皂市水库诱震地质条件及危险性初评

对湖南皂市水库库区及区域地壳运动、沉积建造以及浅部岩溶、古岩溶及深部岩溶作用作了较深入的研究与探讨,对与库区关系较密切的断裂及其活动性进行了考察,否定了沿主要库段南缘分布的袁公渡断裂.在上述工作基础上,认为水库区不存在诱发较大地震的地质条件,即使诱发较小有感地震,对大坝亦无影响。     

水库蓄水及其邻区应力分布

本文以密云邓家湾的实际应力测量结果,讨论了水库蓄水对邻区应力分布的影响,指出水库蓄水使其邻区垂直于库岸方向的水平应力值增加,其数值大于水压应力场的影响。水库邻区的断层若与库岸平行,则水库蓄水使作用在断层面上的法向应力增加,邻区的稳定性增高;反之,则会导致邻区的不稳定。水库蓄水对邻区的附加侧应力作用是水库蓄水诱发地震的重要原因。     

冕宁大桥水库诱发地震的监测

冕宁大桥水库是目前国内唯一处于强震多发地区和地震高烈度区的大Ⅱ型水库。对该水库进行了有关地震安全性评价，建设了水库地震监测系统，完成了水库地震对策研究。2002年3月3日大桥水库诱发Ms4．6级水库地震，根据所获得的水库地震监测资料，在这次水库地震的半年以前，我们认为会在不太长的时间里在库区及其邻区有可能发生4级左右的地震。     

浙江及邻区地震烈度衰减关系研究

浙江省及其周边的历史震例资料稀少,其地震烈度衰减关系一直沿用中国东部地区的地震烈度衰减关系模型。本文采用椭圆模型,利用浙江及邻区历史地震的震害资料,建立了浙江及邻区天然地震烈度衰减公式。根据东南沿海地区水库地震多发的特点,收集整理了水库地震相关震例数据,建立了浙江及邻区水库地震烈度衰减公式。最后,将本文拟合结果与其他学者拟合出的衰减模型通过实际震例进行了对比,并进行了相关讨论。     

湖南省黄石水库诱发地震的形成条件及成因探讨

在湖南桃源县黄石水库库区，由于张扭性活断层和深部岩溶的存在，水库蓄水后产生的附加应力场及水库区增强的岩石孔隙流体压力诱发了断层的断滑，使得库区应力集中区和岩溶发育区合二为一的地带发生构造型地震，从而在震活动的时间序列、空间规律，地震与库水位关系，震源深度、震情等方面表现出构造水库诱发地震的特点。     

丹江口水库及其邻区地壳应力场的基本特征

利用赤平极射投影等资料，计算了丹江水库及邻区的主应力方向，结果表明，主压应力为北东东向，主张应力为北北西向，现代构造应力场与新生代以来应力场基本一致；晚第三纪以来，该区地壳应力场相对稳定。     

广东及邻区地震的震源机制特征

用初动和振幅比的方法求解广东台网运行以来32个3级以上地震的震源机制解，整理前人求得的83个广东及邻区地震的震源机制结果，分析总结了广东省及邻区的震源机制特征，同时对阳江、新丰江和南澳3个老震区各自的震源机制分别进行了探讨。结果表明，应力作用方式和性质有明显的区域特征，地震多数以走滑错动为主，兼具倾滑分量；新丰江水库地震由于水库诱发的特殊性，只有走滑型和正断型的情况；阳江地区出现一些逆断型地震；主压应力P轴优势方向从广西海南的NS向到广东的NWW向，最后表现为粤闽沿海的近EW。     

丹江口水库及邻区地震震源参数研究

在讨论震源参数和Ｍ震级关系以及论述利用地方震尾波估算地震矩方法的基础上，尝试性地系统估算了丹江口水库及邻区内４３次ＭＬ≥２．５级地震的震源参数，并讨论了丹江口水库地震的特征。丹江口水库及邻区地震震源参数的初步分析表明：丹江口及邻区属低应力降地区。水库蓄水的附加引张应力效应可能使得丹江口水库中局部以引张应变为主的地区应变迅速增加，地震应力降高于该区一般地震原有水平、从而诱发地震。此外，丹江口水库地震的破裂长度可能和震源机制的破裂类型有关。     

瀑布沟水库区域小震重新定位与地震性质研究

利用双差定位法对瀑布沟水库及邻区1 834次小震进行了重新定位,并对距水库水域最近的2个小震集中区的地震性质进行了分析。重新定位后得到1 708次小震结果,定位残差由原来的0.93s降为0.21s,水平向估算误差平均为0.6km,垂直向估算误差平均为2.9km; 平面空间分布显示,重新定位地震主要分布在研究区的西南(A区)、库中区(C区)和水库大坝附近(D区); A区小震密集与其处于鲜水河断裂中南段、安宁河北段和大凉山断裂北段交会区的特殊地理位置有关。C,D区高度集中分布的小震与水库蓄水无关,属于各种建设施工造成的爆破地震。     

