Azimuthal cement evaluation with an acoustic phased-arc array transmitter: numerical simulations and field tests

We developed a novel cement evaluation logging tool, named the azimuthally acoustic bond tool (AABT), which uses a phased-arc array transmitter with azimuthal detection capability. We combined numerical simulations and field tests to verify the AABT tool. The numerical simulation results showed that the radiation direction of the subarray corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the first arrival matches the azimuth of the channeling when it is behind the casing. With larger channeling size in the circumferential direction, the amplitude difference of the casing wave at different azimuths becomes more evident. The test results showed that the AABT can accurately locate the casing collars and evaluate the cement bond quality with azimuthal resolution at the casing—cement interface, and can visualize the size, depth, and azimuth of channeling. In the case of good casing—cement bonding, the AABT can further evaluate the cement bond quality at the cement—formation interface with azimuthal resolution by using the amplitude map and the velocity of the formation wave.     

一种基于圆弧片状压电振子的相控圆弧阵随钻声波测井辐射器

随钻三维反射声波成像测井技术可以实时地对井周围的地层构造和地质体进行成像,为地质导向钻井提供必要的信息,是下一代声波测井技术的发展方向.针对该项技术,提出了一种基于圆弧片状压电振子的相控圆弧阵声波测井辐射器,推导了该辐射器的声学性能在波数-频率域的数学描述,并采用了实轴积分的方法对该辐射器在无限大液体、井旁地层中产生的波场进行了求解.研究结果显示,无论在无限大液体中还是在充液井孔内,该声源均可以向任意方位定向辐射能量,其水平指向性图主瓣明显,旁瓣级低,具有较高的方位分辨率;相控阵技术能够使得即使在较低的频率下,该声源辐射的声场仍具有较好的方位特征;与传统的单极子反射成像技术相比,有希望利用该声源发展一种具有较好的方位分辨能力和更深径向探测深度的随钻反射成像测井方法;与偶极子反射成像技术相比,采用该声源可以在周向上360°范围内确定反射体的方位,能够消除井旁地层界面方位测量的多解性.     

三维随钻反射声波成像测井的数值模拟

采用有限差分方法对基于圆弧片状声源和接收器的三维随钻反射声波成像测井进行模拟,研究了反射信号的幅度、相位等参数随方位和源距的变化规律,着重分析了利用该方法在水平井中对地层界面进行探测的可行性.研究结果表明,钻铤的存在使得圆弧片状声源能够向固定方位辐射声场,其主瓣三分贝角宽窄,旁瓣级低,向目的方位辐射的纵波场的幅度约为传统环状声源的0.6倍,适用于三维随钻反射声波成像测井;对于本文计算的井孔模型,反射波信号约为井孔导波信号的1/100;随着源距的增加,反射纵波幅度逐渐减小,转换波(P-SV、SV-P)的幅度先增加后减小,反射SV波的幅度增加,建议在实际应用中,选择合适源距的波形进行处理,并对其他非目的波动进行压制,以期获得更好的成像效果.本文模拟了在水平井中对地层上下界面进行探测的例子,结果显示,反射波纵波信号有较好的方位分辨率,能够准确获得井外波阻抗不连续界面的方位,而且对上、下界面的成像互不影响.     

一种新型动电测井探测器研究与实验测试（英文）

目前对动电测井的研究主要集中于数值模拟和岩石物理实验。为研发出能下井测量的动电测井仪器,进行了一系列实验研究工作。文中介绍了一种融合了不同结构和材料要求的新型声电复合式动电测井探测器的结构及原理,对声、电信号接收器在仪器机械设计上无法布置在同一位置的难题也提出了解决方法。在水池中对其辐射声场特性进行了测试,计算了辐射声场声压及发射电压响应,分析了基于相控线阵的阵列式声波发射探头的指向性及实际应用效果。研究表明,在源距1500 mm处产生的声压可达47.2 kPa,且会随着激励声源主频增大而减小。随着相邻声波发射子阵激励信号延迟时间的增加,辐射声束主瓣会发生明显偏转,主瓣方向的能量也逐渐增强,可有效增强声电转换效率。本文为探测器研制及开展井下动电测井研究奠定了重要基础。     

