高分辨电磁法在B隧道勘查中的应用

本文介绍了在B隧道勘查中应用高分辨电磁成像技术探测隐伏构造的一个成功实例。数据采集采用高频电磁成像系统（STRATAGEM EH4，频率范围从1Hz到90kHz）。野外采集正交的电磁场分量，从地磁成像剖面中提取目标体有关电磁学信息。为获取高质量的采集数据，野外采用包含天然场源和全张量可控源的混合场源。B隧道坐落在位于中国中部的湖北省的西部，隧道埋深不到200m，但区域地质作用导致它的地质机构十分复杂。第一次勘查过程中，勘探人员误把一个脱落体的露头当成基岩面，施工过程中出现了冒顶。第二次勘探时采用高分辨电磁法和折射地震法，这次勘探找到了隐伏的基岩面和一个隐伏断裂。勘探结果与后来隧道挖掘揭示的构造吻合。     

Oceanic electromagnetic studies: A review

The review covers the main results of the oceanic electromagnetic studies presented during last 4–5 years. Seafloor electromagnetic observations are dedicated to studies in solid Earth geophysics and oceanography. Thus, a large range of objectives and targets are under investigation. Technological and theoretical advances provide an increase of quantity and quality of the collected seafloor data. The host conductivity models for oceanic crust and mantle are being developed; the possibility of obtaining useful structural constraints in heterogeneous environment are discussed. Significant oceanographic results were derived from electromagnetic field observations; these appeared to be a new powerful method for study of long-term large-scale ocean variability.     

Vanguard: a new development in experimental astrobiology

Alex Ellery and David Wynn-Williams propose a new UK astrobiology project, in which a micro-rover would deploy ground-penetrating moles to burrow into the Martian subsurface.
One of the linchpins of the UK's contribution to the burgeoning field of astrobiology is the Beagle 2 mission, due to fly to Mars in 2003 on the Mars Express bus. Given that NASA has declared its intention to focus on "whole planet" geological investigation in its future Mars missions, beginning with the Mars Exploration Rovers which are due to fly in 2003/2004, the UK is well placed to consider post-Beagle 2 astrobiology-focused Mars missions to ensure its leadership in the future in astrobiology. In this paper we present such a proposal – Vanguard.     

Analysis of transverse aeolian ridge profiles derived from HiRISE images of Mars

Photoclinometry was used to analyze selected High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars. Sixty Mars profiles have been assessed and a summary of their morphologic characteristics compiled. Measurements collected quantified the symmetry of the feature, the curvature of the crest, flank slopes, width, height and several comparative ratios. Results show that small TARs have physical characteristics generally similar to measurements obtained from lower resolution images of Mars. The HiRISE image data allow for much improved sampling along each feature; the improved resolution reveals relatively few features not seen in earlier studies, but is well suited for topographic sampling. Measured TAR profiles, when scaled by the width of the feature, can be compared to similarly scaled profiles for terrestrial dunes and megaripples. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

GNSS掩星中大气水汽的非线性反演

研究利用无线电掩星探测数据反演大气水汽参数,文中使用一维非线性方法,反演对流层水汽压廓线.首先,定义了一维目标函数,并以几何光学假设为前提,反演出电波弯曲角;将电波弯曲角作为掩星探测量,大气模式输出的温、湿参量作为初始场,代入目标函数,对目标函数求最优反演出水汽压廓线.文中给出了部分反演结果,经讨论分析认为:非线性方法反演水汽压对初始场的精度依赖较小,能够同时反演出大气温度\水汽压廓线及相应的误差分析,对数值天气预报的应用及数据同化研究具有重要意义.     

