转换波AVO反演速度比各横波反射系数

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.     

Global surface wave inversion with model constraints‡

Practical applications of surface wave inversion demand reliable inverted shear‐wave profiles and a rigorous assessment of the uncertainty associated to the inverted parameters. As a matter of fact, the surface wave inverse problem is severely affected by solution non‐uniqueness: the degree of non‐uniqueness is closely related to the complexity of the observed dispersion pattern and to the experimental inaccuracies in dispersion measurements. Moreover, inversion pitfalls may be connected to specific problems such as inadequate model parametrization and incorrect identification of the surface wave modes. Consequently, it is essential to tune the inversion problem to the specific dataset under examination to avoid unnecessary computations and possible misinterpretations. In the heuristic inversion algorithm presented in this paper, different types of model constraints can be easily introduced to bias constructively the solution towards realistic estimates of the 1D shear‐wave profile. This approach merges the advantages of global inversion, like the extended exploration of the parameter space and a theoretically rigorous assessment of the uncertainties on the inverted parameters, with the practical approach of Lagrange multipliers, which is often used in deterministic inversion, which helps inversion to converge towards models with desired properties (e.g., ‘smooth’ or ‘minimum norm' models). In addition, two different forward kernels can be alternatively selected for direct‐problem computations: either the conventional modal inversion or, instead, the direct minimization of the secular function, which allows the interpreter to avoid mode identification. A rigorous uncertainty assessment of the model parameters is performed by posterior covariance analysis on the accepted solutions and the modal superposition associated to the inverted models is investigated by full‐waveform modelling. This way, the interpreter has several tools to address the more probable sources of inversion pitfalls within the framework of a rigorous and well‐tested global inversion algorithm. The effectiveness and the versatility of this approach, as well as the impact of the interpreter's choices on the final solution and on its posterior uncertainty, are illustrated using both synthetic and real data. In the latter case, the inverted shear velocity profiles are blind compared with borehole data.     

基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演

获取准确的近地表横波速度对复杂地表条件下弹性波地震数据处理和成像非常重要.在浅层面波工程勘探中通过反演提取的频散曲线可以获得近地表横波速度结构.在多道面波频散曲线分析中, 频散关系拾取的精度直接影响速度反演结果的可靠性.本文在多道面波叠加及自动拾取频散曲线基础上, 提出了基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演方法.该方法充分考虑了低信噪比条件下面波频散曲线的不确定性, 通过在频散曲线拾取中引入曼哈顿距离K-Means聚类算法提高频散曲线拾取的准确性.采用多道多窗口叠加技术提高了面波反演对横向速度变化的适应性, 通过聚类算法和多窗口叠加提高反演的可靠性, 聚类算法获得较准确的频散曲线更利于后续横波速度反演过程.模拟数据算例对比表明本文提出的方法比常规算法效果更好, 精度更高.将提出的方法应用于工程勘探和油气勘探的面波数据反演中, 结果也验证了该方法的有效性.

     

Frequency‐domain acoustic‐elastic coupled waveform inversion using the Gauss‐Newton conjugate gradient method

We developed a frequency‐domain acoustic‐elastic coupled waveform inversion based on the Gauss‐Newton conjugate gradient method. Despite the use of a high‐performance computer system and a state‐of‐the‐art parallel computation algorithm, it remained computationally prohibitive to calculate the approximate Hessian explicitly for a large‐scale inverse problem. Therefore, we adopted the conjugate gradient least‐squares algorithm, which is frequently used for geophysical inverse problems, to implement the Gauss‐Newton method so that the approximate Hessian is calculated implicitly. Thus, there was no need to store the Hessian matrix. By simultaneously back‐propagating multi‐components consisting of the pressure and displacements, we could efficiently extract information on the subsurface structures. To verify our algorithm, we applied it to synthetic data sets generated from the Marmousi‐2 model and the modified SEG/EAGE salt model. We also extended our algorithm to the ocean‐bottom cable environment and verified it using ocean‐bottom cable data generated from the Marmousi‐2 model. With the assumption of a hard seafloor, we recovered both the P‐wave velocity of complicated subsurface structures as well as the S‐wave velocity. Although the inversion of the S‐wave velocity is not feasible for the high Poisson's ratios used to simulate a soft seafloor, several strategies exist to treat this problem. Our example using multi‐component data showed some promise in mitigating the soft seafloor effect. However, this issue still remains open.     

