway. Here we explore how changing freshwater inflow to the southern Everglades is likely to change the input of nutrients to Florida Bay. We calculated annual inputs of water, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to Everglades National Park (ENP) since the early 1980s. We also examined changes in these nutrient concentrations along transects through the wetland to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. We found that the interannual variability of the water discharge into ENP greatly exceeded the interannual variability of flow-weighted mean nutrient concentrations in this water. Nutrient inputs to ENP were largely determined by discharge volume. These inputs were high in TN and low in TP; for two ENP watersheds TN averaged 1.5 mg l^?1 (0.11 mM) and 0.9 mg l^?1 (0.06 mM) and TP averaged 15 μg l^?1 (0.47 μM) and 9 μg l^?1 (0.28 μM). Both TP and DIN that flowed into ENP wetlands were rapidly removed from the water. Over a 3-km section of Taylor Slough, TP decreased from a flow-weighted mean of 11.6 μg l^?1 (0.37 μM) (0.20 μM) and DIN decreased from 240 μg l^?1 (17μM) to 36 μ l^?1 (2.6 μM). In contrast, TN, which was generally 95% organic N, changed little as it passed through the wetland. This resulted in molar TN:TP ratios exceeding 400 in the wetland. Decreases in TN concentrations only occurred in areas with relatively high P availability, such as the wetlands to the north of ENP and in the mangrove streams of western ENP. Increasing freshwater flow to Florida Bay in an effort to restore the Everglades and Florida Bay ecosystems is thus not likely to increase P inputs from the freshwater Everglades but is likely to increase TN inputs. Based on a nutrient budget of Florida Bay, both N and P inputs from the Gulf of Mexico greatly exceed inputs from the Everglades, as well as inputs from the atmosphere and the Florida Keys. We estimate that the freshwater Everglades contribute <3% of all P inputs and <12% of all N inputs to the bay. Evaluating the effect of ecosystem restoration efforts on Florida Bay requires greater understanding of the interactions of the bay with the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent mangrove ecosystems.