新安江模型中河网汇流参数Cs的一种计算方法

新安江模型河网汇流参数Cs主要取决于河网形态及地貌特征规律,针对PUB（Prediction in Ungauged Basin）问题,从物理机理分析的角度,构建描述河网汇流动态变化的微分方程并给出适当的定解条件,用解析法得出微分方程的解,从而探索出在无实测水文资料地区适用的Cs计算方法。选取中国湿润地区和半湿润地区25个流域,统计并分析了各流域次洪模型的Cs计算值和率定值。结果表明,从总体来看计算值和率定值基本上相等;不论流域是否分块,提出的Cs计算方法均适用;当其他参数保持不变,虽然Cs取计算值时所得到的次洪模拟结果略逊于取率定值的模拟结果,但误差在可接受的范围之内,也能取得良好的模拟效果;如果令Cs取计算值,再重新率定其余的各项参数,能够使模拟精度得到进一步提高。采用该法可推求无实测资料地区的汇流参数Cs值,使模型在无资料地区的应用成为一种可能。     

RSN符号代码及其在水系地貌特征提取中的应用

研究了自相似河网模型的发生元构成,提出用符号代码标识RSN的初始元和发生元,这种代码依据三个参数:河网的价、发生的元节点数、外链分叉夹角。给出了由此代码计算地貌特征的流程图。采用四种常用内链和外链发生元作为发生元,利用模拟流域基于宽度函数的地貌瞬时单位线为优化目标生成RSN,并计算其地貌特征。     

Horton定律及分枝网络结构的分形描述

在Horton定律的基础上提出分枝网络结构的端头构成的集合的分形维数更具有实际意义,并得出了端头集合的自相似维数。在此基础上,又给出了具有两个不同分枝长度比的两分枝结构的端头的多分形描述,并定性地分析了其f(α)～α谱和Dq～q谱。讨论了其在实际河流网络中的意义。     

基于水流阻力与图论的河网连通性评价

河网连通是区域防洪、供水和生态安全的重要基础。基于图论将河网概化为图模型,考虑不同类型河道输水能力差异,以河道水流阻力倒数表征水流通畅度,并以河道水流通畅度为权值,借助ArcGIS平台建立河网图模型加权邻接矩阵,再利用MATLAB工具进行顶点水流通畅度计算和河网连通度分析,从而实现对河网连通性的定量化分析。以太湖流域嘉兴平原河网为例,进行河道疏浚前后的河网连通程度定量评价,结果表明河道疏浚后河网连通度明显增加。     

Regularized joint inverse estimation of extreme rainfall amounts in ungauged coastal basins of El Salvador

A regularized joint inverse procedure is presented and used to estimate the magnitude of extreme rainfall events in ungauged coastal river basins of El Salvador: Paz, Jiboa, Grande de San Miguel, and Goascoran. Since streamflow measurements reflect temporal and spatial rainfall information, peak-flow discharge is hypothesized to represent a similarity measure suitable for regionalization. To test this hypothesis, peak-flow discharge values determined from streamflow recurrence information (10-year, 25-year, and 100-year) collected outside the study basins are used to develop regional (country-wide) regression equations. Peak-flow discharge derived from these equations together with preferred spatial parameter relations as soft prior information are used to constrain the simultaneous calibration of 20 tributary basin models. The nonlinear range of uncertainty in estimated parameter values (1 curve number and 3 recurrent rainfall amounts for each model) is determined using an inverse calibration-constrained Monte Carlo approach. Cumulative probability distributions for rainfall amounts indicate differences among basins for a given return period and an increase in magnitude and range among basins with increasing return interval. Comparison of the estimated median rainfall amounts for all return periods were reasonable but larger (3.2–26%) than rainfall estimates computed using the frequency-duration (traditional) approach and individual rain gauge data. The observed 25-year recurrence rainfall amount at La Hachadura in the Paz River basin during Hurricane Mitch (1998) is similar in value to, but outside and slightly less than, the estimated rainfall confidence limits. The similarity in joint inverse and traditionally computed rainfall events, however, suggests that the rainfall observation may likely be due to under-catch and not model bias.     