利用多种地震数据联合反演剪切波速度结构的可靠性检测

本文模拟使用青藏高原东南缘区域台网及国家台网的170个宽频台站基于背景噪声、天然地震面波、P波接收函数反演时的实际数据,对青藏高原东南缘假定的初始模型进行恢复,通过计算初始模型台站下方纯路径频散、提取各台站对间的瑞雷波频散曲线、计算理论接收函数以及反演剪切波速度结构来测试使用不同单项数据与联合使用多种数据反演对初始模型的恢复程度。结果表明,同时使用接收函数、基于噪声经验格林函数的群速度、相速度频散以及基于天然地震面波的相速度频散联合反演的剪切波速度结构,充分利用了几种数据的分辨率优势,清晰地分辨出中下地壳及上地幔顶部的低速层。此外,本文也分析了实际数据处理中出现的计算误差、随机噪声干扰对计算结果稳定性的影响。结果显示:对于面波频散,加入1%的误差后,联合反演的结果仍可很好地反映低速层的形态,但是当误差提升至5%后,对最终结果则产生了一定程度的影响;而在接收函数中加入4%的随机噪声时,虽然地幔低速层的上界面和下界面会略微受到随机噪声的影响,但是低速层的深度范围和速度值均得到了较好的恢复。     

部分叠加资料纵横波速度测井约束反演

本文提出一种角度部分叠加资料同时反演纵波和横波速度的方法,以角度部分叠加资料为基础,利用地震波振幅随入射角变化与弹性参数间的数学关系,基于非线性最优化理论,通过将最小平方问题转化为大型带状矩阵的求解问题,采用逐道外推技术依次求得该角度剖面的每个点纵波和横波速度值,利用地震波速度在各向异性介质中与入射角的关系,进一步得到地震波零入射角纵、横波速度,从而可以求得纵横波速度比及泊松比,为地震资料的岩性及含油气性解释提供了丰富的参数信息,为保证反演的稳定性,降低多解性,采用测井、叠后构造层位解释结果的共同约束,并做好叠前去噪以及振幅保持处理.     

壳-幔过渡带首波传播特征

上地幔速度结构是影响Pn波几何衰减特征的主要因素,本文利用合成理论地震图方法,研究了壳-幔过渡带速度梯度对Pn波几何衰减特征的影响.结果表明,Pn波的衰减特征对上地幔的速度梯度十分敏感,如：1000 km处Pn波的振幅,在相当于将均匀上地幔经展平变换后的等效速度梯度(0.0013 s-1)模型下,约为在半无限空间上叠加一层的简单模型下的10倍;当震中距大于某一距离后,具有速度梯度模型下的Pn波振幅随震中距衰减的速度明显小于无速度梯度的半无限空间模型下Pn波振幅的衰减速度,速度梯度越大,衰减速度越慢,在某一距离范围内,振幅甚至有增大的趋势;当存在速度梯度时,Pn波的几何衰减随频率而变化.上述结果对深入理解Pn波在区域震中距范围内的衰减规律提供了理论依据.     

