空间直角坐标直接解算大地坐标的闭合公式

由于空间大地测量和人卫大地测量的迅速发展，空间直角坐标与大地坐标之间的相互换算已成为一项重要课题。众所周知，解算大地坐标的经典方法是一种迭代法。近十年来，国内外发展了一些直接解算的新方法，以加快计算速度。然而这些方法都是近似的，其精度受到限制。本文导出的一种直接解算的闭合公式将能克服上述方法的缺点。     

弦线法解算大地测量主题精密公式

本文通过引入测站切面空间直角坐标系,导出用椭球面上弦线解算长距离大地测量主题正、反算精密公式。理论严密,公式封闭简单,宜于电算。为了便于实用,本文还扩展了相应的归算公式。     

弦线法解算大地测量主题精密公式

本文通过引入测站切面空间直角坐标系，导出用椭球面上弦线解算长距离大地测量主题正、反算精密公式。理论严密，公式封闭简单，宜于电算。为了便于实用，本文还扩展了相应的归算公式。     

高斯平均引数计算大地坐标主题反解的迭代算法

在地球椭球面上如果已知两点的大地经、纬度,求两点间的大地线长度及其正、反大地方位角的过程称为大地主题反解.大地主题计算在空间技术、航空、航海、国防等现代科学技术领域被广泛使用.高斯平均引数公式是解决中程大地主题计算的一种经典的方法.给出一种新的大地主题反解的方法,即迭代算法.这种算法是在正算公式的基础上进行的,形式简单,便于理解与编程,避免了枯燥的反解公式的推导.     

远距离大地主题解算

1984年国家测绘局接受了南极科学考察的测绘任务,定位及方向是其中一项,即定科学考察站到某一特定目标的方位,以及该站到祖国首都北京的距离和方位,后一项任务就是通常的远距离大地主题反解问题。为便寻找一个在简陋条件下计算工作的简便易行的公式,现介绍一种简易算法,并在小型计算器上进行验证性计算。对上述方法分两个部分整理:第一部分是大地主题正解,第二部分是大地主题反解。主要是算解的程序而不在于公式来源的推导,目的是以备再遇到类似任务时使用。     

GPS基线非线性解算的精度评定方法

在GPS基线向量非线性平差解算的基础上，分析了单位权中误差估值，平差值的精度估计和基线长度的精度估计，并给出了简明的直接估计公式，为GPS基线向量非线性平差解算的精度评定提供了直接的评定公式。     

抗差主成分估计在板块运动参数解算中的应用

为解决在采用空间大地测量数据求解板块运动欧拉参数过程中可能出现的矩阵病态问题,以及消除粗差对解算结果的影响,利用抗差主成分估计方法,采用IGG3方案的选权迭代方案对北美板块的2 577个台站进行检测,剔除包含粗差的异常站数据,求出欧拉参数最优解,并进行误差估计,建立北美板块的运动模型。计算结果表明,剔除异常台站前后精度有一定的提高,参数结果与其他模型的解算结果具有较强的一致性。     

GPS基线向量的非线性解算及精度分析

根据GPS基本观测方程,导出了顾及二次项含XY,XZ,YZ的非线性双差观测模型,根据展开至二次项含XY,XZ,YZ的基线向量模型,推导了法方程的直接解算方法,分析了基线长度的精度估计,并给出了简明的估计公式,为GPS基线非线性解算的精度评定提供了直接的评定公式.     

GPS定向中大地方位角解算问题研究

详细讨论GPS定向中大地方位角计算的三种算法,给出算法的数学模型,推导不同算法的误差公式,并利用实测数据对不同算法进行分析比较,得出利用坐标旋转算法和利用子午面与法截面的关系的算法解算方位角精度较高,且精度相同的结论,同时还给出提高定向精度应注意解决的一些问题。     

超大规模大地网分区平差快速解算方法

针对超大规模大地网平差解算这一难题，首先按常规将大规模大地网分解成多个子网，并组成相应子网的误差方程和法方程，然后提出了用解算约化代替求逆约化的新算法，解算约化采用Cholesky分解法，计算过程中对联系误差方程进行压缩存储，并进行相应的有效算法。如此可大大节省大型大地网平差的计算时间，利用PentiumⅣ个人计算机即可解算全国范围的约5万个点(约18万个未知参数)的超大型大地网的整体平差问题，且计算时间只需3h左右。     