1979-2010年中国流域水汽含量变化

为进一步丰富对中国上空水汽含量与可降水量气候平均状态及其变化的认识,利用日本气象中心的再分析资料,计算得到中国平均水汽含量分布图和各个季节水汽含量分布图。以再分析资料为基础计算得到的分布图与以探空资料为基础得到的分布图进行比较,可验证二者的合理性和不足之处。以流域为单元,分析了1979-2010年中国大陆区流域含量变化,结果表明:中国各流域年平均可降水量的年际变化都不大,变差系数都小于0.1;年际变化最大的处于中国西北地区的流域,变差系数都大于0.06;年平均可降水量呈显著增加的流域有北疆、塔里木内流区、河西走廊及阿拉善地区、柴达木内流区和羌塘内流区,呈显著减少的流域有东南诸河和内蒙古内流区,其他流域变化不显著。     

Describing the Geometry of 3D Fracture Systems by Correcting for Linear Sampling Bias

Analyzing the geometric bias inherent to linear sampling of natural fracture systems is a prerequisite to any attempt of structural modeling. In this paper, the basic parameters of 1D-sampled fracture sets, i.e. orientation, density, and size, are interpreted in terms of geometric probabilities. Weighting factors are derived which allow the 3D restitution of a moderately variable fracture network from a single borehole. The proposed method is applied to well core data from a granitic rock mass, and the efficiency of the proposed corrections is illustrated through random disc simulations tested by virtual scanlines analogous to the real borehole. This approach aims to reduce the prospecting effort in exploration, and to criticize assumption of structural homogeneity by rigorously comparing fracture populations collected from nonparallel boreholes. Then a parametric study of fracture size is performed and a range of mean size leading to fully connected networks is identified.     

Cubic law with aperture-length correlation: implications for network scale fluid flow

Previous studies have computed and modeled fluid flow through fractured rock with the parallel plate approach where the volumetric flow per unit width normal to the direction of flow is proportional to the cubed aperture between the plates, referred to as the traditional cubic law. When combined with the square root relationship of displacement to length scaling of opening-mode fractures, total flow rates through natural opening-mode fractures are found to be proportional to apertures to the fifth power. This new relationship was explored by examining a suite of flow simulations through fracture networks using the discrete fracture network model (DFN). Flow was modeled through fracture networks with the same spatial distribution of fractures for both correlated and uncorrelated fracture length-to-aperture relationships. Results indicate that flow rates are significantly higher for correlated DFNs. Furthermore, the length-to-aperture relations lead to power-law distributions of network hydraulic conductivity which greatly influence equivalent permeability tensor values. These results confirm the importance of the correlated square root relationship of displacement to length scaling for total flow through natural opening-mode fractures and, hence, emphasize the role of these correlations for flow modeling.     

基于地貌学和水文学的流域汇流模型

流域汇流是一个三维水文学问题，主要依赖于流域的河网地貌和河槽动力特征。本文在地貌学和水文学研究基顾上建立了概念性的流域模型，模型参数可由地貌参数和河槽动力特征值推求，该模型是非线性模型，概念清楚，求解地较简便，且可用于缺乏水文资料地区的流域汇流计算。     

Tectonic and Topographic Framework of Political Division

Boundaries between the various topographic, geologic, and socio-political entities that span the Earths continental surfaces are determined by a myriad of complexly interrelated natural and/or cultural factors. Areas of large river basins, of lithologic units on geologic maps, and of nations exhibit size frequency distributions that are closely approximated by density functions in which diameters of individual areas are distributed exponentially. As such, size distributions of each type of surface unit are closely modeled as randomly delimited areas. In other words, if one were to walk in a straight line across any particular continent, each step along that transect would embody some random continuous probability of passing out of a major drainage basin, or out of an area of more or less homogeneous rock type, or from one country to another. Moreover, this simple truism gives rise to area frequency distributions for large river basin or outcrop or nation area that are primarily dependent on the number of basins or outcrops or countries that exist across that particular landmass. As a consequence, the size frequencies of these areal units can be closely predicted knowing only the total area under consideration and the number of drainage basins, outcrop areas, or nations that exist within the area. The similarity between area frequencies of large river basins and rock types and nations suggests a nontrivial component of geologic influence on the partitioning of continental surfaces into major political divisions, and implies that cultural and economic factors, which serve to divide and unite political entities, do so within a geological framework.     

