昌马断裂带地震滑坡的期次与年代

昌马断裂带地震滑坡的期次与年代康来迅，王建荣（中国兰州７３００００国家地震局兰州地震研究所）主题词古地震；滑坡；地震崩塌；断裂带众所周知，当前对古地震的研究，大多是通过对断裂带上崩积楔的规模和期次的分析来实现的．本文则以昌马断裂带为例，由分析地震滑坡...     

1932年昌马地震破裂带及其形成原因的初步探讨

1932年12月25日,我国甘肃省西部玉门镇以南的昌马地区发生了7.6级地震。震中区产生了规模较大的地面破裂带,其中有张性、压性和剪切等多种型式裂缝。本文根据分析各种自然破坏现象的形成条件,结合极震区地质构造特征,对震源区的应力作用和地震成因提出初步看法。 对地震破裂带的分析结果表明,这次地震起主要作用的是南北向的水平挤压作用,并与自白垩纪以来控制着本区构造断裂的区域应力场是一致的。地震破裂带出现的部位与长期活动的昌马构造断裂带一致。因此,我们认为昌马地震的发生是昌马构造断裂带继承性活动的结果。     

昌马断裂带弱震活动的时空特征

利用仪器记录资料,讨论了自1954年以来昌马断裂带及邻区地震活动的时空分布特征。     

利用滑动速率、古地震资料估算走滑断裂的粘滑及蠕滑量的方法

断层走滑包括粘滑和蠕滑,前者是伴有强震发生的快速运动,后者则是一种缓慢的无震稳滑运动。这２ 种运动常随时间交替出现,共同构成了断层的基本运动方式。在利用断层滑动速率讨论大震重复率的问题中,人们最关心的问题则是如何从总滑动量中分辨和划分出其中所包含的粘滑和蠕滑量,特别是对蠕滑量的划分,因为它直接影响着大震重复率的正确性。笔者在野外考察的基础上,对昌马活动断裂的位移量进行了分级,确定出昌马断裂带全新世以来的水平滑动量大致可划分为５个级别：３１～４１ ｍ ;２５～３１ ｍ ; １５～２２ ｍ ; ８～１３ ｍ ;１～５．５ ｍ ,同时依据古地震学方法并结合１４Ｃ断代法及断层崖形成年代的数学模拟计算,求得全新世以来在昌马断裂带上共发生５ 次古地震事件。在上述２ 项资料确定的基础上,进一步对昌马断裂带的粘滑及蠕滑量进行了划分,并给出了它们随时间的变化情况     

昌马——古浪活断层深部构造特征和地震活动的关系

昌马-古浪断裂带位于青藏高原北缘的多种地球物理场的同步变异带上。如布格重力异常梯级带,莫霍面陡变带、高磁异常梯级带和居里面陡坡带上。在磁场上表现为一条北西西向,断续分布的串珠状异常带。经化极上延20公里后,断裂带仍有显示,而且相对位置没有发生变化,说明该断裂产状很陡,切割很深。沿断裂带有基性、超基性岩体分布,昌马-古浪断裂带是一条超壳断裂带。断裂带被深部的北东向断裂切割成四段,北东向断裂是一组张扭性断层,可视为昌马-古浪断裂带上的障碍体,它控制了强震破裂带的传播和地震活动性。昌马-古浪断裂的活动是受深部构造控制的。     

昌马MS7.6地震三维同震形变场数值模拟及库仑应力触发研究

1932年12月25日,甘肃玉门市昌马镇附近发生M_S7.6地震(震中：39.70°N,96.70°E),此次地震是继1920年海原M_S8.5地震、1927年古浪M_S8.0地震之后青藏高原东北缘祁连山—河西走廊地震带内的又一强震。这组大地震活动无论在时间序列上还是在空间序列上都极其罕见,引起了众多国内外学者的广泛关注,普遍认为是一次陆内地震活动沿相关断裂带由东向西迁移的典型样例。基于PSGRN/PSCMP程序,以前人地表地质调查相关结果为约束,利用弹性位错理论获取昌马地震断层破裂模型,以此为基础,基于黏弹性半空间分层模型模拟计算昌马地震产生的地表同震三维形变场。通过研究单次地震与地震叠加的库仑应力变化对后续地震的触发关系,分别对海原地震、古浪地震以及它们的叠加对昌马地震的触发作用进行研究。结果表明：海原地震、古浪地震以及它们的叠加均未超过可能触发地震的经验阈值,故认为昌马地震可能不受海原地震和古浪地震所造成的库仑应力变化的影响。此研究可为利用实际形变解释昌马地震的孕震过程研究提供理论依据。     

