青藏铁路沿线砾石方格固沙机理风洞模拟研究

通过对青藏铁路沿线砾石方格内风速特征、固沙效率的风洞模拟实验研究发现,当气流运行至砾石方格前缘,水平风速迅速降低,砾石方格对风速的削弱作用非常显著,达到50%左右。气流在沿砾石方格向下风向移动过程中,水平梯度风速逐渐减小,但其减小幅度比较缓慢。砾石方格中风速随高度的分布遵循对数规律,各方格间风速变化趋势相对稳定。砾石方格地表粗糙度在5.2cm左右,摩阻速度为2.4 cm/s。砾石方格中固沙量随着进口风速的增加而增加,在相同风速下,固沙量随离沙源距离的增加呈指数关系递减。     

Sand movement patterns in the Western Desert of Egypt: an environmental concern

Wind action is the most dominant agent for erosion and deposition in the vast Western Desert of Egypt. Analysis of wind data from seven meteorological stations distributed along the Western Desert reveals that this desert is characterized by high-energy wind environments along the northern and southern edges and low-energy wind environments throughout the rest of the desert. Accordingly, sand drift potential follows the pattern of wind energy. Maximum sand drift potential was observed at the southern edge (571 vector units, which equals 40 m³/m width/year). Sand drift direction was observed towards the southeast except at the southern part of the desert where the trend of sand movement was towards southwest. The major dune type recognized on satellite images was the simple linear type. Linear dunes are generally associated with bimodal wind regime. Rates of sand drift potential and sand dune migration were greatest at East of Owinate region at the extreme southern part of the desert. Measurements of crescentic sand dune advance from two satellite images reveal a maximum advance rate of about 9 m/year at the southern part of the desert. Dune movement creates potential hazard to the infrastructures in this open desert.     

Rate and budget of blown sand movement along the western bank of Lake Nasser,southern Egypt

Three sets of Landsat? satellite images for the years 1993, 1998, and 2003 show that the sand dunes at the southwestern Desert of Egypt are generally moving towards southeast direction with a mean annual creeping speed over ground attaining 15 m/year. The manual-stickled field measurements show that the net annual extension of the longitudinal dunes in the coastal area is between 4 and 5 m/year, while the inland longitudinal dunes showed a net movement ranging between 5 and 6 m/year. Seasonal variations of drift potential and sand movement refer to a strongly high energy wind desert environment in the spring season, high energy wind desert environment in the summer season, and relatively high to intermediate in the autumn and winter seasons, respectively. The total annual estimated volume of transported sand which falls down into Lake Nasser basin attains 16,225,808 m³ as calculated by Bagnold's equation and quantities of sand collected from the sand traps. Comparing this value with the total volume of Lake Nasser Basin, which attains 120?×?10⁹ m³, we can conclude that the sand sheets or sand accumulations may represent serious natural hazards to Lake Nasser in some locations. However, the sand drifting towards the lake may be obstructed by high contour topography hindrance, and the mean grain size of the sand sheets is bigger than 0.25 mm, which needs high wind velocity more than 4 m/s. In addition, the direction of the prevailing wind is N-NNW to S-SSE, and this direction sometimes is parallel to Lake Nasser in some places according to the meandering of the lake. The total lengths of hazardous areas along the western bank of Lake Nasser, which receive the most amounts of the drifted sands, attain 43.6 km only.     

Characteristics of wind-blown sand in the region of the Crescent Moon Spring of Dunhuang, China

Based on the detailed wind data, this paper aims to investigate wind regime, drift potential and the movement of mega-dunes at the Crescent Moon Spring, an important scenic spot in western China and to clarify the dominant factors that control sand transport in this region. The results of this paper revealed that the dominant wind directions at the spring were NW and SW. The spring region belonged to a low-energy wind environment. The wind regime and sand drift potential were hugely influenced by local topography, and the regional atmospheric circulation intensified the complexity of their variations. Besides, the movement of the southern and northern mega-dune towards the spring greatly endangered the preservation of this scenic spot. These results provide insights into the characteristics of wind-blown sand at the Crescent Moon Spring that will guide efforts to control sand damages.     