基于灰色遗传算法的LM-BP的河流溶解氧预测

溶解氧(DO)是影响河流生态系统健康非常重要的一项指标,以沦河孝感段实测DO为例,在灰色理论的基础上提出并建立遗传算法(GA)的LM-BP网络河流DO预测模型。对DO的原始数据采用灰色理论进行预测,对其残差采用GA的LM-BP网络进行拟合并测试,结果表明:基于GA的LM-BP网络基本上100%拟合,对最后3个数据进行测试,其误差不超过2.933%,说明可以用该灰色GA的LM-BP模型对本地区的DO进行预测。为河流水质分析提供了新的方法。     

由SSNs构建流域地貌瞬时单位线的研究

流域汇流受到河网形态的影响,考虑到水系的分形自相似特性,利用在文献[1]基础上改进的方法构造了理想的自相似网络(SSNs),并推导出相应的宽度函数(WF)表达式.以WF为基础,得到流域地貌瞬时单位线.利用生成的单位线对沿渡河流域11场洪水进行汇流计算,结果表明,所提出的方法应用于流域汇流计算具有较好的精度.     

Topological properties of disjoint channel networks within enclosed regions

Enclosure of some portion of one or more natural stream-drainage basins by superposition of a rectangle on a map of drainage network results in fragmentation of the natural basins into a set of disjoint channel networks. Each of these may have some channel links and forks of the natural network plus truncated links intersected by the enclosure boundary. The topological properties of the network elements in the enclosure are used to set up a model of random network patterns, in which the number of disjoint channel networks is expressed as a function of the number of links and forks in the enclosures. This function is shown to be a multiplicative constant times the square root of the number of links or forks. Empirical data on square and rectangular enclosures of several sizes from the Inez (Kentucky)Quadrangle map showed that the predicted multiplicative constants do not agree with observation, but that the square-root relation seems to hold at least to a first approximation. The models thus can be used as a norm against which deviations of real-world enclosures from network pattern randomness can be studied.     

水箱模型在大尺度流域实时洪水预报模型研制中的应用

水箱模型用于实时洪水作业预报的具体成果尚不多，本文研究的目的在于将水箱模型用于大尺度流域实时洪水预报。本文介绍了应用水箱模型建立实时洪水预报模型的方法。按照河段流量传播时间将寸滩以上干、支流划分为若干子河段，各子河段按照计算时段长分成若干单元河段，各单元河段区间降雨径流预报采用水箱模型．河道流量演算采用连续马斯京根法。河系预报模型精度在85％以上，能够满足实时洪水预报的要求。     

岩体多重裂隙网络渗流模型研究

将岩体中的各种裂隙和孔隙按规模和渗透性分为4级处理,即一级真实裂隙网络、二级随机裂隙网络、三级等效连续介质体系和四级连续介质体系。各级裂隙(孔隙)都形成各自的裂隙网络,并以水量平衡原理为基础建立各级裂隙网络之间的联系,组合形成岩体多重裂隙网络渗流模型,从而较全面地反映了地下水在岩体中的运动规律,并进行了工程实例分析。      

Morphometrical analysis of two tropical mountain river basins of contrasting environmental settings, the southern Western Ghats, India

The morphometric analysis of river basins represents a simple procedure to describe hydrologic and geomorphic processes operating on a basin scale. A morphometric analysis was carried out to evaluate the drainage characteristics of two adjoining, mountain river basins of the southern Western Ghats, India, Muthirapuzha River Basin (MRB) in the western slopes and Pambar River Basin (PRB) in the eastern slopes. The basins, forming a part of the Proterozoic, high-grade, Southern Granulite Terrain of the Peninsular India, are carved out of a terrain dominantly made of granite- and hornblende-biotite gneisses. The Western Ghats, forming the basin divide, significantly influences the regional climate (i.e., humid climate in MRB, while semi-arid in PRB). The Survey of India topographic maps (1:50,000) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation data were used as the base for delineation and analysis. Both river basins are of 6th order and comparable in basin geometry. The drainage patterns and linear alignment of the drainage networks suggest the influence of structural elements. The Rb of either basins failed to highlight the structural controls on drainage organization, which might be a result of the elongated basin shape. The irregular trends in Rb between various stream orders suggest the influence of geology and relief on drainage branching. The Dd values designate the basins as moderate- to well-drained with lower infiltration rates. The overall increasing trend of Rl between successive stream orders suggests a geomorphic maturity of either basins and confirmed by the characteristic I _hyp values. The Re values imply an elongate shape for both MRB and PRB and subsequently lower vulnerability to flash floods and hence, easier flood management. The relatively higher Rr of PRB is an indicative of comparatively steeply sloping terrain and consequently higher intensity of erosion processes. Further, the derivatives of digital elevation data (slope, aspect, topographic wetness index, and stream power index), showing significant differences between MRB and PRB, are useful in soil conservation plans. The study highlighted the variation in morphometric parameters with respect to the dissimilarities in topography and climate.     