《汶川地震中小型水库震害与数据库》一书的介绍与评价

<正>2008年5.12汶川Ms8.0级特大地震,其破坏之强烈、灾害之严重、救灾难度之大、波及范围之广,乃历史所罕见,全国震惊,举世关注。作者作为国家汶川地震科学考察队成员,负责汶川地震后水库震害的科学考察工作,深入地震灾区,爬山涉水,行程1万余公里,对成都、都江堰、德阳、绵阳、广元等市及其下辖区、县开展水库震害科学考察,详细收集了水库重灾区的震害,涉及四川全省各县市近300余座高危险情及以上的水库震害和应急除险的第一手资料。对四川省发生严重水库震害的德阳、广元、绵阳3市及其19个下辖区、市、     

观测应变阶在地震应力触发研究中的应用

对中国钻孔应变台网观测到的昆仑山口西MS8.1大地震的应变阶资料的研究结果表明:① 很多观测值与静力位错理论计算值不符合；② 北方地震较活跃地区的很多台站观测到异常大的应变阶，而南方构造运动较不活跃地区的台站虽然也观测到地震波动，但是应变阶不明显. 由此推断，地震的触发（可能是动态触发）作用对远场的实际地震应变变化具有重要影响. 也就是说，远场的构造活动（可能是断层活动）是否曾被地震触发，可能决定当地的应变场变化的主要特征. 进一步对昌平台1999年3月11日张北地震与1999年11月1日大同地震的观测资料对比分析表明:断裂带的分布情况对实际地震应变变化有直接影响. 这证明观测到的异常大的地震应变阶可能是地震触发了当地的断层活动的表现.      

宁夏及邻近地区中强地震前后小震综合断层面解分析

我们对宁夏及邻近地区中强地震前后小震综合断层面解进行了不同时间段及分区的研究，研究结果表明宁夏几次强地震前，小震综合断层面解的Ｐ轴取向有明显的变化，有的偏离区域正常构造庆力场的Ｐ轴主压应力场的方向，有的求不出结果。震前显示异常的最长时间近四年之久。显然，前的这种变化对预报未来中强地震的发生是有参考意义的。同时还表明，中强地震后区域应力场有调整过程。     

ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE OF TECTONIC STRESS BASED ON THE FRICTION CRITERIA OF FAULT AND ANALYSING THE PARAMETERS' INFLUENCE

Based on Zoback's method for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude and the two assumptions, we consider the conditions that three principal stresses are vertical principal stresses respectively(corresponding to three kinds of tectonic stress types). We deduced the formulae for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude by using the stress form factor and frictional strength of the fault and discussed the correlative influence of friction coefficient, pore pressure parameter and stress form factor on the stress value. When the maximum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or reverse), the maximum principal stress (or the slope of stress increasing linearly with depth) is positively related with the friction coefficient and negatively related with the pore pressure coefficient. When the minimum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or normal), the minimum principal stress (or the slope with depth) is negatively related to the friction coefficient, and positive to the pore pressure. Besides, these three parameters have great influence on the estimation of the tectonic stress magnitude. If the friction coefficient is too big and the pore pressure is too small, there could be a wide difference between the slope of the maximum principal stress increasing with depth and the slope of the minimum principal stress increasing with depth, which could lead to an unreasonable result. Our method is just an approximate estimation for the tectonic stress magnitude when crustal rocks have undergone brittle rupture or frictional sliding. The estimated results are not the tectonic stress magnitude when crust is in steady state.     

由钻孔应力（应变）观测中的元件测值推断测区的附加主应力比值和方向

本文讨论了在钻孔应力(应变)相对观测中,互成45°夹角元件测值间的关系,以及利用其测值推断测区附加应力状态的方法。     

1995年7月20日河北沙城ML4.1地震序列破裂过程中应力变化的研究

根据地震破裂动力学, 研究了1995年7月20日河北沙城ML4.1地震序列破裂过程中, 视应力和静态应力降与动态应力降之差的变化. 结果表明, 主震的视应力约为5 MPa, 而余震的视应力平均约为0.047 MPa. 在破裂过程中, 主震的动态应力降大约为静态应力降的1.6倍,其差值约为2.7 MPa; 余震的动态应力降一致小于静态应力降,其差值平均约为-0.75 MPa. 因此,主震发生时,最终应力大于动摩擦应力,与断层突然锁住的模式相符; 余震发生时,最终应力小于动摩擦应力,与地震断层错动过头的模式相符. 因此, 主震和余震的发生过程是有差别的.      