不同偏振方向的偶极子声源在HTI地层井孔中激发声场的实验研究

本文首先制作了TI地层模型井,对模型井的速度、密度等物理参数进行了测量,通过快速模拟退火算法得到了该介质的五个TI刚性系数,然后采用缩尺的偶极子探头在HTI地层井孔内进行超声测量实验模拟了实际的偶极子声波测井,并结合数值模拟的结果,研究了不同偏振方向的声源在HTI地层井孔中进行偶极子声波测井的响应特征.模拟结果表明,弯曲波的幅度和速度随声源的偏振方向不同而不同.正交分量的波形幅度在声源偏振方向平行或垂直于快横波面方位时最小,在与快横波面方位呈一定夹角时较大;同向分量波形幅度随声源的偏振方向的变化规律同正交分量相反.弯曲波速度在声源的偏振方向与快横波面方位的夹角小于30°或者大于60°时,分别接近于快弯曲波和慢弯曲波的速度,对于夹角的变化不敏感;当夹角在30°和60°之间时,弯曲波的速度对该夹角变化非常敏感,由接近快弯曲波速度快速变化到接近慢弯曲波速度.     

新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井数值模拟与响应特性

在现有侧向测井仪器基础上,提出了一种新型贴井壁式阵列方位侧向测井电极系,该仪器能提供径向和周向方位电阻率测量.该电极系采用贴井壁测量方式,提供5种径向探测深度.利用三维有限元方法模拟了阵列方位侧向测井电极系的井眼影响特性、径向探测特性、纵向分层能力、方位分辨能力,并模拟其对井周地层、水平井非对称泥浆侵入和倾斜地层的响应.在导电泥浆中最大探测深度为1.23m,纵向分辨率为0.3m,可以识别出0.1m薄层,方位分辨率为20°.贴井壁测量时,纵向分辨率不受泥浆和围岩电阻率的影响,能够准确测量井周方位电阻率,较不贴井壁测量具有很大优势,同时利用12条方位电阻率曲线能够反映出水平井泥浆非对称侵入特性,倾斜地层倾角和倾斜方向.     

套管井贴壁声源激发的非轴对称声场的有限差分模拟及结果分析

套管井贴壁声波测井仪器在固井质量评价中的应用越来越广泛.本文利用三维交错网格高阶有限差分方法首次研究了贴壁声源在套管井中激发的非轴对称声场特征,给出了测井声源在贴壁固体弹性介质中激发时的数值模拟方法,模拟的全波波形与测井仪器在实际井中记录的波形吻合较好,这为利用数值模拟方式开发贴壁声波仪器的潜在应用奠定了基础.通过对套管井不同胶结状况下的数值模拟,得到了贴壁声源在套管井中激发的声场特征和传播规律,模拟结果显示加载声源的贴壁滑板的存在大大压制了套管中弯曲型Lamb波的幅度;套管中传播的拉伸波的幅度相对较强,其泄漏到水泥中的声波传播到水泥和地层界面时发生反射,反射波的幅度和相位特征携带了水泥环第二界面的胶结信息.数值计算结果为利用贴壁声源激发接收的波形实现水泥环第二界面井周不同角度上的胶结评价奠定了理论基础.     

薄圆管压电换能器瞬态响应及其在井中激发声场

针对声波测井中采用的柱状薄圆管压电换能器,提出一种研究换能器响应的解析方法.该方法考虑了轴向与径向振动之间的耦合作用,导出置于耦合液体中压电换能器径向位移满足的微分方程和频域传递函数,比较分析了不同激励源作用下换能器的位移响应特性.利用波数域实轴积分法,计算了换能器在弹性地层井孔中激发的声场,研究了不同地层中的波形差异.与前人在假定声源强度的模型下只能求出波场的相对幅度不同,本文得出在一定激励电压作用下换能器在井孔中激发声场的幅度值.这为说明声波测井响应信号的强弱及仪器的声系设计提供了依据,对估计动电效应测井信号的强弱有参考意义.     