大地主题问题的非迭代新解

首先对大地主题问题解算中的符号体系进行改进与统一,使之更符合大地测量的使用习惯;在此基础上讨论非迭代的大地主题问题的正反解,借助计算机代数系统Mathematica推导更准确的正解公式,得到非迭代的反解公式,与以往的解算相比该公式具有更简明的数学表达形式。该过程丰富和完善了大地主题问题的解算体系。最后进行正反解的数据验证。     

Comparison between geodetic and oceanographic approaches to estimate mean dynamic topography for vertical datum unification: evaluation at Australian tide gauges

The direct method of vertical datum unification requires estimates of the ocean’s mean dynamic topography (MDT) at tide gauges, which can be sourced from either geodetic or oceanographic approaches. To assess the suitability of different types of MDT for this purpose, we evaluate 13 physics-based numerical ocean models and six MDTs computed from observed geodetic and/or ocean data at 32 tide gauges around the Australian coast. We focus on the viability of numerical ocean models for vertical datum unification, classifying the 13 ocean models used as either independent (do not contain assimilated geodetic data) or non-independent (do contain assimilated geodetic data). We find that the independent and non-independent ocean models deliver similar results. Maximum differences among ocean models and geodetic MDTs reach >150 mm at several Australian tide gauges and are considered anomalous at the 99% confidence level. These differences appear to be of geodetic origin, but without additional independent information, or formal error estimates for each model, some of these errors remain inseparable. Our results imply that some ocean models have standard deviations of differences with other MDTs (using geodetic and/or ocean observations) at Australian tide gauges, and with levelling between some Australian tide gauges, of \({\sim }\pm 50\,\hbox {mm}\). This indicates that they should be considered as an alternative to geodetic MDTs for the direct unification of vertical datums. They can also be used as diagnostics for errors in geodetic MDT in coastal zones, but the inseparability problem remains, where the error cannot be discriminated between the geoid model or altimeter-derived mean sea surface.     

Generalized inner constraints for geodetic network densification problems

The estimated coordinates from a minimum-constrained (MC) network adjustment are generally influenced by two different error sources, that is the data noise from the available measurements and the so-called datum noise due to random errors in the fiducial coordinates that are used for the datum definition with regard to an external reference frame. Although the latter source does not affect the estimable characteristics of a MC solution, it still contributes a datum-related noise to the estimated positions which reflects the uncertainty of the coordinate system itself for the adjusted network. The aim of this paper is to develop a new type of MCs which minimizes both of the aforementioned effects in the final coordinates of an adjusted network. This particular problem has not been treated in the geodetic literature and the solution which is presented herein offers an elegant unification of the classic inner constraints into a more general framework for the datum choice problem of network optimization theory. Furthermore, the findings of our study provide a useful and rigorous tool for frame densification problems by means of an optimal MC adjustment in geodetic networks.     

Computation of geodetic direct and indirect problems by computers accumulating increments from geodetic line elements

By choosing sufficiently small elements of the length of the geodetic line, or of the latitude or longitude difference, the other two can be computed at each element and the results can be accumulated to solve the problem with more than twenty significant number accuracy if desired. Ten to twelve number accuracy was computed in the examples of this paper. The geodetic line elements are kept in correct azimuth by Clairaut’s equation for the geodetic line. The computers can do millions of necessary computations very economically in a few seconds. All other published methods solving the direct or indirect problem can be reliably checked against results obtained by this method. The run of geodetic lines around the back side of the Ellipsoid is outlined.     