兰新铁路百里风区挡沙墙防沙效益研究

基于兰新铁路百里风区十三间房车站附近K1476＋875～K1477＋000沿线的集沙量观测系统,对2009年试验期间该处挡沙墙防沙功能的观测进行分析．结果表明：该地区大风以9、10级为主,集沙量与微地形关系密切,集沙量沿高度方向呈指数递减;地面构筑物的存在改变了风沙流场,挡沙墙上方的积沙量随挡沙墙高度增加而减小,增加挡...     

Assessment of the Aeolian sand dynamics in the region of Ain Sefra (Western Algeria), using wind data and satellite imagery

The region of Ain Sefra is an arid region suffering from sand encroachment. In this study, we are calculating the shifted sand quantity and efficient wind directions during a period of 30 years (1985 to 2015) in order to classify the danger. The study shows that efficient winds in the region are characterized by their potential drift estimated at 220 till 329. This classifies the region as medium. Besides, the resultant drift potential is 76 to 99 with a migration coefficient of 0.3 which gives a medium classification to the zone and proves the Aeolian erosion complex system and its interrelation with other factors. Efficient winds generally blow from South-west to North-east with an angle of 234°. Furthermore, there are other directions causing sand drifting. Sand movement quantity is estimated between 23.03 and 15,224 m³/m/year according to effective wind threshold speed, which is 5 to 6 m/s. Autumn is the period when sand mobility is higher, but it decreases in winter. On the other hand, sand potential movement was well shown through satellite imagery between 1985 and 2015. Indeed, it closely corresponded to the previous study. It showed sand movement direction from South-west to North-east, and sand surface increase reached 16.44% of the global zone surface. Whereas, it decreased ??2.5% between 1985 and 2015. There is an important concentration of sand accumulation under the western mountain foothills along which sand moves. This shows that the ground particularities play a crucial role in this phenomenon.     

青藏铁路开通后对西藏生态足迹和生态承载力的影响

青藏铁路的开通, 在加快西藏经济社会发展速度的同时, 对西藏的生态环境变化也会产生重要影响. 运用生态足迹法, 从铁路客运和货运两个方面, 计算2006-2011年青藏铁路开通带给西藏的生态足迹的变化及趋势, 探讨了青藏铁路开通对西藏生态足迹变化的影响. 铁路客运产生的生态足迹主要体现在旅游生态足迹方面, 主要包括铁路入藏游客的住宿、餐饮和购物产生的生态足迹;货运方面主要包括货物运入和运出两个方面. 结果表明: 铁路客运产生的旅游生态足迹中, 住宿比重最高, 购物次之, 餐饮最少. 总体铁路输入的旅游生态足迹仅占不考虑铁路开通时西藏总生态足迹的1%左右;而铁路货物运入的生态承载力逐年上升, 且占不考虑铁路开通时西藏总生态足迹的比重较大, 最大达到51%, 对西藏生态足迹产生重要影响;铁路开通输入的生态足迹远远小于铁路为西藏增加的生态承载力.     

环青海湖地区风场特征及其对沉积体系的影响

为分析风场与沉积体系之间的耦合关系,综合运用野外考察、遥感影像解译和气象数据综合分析等手段。分析结果表明：风场的变化除了受控于盛行风系以及季风的变化以外,还受到地貌、湖泊效应产生的湖陆风等因素影响。风场对青海湖沉积体系的影响体现在局部区域气候的干湿、物源的供给量、波浪和沿岸流的强弱程度等方面。局部区域气候的干湿差异性造成地表植被覆盖率有所不同,导致地表的抗风化能力有所不同。抗风化能力较弱的地带为风砂堆积提供充足的物源。盛行风向产生的波浪和沿岸流对湖泊中的砂体产生较强的搬运和改造作用。     