Observation of shear‐wave splitting in the multicomponent node data from Atlantis field,Gulf of Mexico

In 2005, a multicomponent ocean bottom node data set was collected by BP and BHP Billiton in the Atlantis field in the Gulf of Mexico. Our results are based on data from a few sparse nodes with millions of shots that were analysed as common receiver azimuthal gathers. A first‐order look at P‐wave arrivals on a common receiver gather at a constant offset reveals variation of P‐wave arrival time as a function of azimuth indicating the presence of azimuthal anisotropy at the top few layers. This prompted us to investigate shear arrivals on the horizontal component data. After preliminary processing, including a static correction, the data were optimally rotated to radial (R) and transverse (T) components. The R component shows azimuthal variation of traveltime indicating variation of velocity with azimuth; the corresponding T component shows azimuthal variation of amplitude and phase (polarity reversal). The observed shear‐wave (S‐wave) splitting, previously observed azimuthal P‐wave velocity variation and azimuthal P‐wave amplitude variation, all indicate the occurrence of anisotropy in the shallow (just below the seafloor) subsea sediment in the area. From the radial component azimuthal gather, we analysed the PP‐ and PS‐wave amplitude variation for the first few layers and determined corresponding anisotropy parameter and V_P/V_S values. Since fracture at this depth is not likely to occur, we attribute the observed azimuthal anisotropy to the presence of microcracks and grain boundary orientation due to stress. The evidence of anisotropy is ubiquitous in this data set and thus it argues strongly in favour of considering anisotropy in depth imaging for obtaining realistic subsurface images, at the least.     

测井技术新进展综述

在过去几年里,测井技术受石油勘探开发需要所推动,并借助现代电子和信息技术的新成就,发展十分迅速.三分量感应和正交偶极声波等新型成像测井仪器的出现,使地层各向异性研究成了热点.网络测井作为新一代测井系统,处于研制和完善阶段.新的裸眼井测井仪器,如新型的满贯组合测井系统、三分量阵列感应测井仪、油基泥浆电阻率成像测井仪等得到进一步改进.新的套管井测井仪器,如过套管电阻率测井仪、新型脉冲中子类测井仪等不断出现并得到改进.随钻测井系列不断增加,如随钻核磁共振测井、随钻地层测试,等等.新的测量工艺技术,如过套管地层测试、井下永久传感器工艺技术等正日趋成熟.新的测井概念,如测井-取心联作、套管外取心、动电测井、套管钻井测井等,给人耳目一新的感觉.对国外测井技术现状和水平进行全面而深入的研究,对于我们当前的科研和生产具有指导和借鉴作用.本文综合评述了近几年测井技术六个方面的重大进展：（1）岩石物理性质;（2）测井地面系统;（3）裸眼井测井;（4）套管井测井;（5）随钻测井;（6）射孔、取心和测试.在深入研究的基础上探讨了测井技术的发展方向,主要结论是岩石各向异性仍将是岩石物理研究的一个重点,测井传感器的物理模拟和数值模拟在测井仪器的设计中将扮演越来越重要角色,测井地面系统的发展主要集中在网络化、综合化的方向上,井下仪器的发展主要体现在集成化和阵列化的发展方向上.从长远看,随着井下永久传感器和施工工艺技术不断发展和完善,套管井测井中的许多项目最终会被取而代之.随钻测井技术仍将迅猛发展,随钻测井必将逐步取代电缆式裸眼测井.     

声频谱测井方法研究进展

主要介绍声频谱测井方法的理论基础和解释应用．声频谱测井作为一种新的声波测井方法，它是利用多个频率实现对井壁附近不同径向深度处地层的探测．首先介绍了声频谱测井方法的理论基础，在此基础上在声频谱声系中设计了10K、20K、40K三种不同主频的声波探头组合，结合声频谱参数与岩石储集参数的关系，设计了声频谱测井的基本解释方案，探讨了声频谱测井解释方法在确定孔隙度、渗透率、识别油气、裂缝，以及岩石力学参数计算及过套管测井等方面的应用．     

井中相控声源激发的声场

用不同的声源激发,可以得到不同的声波测井波形.根据唯一性定理和叠加定理,由多个位于不同位置且发射时间有一定差别的声源构成的相控声源激发的声场是叠加声场.本文先用一些实验结果肯定了相控声源激发声场的指向性随相控参数改变,而后用数值模拟的方法计算了井中相控声源激发的声场.发现井内相控声源在地层中激发的声场能够在一个确定的方向形成声束.改变相控参数,该声束的方向和能量均发生改变.     

管波的实验观测

本文报道了分层介质井间物理模型的实验现象:在接收井所得到的波形中,在分层位置管波幅度明显衰减,离开分层界面一段距离以后,管波开始加强.     