昌马-祁连断裂带中段全新世活动特征与古地震

作者通过野外实际调查及对重力、航磁等资料的分析认为,昌马—祁连断裂带中段(肃南香台子—寺大隆一带)全新世活动明显,表现为断错了全新世地层,同时还伴有山脊和水系的错断、断层崖、古地震崩塌和滑坡等。根据对堆积物C~(14)年龄测定,距今4580年左右该段曾发生过一次7—7.5级地震。本文最后对该段地震危险性进行了讨论。     

昌马断裂带古地震活动特征的新认识

昌马断裂位于祁连山西段,是祁连山系列次级断裂与阿尔金断裂东段的重要构造转换断层之一,于1932年发生7.6级地震。位于昌马断裂中东段的臭水柳沟古地震探槽揭示了2次地震事件:一次为1932年昌马地震事件,另一次为(902±44)a B.P.以来发生的事件,这弥补了昌马断裂全新世晚期古地震事件缺失的现状。结合前人的研究结果可确定昌马断裂全新世至少发生7次古地震事件,推测地震复发间隔为1ka左右,部分事件未能揭示。通过探槽揭示的低角度断层、地层变形和部分断裂的地貌特征可知,受阿尔金断裂NEE向挤出的影响,昌马断裂部分段落表现出低角度的逆冲推覆活动,形成其特有的低角度走滑现象,以吸收阿尔金断裂东段的左旋位移。这也说明昌马断裂在承担阿尔金断裂与祁连山西段系列断层的构造转换中起着重要作用。     

断层崖形成年代的数学模拟计算

本文在对物质扩散方程进一步推导基础上，分别用数学方程模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ对发育在昌马断裂带中，东段的单一型地震断层崖和复合型地震断层崖剖面进行了拟合计算，并用最大坡值－断距（ｔｇθｓ－２ａ）图分析了阿尔金断裂带和昌马断裂带上分布的离散型断层崖。结果求得：昌马断裂带断层崖的物质扩散系统数Ｋ值为２．１～３．４Ｍ＾２／１０＾３ａ阿尔金断裂带上发育有４组距今年龄分别为０．６Ｋａ，２－２．７Ｋａ，４Ｋａ和６－６６     

昌马断裂带的水平断错与强震重复率估计

通过对1932年昌马地震(7.6级)震中区(昌马盆地—西水峡断陷谷地内)的大比例尺活断层填图(1:5万),获得了沿地震断层带分布的时代、规模不同的山脊及冲沟的水平断错数据。分析结果表明:水平断错量具明显的分级特点,全新世以来,最大一级水平位错量平均为39米,平均年滑动速率为4.1毫米/年。 依据古陡坎侵蚀斜面的主坡角与其年龄的相关统计公式,求得最近一次历史未记载的强地震事件发生在距今约1968年,它与1932年昌马地震的间隔时间为1911年,由这些资料粗略的求得昌马断裂的蠕滑速率为1.37毫米/年,占整个走滑量的31.8％。本文由上述资料求得昌马断裂带的强震(M≈7.6)重复周期约为2051年。     

1932年昌马地震破裂错动过程的初步探讨

以1932年12月25日发生在甘肃省境内祁连山西部的昌马地震(Ms=7.5)造成的宏观地表破裂带的调查与分析为基础,结合有关断裂活动的资料与室内模拟实验结果,本文着重探讨昌马地震发震断裂的构造演化及其应力集中部位的破裂错动过程。从宏观的角度提出了多破裂错动起始点的昌马地震断层模式     

昌马断裂东段断层年龄的确定和大震复发周期的估计

本文以野外地质调查资料为依据,利用地质的方法,讨论了昌马断裂东段的断层崖特征、断层位移量和沿昌马断裂带的古地震证据,确定了断层崖年龄和断层活动速率,粗略地估算了大震复发周期。研究结果表明自全新世以来北东东向断裂的活动性质由压性变为左旋张扭性;断层崖是断裂左旋张扭性活动的结果。断层的水平位移具有分级特点,断层崖具有两个明显的坡度中断,其形成年龄分别为12760年和1880年。公元104年前后,沿昌马断裂可能发生过一次7～7(1/2)级地震,大震复发周期为2620年(考虑蠕滑)和1500年(不考虑蠕滑),12760年和1880年以来的断层水平运动速率分别为4.5毫米/年和6.5毫米/年,水平位移与垂直位移之比值为4.7。     

research on characteristics of late quaternary activity of the jiangsu segment of anqiu-juxian fault in the tanlu fault zone