A sand budget for the Alexandria coastal dunefield, South Africa

The sand in the Alexandria coastal dunefield is derived from the sandy beach which forms the seaward boundary of the dunefield. Sand is blown off the beach onto the dunefield by the high-energy onshore-directed dominant wind. The dunefield has been forming over the past 6500 years. Sand transport rates calculated from dune movement rates and wind data range from 15 to 30 m³ m ^-1 yr^-1 in an ENE direction. The sand transport rate decreases with increasing distance from the sea due to a reduction in wind speed resulting from the higher drag imposed upon the wind by the land surface. Aeolian sand movement rates of this order are typical of dunefields around the world. The total volume of sand blown into the dunefield is 375 000 m³ yr^-1. Sand is being lost to the sea by wave erosion along the eastern third of the dunefield at a rate of 45 000 m³ yr ^-1. The dunefield thus gains 330 000 m³ of sand per year. This results in dunefield growth by vertical accretion at about 1.5 mm yr^-1 and landward movement at about 0.25 m yr^-1. The dunefield is a significant sand sink in the coastal sand transport system. The rate of deposition in coastal dunefields can be 10 times as high as rates of deposition in continental sand seas. The higher rate of deposition may result from the abundant sand supply on sandy beaches, and the higher energy of coastal winds. Wind transport is slow and steady compared to fluvial or longshore drift transport of sediment, and catastrophic aeolian events do not seem to be significant in wind-laid deposits.     

青藏铁路无人值守地应力综合监测站

介绍了安装在青藏铁路沿线一种新型的无人值守综合地应力监测站。该监测站采用无线GPRS通信技术,通过Internet连接到安装在北京的地质力学研究所地应力监测局域网中心端服务器,实现数据交换和监测站的远程控制,该项技术克服了传统地应力测量需要人工现场信息采集的弱点,使用数据终端来实现地应力监测的自动化。该监测站能够进行青藏铁路沿线的昆仑山、安多、羊八井深孔应力监测和昆仑山西大滩昆中断裂位移监测,可以对青藏铁路沿线地球物理数据、地质灾害数据、地质环境数据及地球动力学过程实现不间断的监测,为青藏铁路沿线的地质灾害、青藏高原构造变形动力学过程的研究和地震预报、高原环境研究提供基础数据,增强了对青藏高原地质灾害、地震的预警能力。      

梭罗草在青藏铁路取土场植被恢复中的应用研究

根据青藏铁路工程建设中的生态环境保护以及植被恢复建设的迫切需要,在青藏铁路沱沱河试验段高寒草原区取土场开展植被恢复的试验工作,主要研究和分析了梭罗草(Kengyilia thoroldiana(Oliv.)J.L.Yang,Yen et Baum)在青藏铁路取土场植被恢复中的应用,为青藏铁路工程建设中的取土场植被恢复提供科学依据.结果表明:青藏铁路建设过程中形成的取土场属次生裸地,其有机质含量为3.31 g·kg^-1,pH为8.84.梭罗草为高原干旱地区乡土多年生草本植物,具有耐寒旱、抗风沙以及耐盐碱等特性.在取土场植物的出苗率接近50%,越冬率可达75%以上.恢复第2年植物群落盖度为41%,群落地上生物量和地下生物量分别达到(128.16±41.85)g·m^-2和(266.50±95.69)g·m^-2.可见,无论是种子萌发和植物越冬,还是植物个体生长发育以及人工植物群落特征,梭罗草表现出对青藏铁路沿线高寒干旱地区气候和土壤环境具有较好的适应性.只要采用高原乡土植物种类和采取相应的植被恢复技术措施,青藏铁路多年冻土区取土场次生裸地的植被快速恢复是可行的.     

青藏高原科研文献地理信息空间分析研究

多学科的协同、渗透、交叉已成为当代科学发展的重要趋势,文献计量学和地理信息系统（GIS）技术的集成是拓展GIS应用领域的一个新兴方向。许多与地理空间位置有关的信息包含在大量地学科研文献中。从CNKI文献数据库收录的研究青藏高原的科研文献中提取研究区、样带和采样点等位置相关信息,运用GIS技术进行空间分析和展现。结果显示,青藏高原研究的主要学科领域集中在生态环境及其变化、地质与地球物理特征及其演化、资源及其勘探、地质工程等方面。有关青藏高原的研究在空间分布上存在较大的差异,对青藏高原的研究从西南、西北到东南、东北区域,其受关注的程度逐渐增加。祁连山脉、羌塘高原、青海湖、青藏公路、青藏铁路和川藏公路等是研究的热点区域。沿经度和纬度方向不同区间研究的分布也不同,研究热点区域呈现出从青藏高原中部向东北部转移的趋势。多数采样点和观测点沿交通干线分布,并且随着与交通干线距离的增加数量明显减少。GIS技术在关于青藏高原的文献计量分析中得到了有效应用,有助于挖掘出大量与空间位置相关的信息,从而深入分析青藏高原研究的发展态势。     