Frequency‐dependent multi‐offset phase analysis of surface waves: an example of high‐resolution characterization of a riparian aquifer

Multi‐offset phase analysis of seismic surface waves is an established technique for the extraction of dispersion curves with high spatial resolution and, consequently, for the investigation of the subsurface in terms of shear wave velocity distribution. However, field applications are rarely documented in the published literature. In this paper, we discuss an implementation of the multi‐offset phase analysis consisting of the estimation of the Rayleigh wave velocity by means of a moving window with a frequency‐dependent length. This allows maximizing the lateral resolution at high frequencies while warranting stability at the lower frequencies. In this way, we can retrieve the shallow lateral variability with high accuracy and, at the same time, obtain a robust surface‐wave velocity measurement at depth. In this paper, we apply this methodology to a dataset collected for hydrogeophysical purposes and compare the inversion results with those obtained by using refraction seismics and electrical resistivity tomography. The surface‐wave results are in good agreement with those provided by the other methods and demonstrate a superior capability in retrieving both lateral and vertical velocity variations, including inversions. Our results are further corroborated by the lithological information from a borehole drilled on the acquisition line. The availability of multi‐offset phase analysis data also allows disentangling a fairly complex interpretation of the other geophysical results.     

时空阵列混场源电磁法理论及模拟研究

针对电磁勘探中的混场源输入条件,提出了一种时空阵列混场源电磁勘探方法.假设输入端同时包含天然电磁场源和可控人工场源,输出端进行多站同步观测;基于多输入-多输出系统的分析方法,推导了混场源条件下的时空阵列方程组.提出了系统响应的求解策略,一次性获得所有同步测道对各个场源独立激励时的响应,并分别求取了大地电磁法及可控源电磁法的各种解释参数.在此理论基础上,设计了针对性的施工方案;可控人工场源的选择形式多样,其类型、数量、激励方式及布设位置等不受限制,所有场源的激励可同时进行,无需分步;测区内各测站的布设方式灵活,可根据需要布设单分量测道或多分量测道;同时在测区外布设张量远参考站.利用数值模拟方法,论证了方法的有效性,并与常规方法进行了对比.结果表明,本方法不仅可提高人工场响应的处理精度,还具有一次野外数据采集,可同时获得天然场及人工场电磁响应结果的突出特点,进而提高采集效率,压制噪声影响;本方法集合了天然场源电磁法和人工场源电磁法的优点,为实现不同类型频率域电磁测深方法数据的统一处理提供了思路.     

时频方向谱分析在海洋电磁数据处理中的应用

海底采集到的电磁数据按照其主要包含的信息及研究目的大致可分为海洋可控源电磁场(CSEM)信号、天然场源大地电磁场(MT)信号、海洋环境电磁场信号以及其他随机干扰信号.常常通过计算功率谱密度、时频分析和极化分析的方法研究海洋电磁场特征.本文介绍一种新方法——时频方向谱分析法及其在实测海洋电磁数据处理中的应用,该方法能够在一定的时间-频率尺度上有效分辨场源信号的运动方向.对于海洋CSEM数据,利用该方法可以估算发射源的运动方向,进而在发射源或采集站方位信息缺失情况下,实现海洋CSEM数据的旋转电性轴处理.对于海洋电磁数据,利用该方法可以详细分析海水运动感应电磁场的信号特征.     

CENTRAL FREQUENCY SOUNDING IN SHALLOW ENGINEERING AND HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS*

The paper deals with the early stages of development of a convenient form of electromagnetic induction method of sounding referred to as ‘Central Frequency Sounding’ and abbreviated as CFS. The method is introduced as a rapid and useful technique for investigation of shallow engineering and hydro-geological problems. Sets of theoretical two-layer master curves, suitable for interpretation of field data involving measurement of the vertical magnetic component of the field induced at the center of a loop placed on a two-layer earth, have been presented. The approximate but reasonably accurate solutions for a two-layer earth of any arbitrary resistivity contrast have been considered for the purpose and expressed in a form suitable for computation. The computed results have been presented in sets of curves useful for interpretation of field data.     