Estimation of the apertures of water-saturated fractures by nuclear magnetic resonance well logging

Fracture aperture is an important transport property in subsurface hydrology because it influences well productivity and the volume of the water resource. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) well logging measures the hydrogen‐bearing fluid molecules in porous or fractured strata, and the NMR signal intensity increases with the amount of fluid in the sensed region of the NMR sonde. Fluid confined in a large fracture of >>0.2 mm in aperture has T2 (i.e. spin‐spin relaxation time) values as long as those of the bulk fluid. The bulk‐fluid porosity (i.e. porosity calculated using this long T2 component in a T2 histogram data) increases linearly with aperture. Therefore, NMR logging enables quantitative estimation of fracture apertures of >>0.2 mm using the bulk‐fluid porosity data if the calibration of the NMR sonde is performed adequately. We applied NMR logging to a borehole in a Holocene andesite lava at Sumikawa, Japan, to estimate the aperture of open fractures within the lava. A test well of 100 m depth and 20 cm diameter, filled with bentonite drilling mud, was scanned with an NMR sonde to obtain a profile of the porosity and the T2 histogram of the andesite. The bulk‐fluid porosity was calculated from the T2 histogram data, as the porosity at which the T2 value is larger than or equal to a threshold T2 of bulk bentonite mud. The bulk‐fluid porosity of a specific inclined fracture responsible for the total loss of circulation at 61.2 m depth during drilling was calculated assuming a threshold or T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, and again for a cut‐off of 100 ms. Calibration of the NMR sensor in a laboratory and measurement of the fracture dip angle by electrical microimaging logging enabled us to estimate the fracture aperture as 1.7 cm, assuming a T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, or 1.6 cm for a T2 cut‐off of 100 ms. The method of aperture determination described in this study is independent of fluid species and lithology, and is applicable to various hydrogen‐bearing borehole fluids (clean water, mud and oil) and geological settings.     

Robust dual‐sensor data sea‐surface ghost attenuation for quality control purposes

Three‐dimensional receiver ghost attenuation (deghosting) of dual‐sensor towed‐streamer data is straightforward, in principle. In its simplest form, it requires applying a three‐dimensional frequency–wavenumber filter to the vertical component of the particle motion data to correct for the amplitude reduction on the vertical component of non‐normal incidence plane waves before combining with the pressure data. More elaborate techniques use three‐dimensional filters to both components before summation, for example, for ghost wavelet dephasing and mitigation of noise of different strengths on the individual components in optimum deghosting. The problem with all these techniques is, of course, that it is usually impossible to transform the data into the crossline wavenumber domain because of aliasing. Hence, usually, a two‐dimensional version of deghosting is applied to the data in the frequency–inline wavenumber domain. We investigate going down the “dimensionality ladder” one more step to a one‐dimensional weighted summation of the records of the collocated sensors to create an approximate deghosting procedure. We specifically consider amplitude‐balancing weights computed via a standard automatic gain control before summation, reminiscent of a diversity stack of the dual‐sensor recordings. This technique is independent of the actual streamer depth and insensitive to variations in the sea‐surface reflection coefficient. The automatic gain control weights serve two purposes: (i) to approximately correct for the geometric amplitude loss of the Z data and (ii) to mitigate noise strength variations on the two components. Here, Z denotes the vertical component of the velocity of particle motion scaled by the seismic impedance of the near‐sensor water volume. The weights are time‐varying and can also be made frequency‐band dependent, adapting better to frequency variations of the noise. The investigated process is a very robust, almost fully hands‐off, approximate three‐dimensional deghosting step for dual‐sensor data, requiring no spatial filtering and no explicit estimates of noise power. We argue that this technique performs well in terms of ghost attenuation (albeit, not exact ghost removal) and balancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the output data. For instances where full three‐dimensional receiver deghosting is the final product, the proposed technique is appropriate for efficient quality control of the data acquired and in aiding the parameterisation of the subsequent deghosting processing.     