Anqiu-Juxian Fault is an important fault in the Tanlu fault zone, with the highest seismic risk, the most recent activity date, and the most obvious surface traces. Due to lack of credible geological evidences, there is big controversy on the Holocene activity in the Jiangsu segment of this fault. Research on the characteristics of late Quaternary activity in the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, particularly its latest activity time, is of great significance to assessment of its earthquake ability and seismic risk. Based on field investigations on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, and combining with the results of fault activities identification on this fault in Suqian City, we discussed the characteristics of its activities in late Quaternary. Multiple geological sections we found in this study and the results of fault activities identification in Suqian City all indicate that there was an ancient seismic event occurring in middle period of Holocene in the segment from southern Maling Mountain to Suqian City; but the trench at Houchen village did not show any evidence of Holocene activity on the Chonggangshan segment of this fault. Based on method of shallow seismic exploration, we carried out a systematic exploration of this fault to get its accurate position and activity characteristics. The results show that Anqiu-Juxian Fault in Suqian City is mainly characterized by dextral strike-slip, associated with both thrusting and extensional movement in different positions. A series of low hills were formed along the fault in the north of Suqian City, and a small graben basin was formed in the south of Suqian City, both are controlled by the dextral strike-slip movement of this fault. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault in general is characterized by dextral strike-slip with thrusting movement. But some parts of it are characterized by dextral strike-slip with extensional movement. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault experienced a number of activities since the late Quaternary, with an obvious activity in Holocene. The seismic activities of Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault have the characteristic of high intensity and low frequency. Its activities decrease gradually from north to south as a whole.     

NEW EVIDENCES OF HOLOCENE ACTIVITY IN THE JIANGSU SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Anqiu-Juxian Fault is an important fault in the Tanlu fault zone, with the largest seismic risk, the most recent activity date and the most obvious surface traces. It is also the seismogenic fault of the Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake in 1668. There are many different views about the southern termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake and the Holocene activity in Jiangsu segment of this fault. Research on the latest activity time of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, particularly the termination location of surface rupture of the Tancheng earthquake, is of great significance to the assessment of its earthquake potential and seismic risk. Based on trench excavation on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault, we discuss the time and characteristics of its latest activity. Multiple geological sections from southern Maling Mountain to Chonggang Mountain indicate that there was an ancient seismic event occurring in Holocene on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault. We suggest the time of the latest seismic event is about(4.853±0.012)~(2.92±0.3)ka BP by dating results. The latest activity is characterized by thrust strike-slip faulting, with the maximum displacement of 1m. Combined with the fault rupture characteristics of each section, it is inferred that only one large-scale paleo-earthquake event occurred on the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault since the Holocene. The upper parts of the fault are covered by horizontal sand layers, not only on the trench in the west of Chonggang mountain but also on the trench in Hehuan Road in Suqian city, which indicates that the main part of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault was probably not the surface rupture zone of the 1668 Tancheng M8 1/2 earthquake. In short, the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has experienced many paleo-earthquake events since the late Pleistocene, with obvious activity during the Holocene. The seismic activities of the Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault have the characteristics of large magnitude and low frequency. The Jiangsu segment of Anqiu-Juxian Fault has the deep tectonic and seismic-geological backgrounds of big earthquakes generation and should be highly valued by scientists.     

昌马断裂带断层岩研究及其粘滑,蠕滑特征

在对断层岩的分布、内部结构、宏观变形及断层泥中石英颗粒形态、表面特征研究分析的基础上，讨论了昌马断裂带粘滑、蠕滑特征。同时指出，昌马断裂带虽以粘滑运动为主，但仍伴有一定量的蠕滑活动。     

岩体失稳过程中的振荡现象及断层的多向错动形迹

对三轴实验中岩石突发式破坏和粘滑失稳的瞬时动态过程的研究表明,应力下降和位移增加都不是单一的,而是一种含有多种频率成分的振荡过程。用扫描电镜对错动面的观察表明,这种振荡导致双向或多向错动形迹的发育。结合天然断层面上常见的双向或多向错动的擦痕、阶步等形迹,以及断层带的异常构造,如反错列等,提出一次断层活动中失稳振荡——地震可能是这些特征的形成原因之一。反之,它们也有可能成为地震的一种标志     

山东中部一条明显的北西向中强地震带

长清－临沂地震带是山东中部一条明显的北西向中强地震带,由９次中强地震组成。这些地震沿北西向展布,主要分布在四个震源区,大致呈５０￣５５ｋｍ等间距分布。除１６６８年郯城地震与北北东向的郯庐断裂带有关外,其它地震受北西向蒙山断裂控制,是该断裂各为层段新活动的结果。另外,该地城带内地震的发生还有一定深部构造背景。未来应注意研究该带内再次发生中强地震的可能。