Littoral cells and harbor dredging along the California coast

Beach compartments or littoral cells form the framework for our understanding of the sources, transport, and sinks of sand in the nearshore zone. In general, along the California coast, beach sand is derived from rivers or clifferosion, moves alongshore under the influence of the prevailing waver conditions, and ultimately is lost either to a submarine canyon or a dune field. Marinas or harbors built either between or at the upcoast ends of beach compartments have been relatively maintenance-free, because of a lack of significant littoral drift at these locations. On the other hand, those harbors built in the middle reaches or at the downcoast ends of littoral cells have had expensive annual dredging problems, because of the interruption of large volumes of littoral drift. Although engineers have labored for years on various breakwater, jetty, or entrance channel configurations, the actual design utilized is of secondary importance. The critical factors are harbor location within a littoral cell and annual litoral drift volume.     

The significance of Gobi desert surfaces for dust emissions in China: an experimental study

A series of experiments to determine the direct emission of dust-sized particles from Gobi surfaces by clean wind (wind without sand), and the potential for aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces and beds of gravel and mobile sand to produce fine (<100 μm) and dust-sized (<10 μm, PM₁₀) particles under sand-laden winds were conducted. Parent material was obtained from Gobi areas of the Ala Shan Plateau, the region with high dust emissions in arid China. The fine particles produced by aeolian processes were collected using sand traps and sieved the captured materials to exclude particles >100 μm in diameter and then PM₁₀ by sedimentation was acquired. The Gobi surface provided most of the emitted fine particles during the initial dust emission processes, but subsequently, release of the clay coatings of particles by abrasion becomes the dominant source of fine materials. Under sand-laden winds, PM₁₀ production rates produced by aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces ranged between 0.002 and 0.244% of blown materials. After removal of sand, silt, or clay with low resistance to erosion from the Gobi surfaces by the wind, the PM₁₀ production rates caused by aeolian abrasion were similar to those from gravel and sand beds. The results also indicated that after the dust-sized particles with low resistance to erosion were removed, the production of dust-sized particles was unrelated to wind velocity. Under aeolian processes, Gobi deserts in this region therefore play a major role in dust emissions from arid and semiarid China.     

Evidence for a change in wind regime during the Last Glacial Maximum from the Sydney region

This paper presents the results of a small number of dates from sand samples collected at building sites in the eastern suburbs of Sydney. OSL ages of well-sorted, quartz sand ranges from 31 to 24?ka from within well-developed podzol soil profiles within a metre of the surface. The source of this sand appears to be from the east off the inner continental shelf during a period just prior to the maximum of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, Marine Isotope Stage 2) when sea-level was approximately 70–90 m below present level. During a later phase of the LGM, there is evidence from other coastal sites in central NSW and Gippsland, Victoria, that the dominant wind was from the west consistent with evidence from arid and semiarid Australia. Dune orientations in northern NSW into Queensland and other evidence at this time appear to reflect winds from the southeast quadrant. This study highlights the existence of a potential pivot area in dominant wind direction during the LGM between sustained westerly flow in southern area including Victoria and northeast Tasmania and southeast flow of northern NSW into Queensland. In central NSW, the circulation switched from easterly in Stage 2 to westerly as the glacial stage intensified in the LGM sometime after ca 25?ka.     