积分道与基于Born散射的一维声波方程速度反演

基于Born散射理论，推导了适用于常速和变速背景的一维速度反演公式。与经典的Bleistein逆散射反演公式相比，本文考虑了声波在一维有限空间中的传播，选取的边界条件更合理。改进后的公式也揭示了积分道(对反射系数的积分)与绝对速度的关系，更有实用价值。     

利用Rayleigh波相速度和群速度联合反演青藏高原东北缘S波速度结构

利用青藏高原东北缘地区固定和流动地震台网2007年8月到2012年1月期间记录的远震波形,运用小波变换频时分析方法分别测定了1216和653条周期从15到140 s的台站间基阶Rayleigh相速度和群速度频散曲线.通过对上述频散进行反演,重构了青藏高原东北缘分辨率高达0.5°×0.5°的2-D相速度和群速度分布图.然后通过对所提取到的每个格网点Rayleigh波相速度和群速度频散进行联合反演,得到了研究区下方一维S波速度结构.最后通过线性插值,得到了青藏高原东北缘下方地壳上地幔三维S波结构.结果表明,印度板块向北俯冲已经达到班公—怒江缝合带附近;在柴达木盆地北部祁连山下面我们发现了亚洲板块,且其没有表现出明显的向南俯冲的迹象;在两大板块中间,我们观测到延伸到250 km深度的低速异常,该低速异常可能是地幔物质底辟上涌现象造成的.     

Upper mantle P wave velocity structure of the northern part of China and Mongolia

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套管井井壁附近地层横波速度径向分布反演

套管外地层受异常地应力、油气开采的影响,在径向上表现出非均质性;采用声波测井可以对该非均质性进行探测,利用偶极子横波测井数据可以对横波速度的径向分布进行反演.本文建立了套管井外地层横波速度径向分层参考模型,采用修正的微扰法计算了该模型的偶极弯曲波频散曲线,建立了横波速度径向分布反演目标函数,采用高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对目标函数进行了求解,得到了套管井外地层横波速度的径向分布.分析了偶极弯曲波频段、套管横波速度对反演结果的影响,对比了高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对反演过程的影响.分析对比结果表明,采用偶极弯曲波激发强度较高的频段与采用全频段的反演结果相近;套管的横波速度准确度越高,反演结果越准确;高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法计算精度相同,都可以得到高精度的横波速度径向分布;快速模拟退火法的计算效率略低于高斯牛顿法,但其收敛性对初始值依赖更小,实际处理中应选择快速模拟退火法.     

Site response implications associated with using non-unique Vs profiles from surface wave inversion in comparison with other commonly used methods of accounting for Vs uncertainty

This paper discusses variability and accuracy of site response predictions performed using shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles derived from non-unique surface wave inversions and other commonly used statistical methods of accounting for epistemic uncertainty and aleatory variability in Vs. Specifically, linear and equivalent linear site response analyses were performed on the following three classes of Vs profiles: (1) 350 Vs profiles developed by performing multiple surface wave inversions, each with a unique set of layering parameters, on a common dispersion dataset, (2) two upper/lower range base-case Vs profiles developed by systematically increasing or decreasing the solution Vs profile by 20%, and (3) 100 Vs profiles developed using the Vs randomization procedure proposed by Toro (1995) [26]. Vs profiles derived from surface wave inversions generally yielded accurate site response estimates with minimal variability, so long as their theoretical dispersion data fit the experimental dispersion data well. On the other hand, the upper/lower range and randomized Vs profiles generally produced inaccurate and highly variable site response predictions, although the inclusion of site-specific parameters in the randomization model improved the results. At real sites where substantial aleatory variability is anticipated and/or the epistemic uncertainty is quite high, the site response estimates associated with the randomized and/or upper/lower range Vs profiles may be deemed acceptable. However, if the experimental dispersion data and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios are shown to be consistent over the footprint of a site, it may be possible to significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the input Vs profile and the resulting uncertainty in the site response.     