空间直角坐标转换大地坐标的直接解法

根据地面点地心空间直角坐标与地心大地坐标的关系式,导出由空间直角坐标求解大地坐标的更为简洁的直接计算公式,并对计算误差进行分析讨论。理论分析和实际验算结果表明,该直接解法引起的纬度误差不大于10-5s,可以满足精密的大地测量需要。     

贝赛尔大地主题解算分析

贝赛尔大地主题解算是少数适合长距离大地主题计算的方法之一。文章通过对贝赛尔大地主题解算进行计算分析,发现贝赛尔大地主题反算中的大地线长计算精度受起点方位角的影响很大,误差可达8m。为了消去这一巨大误差,本文提出在大地主题反算时互换大地线起点和终点的方法,计算结果表明该方法可以有效消除方位角对大地线长误差的影响。     

中距离物理测距边大地主题正算

本文提出了一套以空间任意高度直线距离为边长的、高精度的中距离大地主题正算公式,省掉了投影归算过程,可以用卫星(气球)物理测距数据计算大地位置。     

Radio source instability in VLBI analysis

The source position time-series for many of the frequently observed radio sources in the NASA geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) program show systematic linear and non-linear variations of as much as 0.5 mas (milli-arc-seconds) to 1.0 mas, due mainly to source structure changes. In standard terrestrial reference frame (TRF) geodetic solutions, it is a common practice to only estimate a global source position for each source over the entire history of VLBI observing sessions. If apparent source position variations are not modeled, they produce corresponding systematic variations in estimated Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) at the level of 0.02–0.04 mas in nutation and 0.01–0.02 mas in polar motion. We examine the stability of position time-series of the 107 radio sources in the current NASA geodetic source catalog since these sources have relatively dense observing histories from which it is possible to detect systematic variations. We consider different strategies for handling source instabilities where we (1) estimate the positions of unstable sources for each session they are observed, or (2) estimate spline parameters or rate parameters for sources chosen to fit the specific variation seen in the position-time series. We found that some strategies improve VLBI EOP accuracy by reducing the biases and weighted root mean square differences between measurements from independent VLBI networks operating simultaneously. We discuss the problem of identifying frequently observed unstable sources and how to identify new sources to replace these unstable sources in the NASA VLBI geodetic source catalog.     

The free versus fixed geodetic boundary value problem for different combinations of geodetic observables

Various formulations of the geodetic fixed and free boundary value problem are presented, depending upon the type of boundary data. For the free problem, boundary data of type astronomical latitude, astronomical longitude and a pair of the triplet potential, zero and first-order vertical gradient of gravity are presupposed. For the fixed problem, either the potential or gravity or the vertical gradient of gravity is assumed to be given on the boundary. The potential and its derivatives on the boundary surface are linearized with respect to a reference potential and a reference surface by Taylor expansion. The Eulerian and Lagrangean concepts of a perturbation theory of the nonlinear geodetic boundary value problem are reviewed. Finally the boundary value problems are solved by Hilbert space techniques leading to new generalized Stokes and Hotine functions. Reduced Stokes and Hotine functions are recommended for numerical reasons. For the case of a boundary surface representing the topography a base representation of the solution is achieved by solving an infinite dimensional system of equations. This system of equations is obtained by means of the product-sum-formula for scalar surface spherical harmonics with Wigner 3j-coefficients.     

The free versus fixed geodetic boundary value problem for different combinations of geodetic observables

Various formulations of the geodetic fixed and free boundary value problem are presented, depending upon the type of boundary data. For the free problem, boundary data of type astronomical latitude, astronomical longitude and a pair of the triplet potential, zero and first-order vertical gradient of gravity are presupposed. For the fixed problem, either the potential or gravity or the vertical gradient of gravity is assumed to be given on the boundary. The potential and its derivatives on the boundary surface are linearized with respect to a reference potential and a reference surface by Taylor expansion. The Eulerian and Lagrangean concepts of a perturbation theory of the nonlinear geodetic boundary value problem are reviewed. Finally the boundary value problems are solved by Hilbert space techniques leading to new generalized Stokes and Hotine functions. Reduced Stokes and Hotine functions are recommended for numerical reasons. For the case of a boundary surface representing the topography a base representation of the solution is achieved by solving an infinite dimensional system of equations. This system of equations is obtained by means of the product-sum-formula for scalar surface spherical harmonics with Wigner 3j-coefficients.