分布式流域水文模型刍议

本文，对水文模型，流域水文模型，分布式流域水文模型的概念进行了阐述；对分布式流域水文模型的性质、特点进行了论述，并对其在实时洪水预报中应用前景进行了分析。     

Modelling surface run-off and trends analysis over India

The present study is mainly concerned with detecting the trend of run-off over the mainland of India, during a time period of 35 years, from 1971–2005 (May–October). Rainfall, soil texture, land cover types, slope, etc., were processed and run-off modelling was done using the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) model with modifications and cell size of 5×5 km. The slope and antecedent moisture corrections were incorporated in the existing model. Trend analysis of estimated run-off was done by taking into account different analysis windows such as cell, medium and major river basins, meteorological sub-divisions and elevation zones across India. It was estimated that out of the average 1012.5 mm of rainfall over India (considering the study period of 35 years), 33.8% got converted to surface run-off. An exponential model was developed between the rainfall and the run-off that predicted the run-off with an R² of 0.97 and RMSE of 8.31 mm. The run-off trend analysed using the Mann–Kendall test revealed that a significant pattern exists in 22 medium, two major river basins and three meteorological sub-divisions, while there was no evidence of a statistically significant trend in the elevation zones. Among the medium river basins, the highest positive rate of change in the run-off was observed in the Kameng basin (13.6 mm/yr), while the highest negative trend was observed in the Tista upstream basin (?21.4 mm/yr). Changes in run-off provide valuable information for understanding the region’s sensitivity to climatic variability.     

Demonstration and application of NMM‐based fractured porous medium flow model

In natural rock masses, the shapes of three‐dimensional (3‐D) blocks cut by arbitrary fracture networks may be very complex. Owing to the geometric complexity and difficulty of mesh discretization of 3‐D blocks and fracture facets, explicit consideration of fracture networks in flow analysis of fractured porous medium (FPM) is very challenging. Using the numerical manifold method based on independent covers (NMMIC), an FPM flow model was proposed that can deal with very complex 3‐D fracture networks. In this paper, the convergence of NMMIC was first demonstrated. The theoretical basis of the arbitrary refinement of computational meshes was proven. Moreover, three peculiarities of NMMIC meshes, that is, arbitrary shape, arbitrary connection, and arbitrary refinement of independent covers, were concluded. Finally, some two‐dimensional (2‐D) tunnel flow examples were analyzed and the numerical results were compared with the analytical results. 3‐D examples with complex fracture distributions were also analyzed. In addition, the computational scale of the developed program was tested by increasing the number of computational elements. The results show that our model can accurately analyze the groundwater flow of rocks surrounding tunnels with complex fracture distributions.     

基于ASTER的喀斯特流域地表水系自动提取研究——以贵州省为例

根据喀斯特流域孤峰和峰林在ASTER影像上表现为色调深浅不一的“桔皮状”和“花生壳状”图形,河流和湖泊色调较深,湿地和干谷色调相对较浅等影像特征,对贵州省内32个典型的喀斯特流域进行数字高程和地表水系提取。结果表明,利用ASTER影像提取喀斯特地表水系简便快捷、准确率高。与从1: 25万水文地质图提取的水系进行对比, ASTER所提取的水系其流域面积最大的相对误差为4. 5892% ,主河道长度最大的相对误差为3. 5693% ,河网密度最大的相对误差也只有7. 2564% ; 从地图提取的水系最多只能达到二级支流,提取的河流相对较短,而从DEM 提取的水系可达三级,有些甚至达四级、五级以上,且提取的河流更长,提取的水系更完整。