小波极大值方法及其在电磁异常信号提取中的应用

小波极大值法作为一种数据挖掘技术已经受到关注,并在地震科学研究领域开始进行应用研究。它能在长时间的观测数据中快速提取出不同时间、不同频率的有关异常信息。文中介绍了如何应用小波极大值法提取电磁场异常信息,即利用连续小波变换计算小波系数,计算各尺度小波系数的极大值,结合表征信号奇异性的Lipschitz指数分析异常的真实性,进而研究极大值在时间分布上的特点或规律,捕捉有关的电磁异常现象。利用该方法对2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震后35d的连续观测的电磁场数据进行了分析,发现存在3次电磁场异常,探讨了这些异常可能与地震活动性之间存在的关系。尽管用这种方法尚不能确定发现的电磁场异常现象与地震有某种特定的关系,但是证明了小波极大值方法在连续观测数据中提取电磁异常现象的有效性。     

瞬变电磁波测井边界远探测方法研究

随钻地质导向钻井的关键在于对边界的探测,为提高仪器探测深度,时谐源激励的电磁波测井方法通常采用降低频率、增大源距的方式.瞬变电磁波测井信号源的突然关断产生会产生感应涡流,涡流随时间向地层深部扩散,与时谐源激励方式相比,其探测深度更大且测量过程不受信号源的干扰.因此,本文提出一种时间域瞬变电磁波测井边界远探测方法,采用余弦变换的数值滤波算法,模拟层状地层同轴发射接收线圈的瞬变电磁波测井响应,结果显示,地层电导率越大,电磁波传播速度越慢,测量晚期感应电动势与地层电导率线性相关;通过定义层状介质总场与线圈系所在当前层背景场的差值可方便提取界面信息,对界面的探测距离可达数十米;瞬变电磁波测井响应受源距的影响很小,为利用短源距实现远探测提供了可能.瞬变电磁波测井与时谐源电磁波测井相比优势明显,在电磁波测井领域中应用前景广阔.     

Interaction of the solar wind with Mars from Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER observations

The observations of the magnetometer/electron reflectometer (MAG/ER) investigation onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have greatly contributed to improve our understanding of the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. These observations established conclusively that a global dynamo-generated magnetic field does not exist at Mars, and that the interaction with solar wind is of the atmospheric type. This article reviews the most important results obtained from MGS MAG/ER on the study of two major features in the Mars solar wind interaction. The first feature is the occurrence of large-amplitude, highly coherent waves at the proton cyclotron frequency in the region upstream from the Martian bow shock. The second feature is the magnetic pileup boundary (MPB), a well-defined plasma boundary inside of which the planetary exospheric ions outnumber the solar wind ions. The study of these two elements is crucial to characterize the properties of the Martian exosphere. In addition, the occurrence of an MPB at comets and Venus reveals common processes to all these unmagnetized atmospheric bodies in spite of their different physical nature and characteristic scales.     

数字电磁资料在地震监测中深入应用的讨论

电磁学方法是国内外公认的有良好发展前景的地震监测预报方法之一。本文提出并讨论了“地震电磁动态特征研究”课题的具体思路,供大家讨论、指正,即：通过对其全国地电场、地磁场、地电阻率、地震电磁波和GPSTEC等数据的汇集,进行数据处理方法研究,分析地震电磁场动态演化特征,定期形成“动态演化”数据产品,为相关部门分析预测地震提供背景信息;同时,积累资料和震例分析经验,为开展前兆分析方法和地震电磁效应机理等研究提供依据。     

均匀大地上空的时间域电磁响应

为了脉冲式航空电磁法的应用,本文介绍了均匀大地上空的时间域电磁响应。用傅里叶变换由频率域公式导出了时间域的响应公式。然后以国产脉冲式航电系统的参数计算了二次场的水平分量和垂直分量。根据时间域的计算结果,本文给出了一些解释的图件,可以用来解决两个主要问题。其一是解释在不同飞行高度测得的时间域航空电磁法资料,从而提供大地电阻率;其二是如果给出了大地电阻率,则可计算时间域的航空电磁响应,因此可以校正由飞行高度改变引起的假异常。     

井间电磁场时域有限差分数值模拟

为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算.     