THE STATIC STRESS TRIGGERING INFLUENCES OF THE 2015 MW6.4 PISHAN,XINJIANG EARTHQUAKE ON THE NEIGHBORING AREAS

Based on the rupture models of the 2015 Pishan M_W6.4 earthquake and half space homogeneous elastic model, the Coulomb stress changes generated by the earthquake are calculated on the active faults near the earthquake region. The horizontal stress changes and the displacement field are estimated on the area around the epicenter. Results show that:(1)The Coulomb stress is decreased in the west of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault(9.5×10³Pa), and increased in the east of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault and the middle of the Kangxiwa faults. More attention should be taken to the seismic rick of the east of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault; (2)Based on the analysis on the location of the aftershocks, it is found that most of the aftershocks are triggered by the earthquake. In the region of increased Coulomb attraction, the aftershock distribution is more intensive, and in the area of the Coulomb stress reduction, the distribution of aftershocks is relatively sparse; (3)The horizontal area stress increases in the north and south of the earthquake(most part of the Qaidam Basin and the northwest of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau), and decreases in the east and west of the earthquake(northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and eastern part of the Pamir Mountains). In the epicenter area, the principal compressive stress presents nearly NS direction and the principal extensional stress presents nearly EW direction. The principal compressive stress shows an outward radiation pattern centered on the epicenter with the principal extensional stress along the direction of concentric circles. The principal compressive stress presents NW direction to the west of the epicenter, and NE to the east of the epicenter. With the increase of radius, the stress level gradually decays with 10⁷Pa in the epicenter and hundreds Pa in the Maidan Fault which is in the north of the Qaidam Basin.     

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY FLOWS IN DEPTH AVERAGED MORPHODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe numerical simulation of morphological changes in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas is because ofits econondcal merit an outstanding scientific task. The comPlexity of the problem is connected with theheterogeneity of the sediment material, an adequate rePresentation of the involved hydrOdynndc stressesand the large comPutational effort fOr long term simulations.Although the aPpllcation of three dimensional models tO engineering problems is increasing and wellvalldate…     

双轴压力下岩样自电位变化实验的新结果

利用伺服控制双轴加载系统,采用阵列式布局的应变、自电位测量方法,对岩石样品弹性变形阶段和破坏过程中的应变和自电位进行了实验研究. 结果表明,在突然加卸载、黏滑和岩样破裂几种特定情况下,自电位和应变场均出现了互相关联的脉冲状突然变化,且具有相当大的空间展布. 尽管有时应力σ值相当高,但当应力变化率γ= dσ/ dt为零（恒载）且保持正、负常数（匀速加、卸载）时,自电位始终没有异常出现. 反之,无论γ的增量Δγ为正值或负值,当γ突变,即对样品进行突然加卸载的时刻则出现了脉冲状自电位信号ΔV,Δγ的正或负对ΔV的影响是相反的. 分析表明,应力突变时ΔV与Δγ的异常幅度成正比. 应力突变和岩石破裂过程中自电位明显的时空变化意味着,孕震区附近如果自电位有突变,就有可能观测到相关的自电位前兆和同震变化, 并可能出现同步的应变变化,这给地震的自电位和应变前兆方法提供了实验证据.     

张北地区震前、震时和震后的震源机制

对于张北地震之前出现在小震条带上的地震，我们收集了区域地震台网的P波初动和垂直向记录的直达P、S的最大振幅，由理论地震图反演出15次地震的震源机制；同样的方法反演得到145次余震的震源机制；连同刘瑞丰给出的6．2级主震、哈佛大学提供的5．6级强余震的矩张量解一起分析。发现，震前小震震源机制优势取向的平均解、震后余震震源机制优势取向的平均解和主震以及强余震的矩张量解，基本一致。震前、震时和震后的震源机制的优势取向，没有发生可以觉察的显著变化。表明震区始终受到构造应力场的控制，呈现出一定的稳定性。     

THE STATIC COULOMB STRESS CHANGE OF THE 2014 LUDIAN EARTHQUAKE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE AFTERSHOCKS AND SURROUNDING FAULTS

On Aug. 3rd, 2014, a M_S6.5 earthquake struck Ludian County, Yunnan Province. It is a typical left-lateral strike-slip event. With the purpose of understanding the influence of the Ludian earthquake, this paper firstly calculates the co-seismic Coulomb failure stress changes of the mainshock with the employment of the finite dislocation source model inversed by other researchers and studies the triggering effect to the aftershocks within a month. We find that 82.43% of the aftershocks are located in the Coulomb stress increasing area(ΔCFS>0.01MPa), therefore, most of the aftershocks are triggered by the mainshock. Then, regarding the surrounding active faults as the receive faults, the Coulomb stress changes of the mainshock are calculated to investigate the impact on the faults nearby. The result shows that only the northeast end of the west branch and northeast part of the east branch of Zhaotong-Ludian faults have been brought to failure. However, the other faults such as Daliangshan Fault, Lianfeng Fault, Zemuhe Fault, Xiaojiang Fault and Mabian-Yanjin Fault are unloaded after the Luidian event, so the possibility of future earthquake is decreased around these faults. Besides, when the optimal failure plane is chosen as the receive fault of the Coulomb stress changes, the Ludian earthquake always has good triggering effect to the aftershocks no matter which source models and effective friction coefficients are chosen.