Dependence of borehole shear‐horizontal‐wave seismoelectric response on soil textures

The phenomenon of acoustic waves inducing electric fields in porous media is called the seismoelectric effect. Earlier investigators proposed the usage of seismoelectric effect for well logging. Soil texture has a strong influence on the coupled wave fields during shallow surface explorations. In this article, we study the borehole pure shear‐horizontal wave and the coupling transverse‐electric field (acoustic–electrical coupling wave fields) in the partially saturated soil. Combined with related theories, we expand the formation parameters to partially saturated forms and discuss the influence of soil texture conditions on the seismoelectric wave fields. The results show that the elastic and electrical properties of porous media are sensitive to water saturation. The compositions of the acoustic and electric fields for different soil textures do not change, but the waveforms differ. We also use the secant integral method to simulate the interface‐converted electromagnetic waves. The results show that interface response strength is greatly influenced by soil texture. In addition, considering the sensitivity of the inducing electric field to fluid salinity, we also simulate the time‐domain waveforms of electric field for different pore fluid salinity levels. The results show that as the salinity increases, the electric field amplitude decreases monotonically. The above conclusions have certain significance for the application of borehole shear wave and its coupled electric fields for resource exploration, saturation assessment and groundwater pollution monitoring.     

随钻声波测井固井质量评价理论与数值模拟研究

大斜度井、水平井的固井质量评价需求,推动了基于随钻测井仪器的固井质量评价技术的发展.本文基于弹性波传播理论,建立柱状分层介质的套管井随钻测井模型,模拟了不同水泥胶结情况的随钻声场响应,特别是其波形特征.结果表明,套管井中随钻与电缆波形特征最大的区别在于随钻波列中存在隔声衰减后的钻铤波.特别是当水泥胶结较好时,钻铤波与套管波幅度大小相近,甚至钻铤波幅度更大,而时间域上两者波形重叠,该特点使得常规电缆声波(声幅/变密度)固井质量评价方法不适用于随钻测井环境.本文考察了不同水泥胶结程度下随钻波列中套管波幅度和衰减与胶结指数的关系,形成一种同时利用幅度和衰减的随钻声波胶结指数计算方法,为随钻声波固井质量评价提供理论指导.     

地层波速的电缆和随钻动电测井实验研究

基于孔隙介质动电效应的测量方法在油气勘探领域有着巨大的潜在应用价值.本文针对理论预测的随钻动电测井可削弱钻铤波对地层声波干扰的问题,设计了室内随钻动电测井实验装置和测量系统,并在小尺寸砂岩模型井中开展了随钻动电测井实验研究.为了突出随钻动电测井技术的特点,本文先在砂岩模型井中进行了电缆声波测井和电缆动电测井实验测量,获得了地层声波的传播速度.然后又在同一模型井中进行了随钻声波测井和随钻动电测井实验,记录了这两种情况下的测井全波波形,比较了电缆声波/动电测井和随钻声波/动电测井的差异性,并进一步分析了钻铤波和井中动电转换信号的传播特性.本文还通过随钻动电测井的时域波形提取到被测地层的纵横波速度,从实验角度验证了随钻动电测井技术测量地层波速的可行性.此外,本文实验结果对随钻动电测井的仪器设计及现场测量也有参考意义.     

基于波干涉原理的套管井阵列声波处理方法及其应用

在套管井测井中,沿着钢管产生的拉伸波(即管波)在声波数据中产生很强的干扰,使得地层声速的提取十分困难.基于管波与地层声波的干涉原理,本文提出了一种声波处理方法.管波的传播特征是已知的,且管波和地层波都由同一声源激发,因此,可以用管波来改造测井声波数据.对改造后数据采用希尔伯特变换作进一步处理,得到与地层信息相关的解析信号,从该信号中即可提取出地层声速.通过对理论模拟数据的处理和现场测井数据的应用,验证了新方法的正确性和有效性.     

随钻动电测井中声诱导电场的理论模拟

为防止沿钻铤传播的声信号掩盖来自地层的声信号,目前需在钻铤上刻槽以实现对地层纵、横波速度的测量.但刻槽不仅占用钻铤空间,且降低了钻铤的强度和刚度.本文探讨在不刻槽条件下,利用动电效应获得地层纵横波速度的可行性.为此,模拟了随钻声波测井信号及由岩石动电效应产生的电场信号.先视地层为黏弹性介质,模拟随钻声波测井信号,再利用围压与孔隙流体压强的关系获得了声波在地层中引起的孔隙压强,然后计算由孔隙地层动电效应产生的声诱导电磁场.对多极声源激发的声场波形及其诱导电场的波形进行比较,发现随钻声诱导电场中钻铤波的相对幅度明显小于随钻声场中钻铤波的相对幅度.此外,发现在慢速地层条件下,偶极声源激发的电场中出现了比较明显的地层横波信号.