GDS－1000宽频带数字地震仪野外数据回收处理系统

在笔记本计算机上运行的ＧＤＳ－１０００宽频带数字地震仪地震数据回收处理系统软件，用于在野外条件下执行现场仪器参数设置、数据回收、数据解编及地震图的开窗显示等功能。近一年的野外实际应用结果表明，该系统软件具有数据通讯快速可靠、使用灵活方便等优点。     

Advances in automated detection of sand dunes on Mars

This paper describes advances in an automatic approach for the detection of sand dunes of Mars, based on supervised learning techniques. A set of features (gradient histogram) is extracted from the remotely sensed images and two classifiers (Support Vector Machine and Random Forests) are trained from this data. The evaluation is conducted on 230 MOC‐NA images (spatial resolution between 1·45 and 6·80 m/pixel) leading to about 89% of correct detections. A detailed analysis of the detection results (dune/non‐dune) is performed by dune type or bulk shape, confirming high performances independently of the way the dataset is analysed. This demonstrates the robustness and adequacy of the automated approach to deal with the large variety of aeolian structures present on the surface of Mars. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新能源发电对电磁观测环境的影响特征—以天津徐庄子台的电磁观测为例

利用天津市徐庄子地震台的电磁观测数据,针对台站周边观测区域内近年来出现的风电和光伏发电设施,通过野外试验测量,从多个角度深入剖析了不同观测环境中电磁观测数据在时间和空间上的变化形态,分别总结了风力发电、光伏发电的建设和运行状态对电磁观测环境干扰的影响特征.结果显示:风力发电机组对电磁观测环境的影响明显小于光伏发电设备,...     

Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Results Using Laboratory Measurements

Magnetotelluric (MT) surveying is a remote sensing technique of the crust and mantle based on electrical conductivity that provides constraints to our knowledge of the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior. This paper presents a review of electrical measurements in the laboratory applied to the understanding of MT profiles. In particular, the purpose of such a review is to make the laboratory technique accessible to geophysicists by pointing out the main caveats regarding a careful use of laboratory data to interpret electromagnetic profiles. First, this paper addresses the main issues of cross-spatial-scale comparisons. For brevity, these issues are restricted to reproducing in the laboratory the texture, structure of the sample as well as conditions prevailing in the Earth’s interior (pressure, temperature, redox conditions, time). Second, some critical scientific questions that have motivated laboratory-based interpretation of electromagnetic profiles are presented. This section will focus on the characterization of the presence and distribution of hydrogen in the Earth’s crust and mantle, the investigation of electrical anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the interpretation of highly conductive field anomalies. In a last section, the current and future challenges to improve quantitative interpretation of MT profiles are discussed. These challenges correspond to technical improvements in the laboratory and the field as well as the integration of other disciplines, such as petrology, rheology and seismology.     

A Bayesian trans-dimensional approach for the fusion of multiple geophysical datasets

We propose a Bayesian fusion approach to integrate multiple geophysical datasets with different coverage and sensitivity. The fusion strategy is based on the capability of various geophysical methods to provide enough resolution to identify either subsurface material parameters or subsurface structure, or both. We focus on electrical resistivity as the target material parameter and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), electromagnetic induction (EMI), and ground penetrating radar (GPR) as the set of geophysical methods. However, extending the approach to different sets of geophysical parameters and methods is straightforward. Different geophysical datasets are entered into a trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) search-based joint inversion algorithm. The trans-dimensional property of the McMC algorithm allows dynamic parameterisation of the model space, which in turn helps to avoid bias of the post-inversion results towards a particular model. Given that we are attempting to develop an approach that has practical potential, we discretize the subsurface into an array of one-dimensional earth-models. Accordingly, the ERT data that are collected by using two-dimensional acquisition geometry are re-casted to a set of equivalent vertical electric soundings. Different data are inverted either individually or jointly to estimate one-dimensional subsurface models at discrete locations. We use Shannon's information measure to quantify the information obtained from the inversion of different combinations of geophysical datasets. Information from multiple methods is brought together via introducing joint likelihood function and/or constraining the prior information. A Bayesian maximum entropy approach is used for spatial fusion of spatially dispersed estimated one-dimensional models and mapping of the target parameter. We illustrate the approach with a synthetic dataset and then apply it to a field dataset. We show that the proposed fusion strategy is successful not only in enhancing the subsurface information but also as a survey design tool to identify the appropriate combination of the geophysical tools and show whether application of an individual method for further investigation of a specific site is beneficial.