南疆铁路沿线风沙危害与工程防治

文章通过对南疆铁路沿线的概况、地质地貌、植被分布及气象状况,特别是风信状况的调查,阐明了沿线的自然状况。20世纪90年代,研究工作者在沿线风沙活动最为剧烈的巴楚地区设置定位观测站,对典型的活动沙丘特征进行观测,获得了沙丘移动的定量数据。同时在各种类型典型戈壁地段,设置积沙仪,在不同的风速情况下收集动态流沙,总结出当地的输沙率公式,为风沙防护提供了直接的设计依据。通过对各种工程防治措施的调查研究、特别是新材料试验,归纳出各种工程防沙结构的功能效果,提出适宜当地条件的新工程防沙结构模式。     

Environmental impacts of El Arish power plant on the Mediterranean coast of Sinai, Egypt

A monitoring program was undertaken to evaluate the adverse impacts of the El Arish power plant on the northeastern Sinai coast of Egypt. This program spanned 28 months and includes intensive hydrographic surveying, measurements of waves, longshore current, littoral drift, currents behind the breaker zone, offshore currents, sea-level variation and water quality. The shoreline dynamics of the region have been substantially disrupted due to the high-intensity longshore transport and the interruption of longshore transport by the shore-perpendicular intake breakwaters. Maximum erosion of 5.5 m/year has been documented east of the breakwater. This erosion has been continuing eastwards, threatening the resort centers on the downcoast beaches. On the other hand, accretion (11.7 m/year) is recorded along the western side of the breakwater, accumulating great volumes of sand which is transported to the east by littoral currents. Part of this sand enters the intake basin, causing sedimentation problems by the easterly and westerly littoral drifts and cross-shore currents. In other respect, an unprotected offshore channel dredged in front of the water discharger, east of the intake, acts as an effective trap for the predominantly easterly sand drift, subsequently interrupting sediments moving from the east, accelerating processes of erosion to the east. The cooling and wastewater discharging from the discharger to the sea are insignificantly warmer than the upcoast water and not contaminated with chemical wastes. The thermal and chemical plume has no significant effect on the quality of the coastal water in the region.     

青海共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流场与形态反馈研究

风蚀坑是沙质草原沙漠化的主要地貌响应和驱动,但目前我们对其形成演化的动力机制知之甚少。利用二维超声风速仪和积沙仪观测了共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流和风沙流特征,研究其形态—动力反馈过程。结果表明:(1)风蚀斑与碗状坑内气流沿主风向先减速后加速,槽形坑内气流则先辐散减速—中部气流加速—积沙体迎风坡风速降低—背风坡风速有所恢复;且发育初期风蚀坑内风速与风速变异系数和风向稳定系数均呈负相关,而发育中期坑内风速与前者呈正相关,与后者呈负相关。(2)受坑体内的涡流影响,槽形坑内风速廓线不符合对数分布规律。(3)槽形坑内不同部位的输沙率随高度均呈指数式递减,但受气流—形态间的反馈作用,各部位输沙通量差异明显,坑底最低、积沙体迎风坡前端最大。风蚀坑内气流场与形态间存在反馈关系,坑体越大反馈效果越明显。     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践

青藏铁路建设需穿越高原多年冻土区, 在探明沿线多年冻土分布特征的基础上, 合理确定了青藏铁路线路的走向方案.在多年的冻土研究和工程实践的指导下, 有针对性地开展了 5 个不同类型冻土工程试验研究, 取得重要科研成果, 指导设计和施工.全面总结4 a来青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践, 提出了“主动降温, 冷却地基, 保护冻土”的设计思想, 制定了路基、桥涵、隧道成套工程技术措施和先进施工工艺, 对确保多年冻土工程质量发挥了重要作用.     

风积沙对青藏铁路块碎石路基降温效果的影响

风沙危害正在威胁着青藏铁路的安全营运. 通过数值方法研究了风积沙填堵和覆盖青藏铁路块碎石路基后, 块碎石层降温机理以及降温效果的变化特征. 结果表明:开放条件下块石路基具有较强的强迫对流效应; 风积沙填堵后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱. 封闭条件下, 冷季路基坡脚处自然对流较强, 冻土上限抬升; 路基内部自然对流较弱, 由于路基填土作用, 路基中心处冻土上限抬升较大, 但随时间增长而降低; 沙层覆盖后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱, 路基下部冻土上限下降. 在气候变暖背景条件下, 封闭块碎石层自然对流减弱, 冻土上限下降, 不利于冻土路基的热稳定. 因此, 建议对沙害路段的块碎石路基采取补强措施.