Comparison of P‐wave attenuation models of wave‐induced flow

Wave‐induced oscillatory fluid flow in the vicinity of inclusions embedded in porous rocks is one of the main causes for P‐wave dispersion and attenuation at seismic frequencies. Hence, the P‐wave velocity depends on wave frequency, porosity, saturation, and other rock parameters. Several analytical models quantify this wave‐induced flow attenuation and result in characteristic velocity–saturation relations. Here, we compare some of these models by analyzing their low‐ and high‐frequency asymptotic behaviours and by applying them to measured velocity–saturation relations. Specifically, the Biot–Rayleigh model considering spherical inclusions embedded in an isotropic rock matrix is compared with White's and Johnson's models of patchy saturation. The modeling of laboratory data for tight sandstone and limestone indicates that, by selecting appropriate inclusion size, the Biot‐Rayleigh predictions are close to the measured values, particularly for intermediate and high water saturations.     

蒙古中南部地区面波相速度层析成像

本文采用小波变换频时分析技术提取了1893条蒙古中南部地区双台间基阶Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线,通过对提取到的相速度频散进行二维反演,首次重构了蒙古高原中南部10~80 s周期内分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的相速度分布图.结果表明,短周期相速度频散(10~20 s)明显受地表地形控制,表现为杭爱—肯特山盆地为相对高速异常,而南部的戈壁带表现为相对低速异常;在30 s到60 s周期内,南部的戈壁带和北部的杭爱—肯特山盆地都显示出稳定的高速异常,而中部戈壁带则表现为低速异常.该低速异常区与新生代火山岩出露位置的一致性,暗示该低速异常可能与新生代火山活动有关.穿过蒙古高原中部的两条主要断裂带与研究区内的地震波速度分布具有很好的一致性,可能暗示两条断裂带一直延伸到整个岩石圈.此外,蒙古中南部地区的壳幔速度低于全球平均大陆值,且其相速度频散曲线与遭受破坏的克拉通,尤其大陆裂谷很相似,可能暗示着研究区具有薄的、活跃的岩石圈构造.     

Preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient method for frequency domain full‐waveform seismic inversion

We present preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient algorithms as alternatives to the Gauss‐Newton method for frequency domain full‐waveform seismic inversion. We designed two preconditioning operators. For the first preconditioner, we introduce the inverse of an approximate sparse Hessian matrix. The approximate Hessian matrix, which is highly sparse, is constructed by judiciously truncating the Gauss‐Newton Hessian matrix based on examining the auto‐correlation and cross‐correlation of the Jacobian matrix. As the second preconditioner, we employ the approximation of the inverse of the Gauss‐Newton Hessian matrix. This preconditioner is constructed by terminating the iteration process of the conjugate gradient least‐squares method, which is used for inverting the Hessian matrix before it converges. In our preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient algorithms, the step‐length along the search direction, which is a crucial factor for the convergence, is carefully chosen to maximize the reduction of the cost function after each iteration. The numerical simulation results show that by including a very limited number of non‐zero elements in the approximate Hessian, the first preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient algorithm is able to yield comparable inversion results to the Gauss‐Newton method while maintaining the efficiency of the un‐preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient method. The only extra cost is the computation of the inverse of the approximate sparse Hessian matrix, which is less expensive than the computation of a forward simulation of one source at one frequency of operation. The second preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient algorithm also significantly saves the computational expense in comparison with the Gauss‐Newton method while maintaining the Gauss‐Newton reconstruction quality. However, this second preconditioned non‐linear conjugate gradient algorithm is more expensive than the first one.     

河北省南部及邻区地壳P波速度结构三维反演

1980—2012年河北省及邻区测震台网地震记录,使用了河北省南部及邻区（34.0°—38.0°N,112.0°—118.0°E）63个固定地震台站和4 540个地震事件,得到27 709条P波到时数据,采用速度结构与地震位置联合反演的方法,获得研究区内地壳P波三维速度结构,重新确定中小地震震源位置。速度结构揭示：研究区域内地壳的P波速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,在10—25 km深度上横向不均匀性更加显著;大地震基本发生在速度异常体或高低速交界区域。地震重新定位结果显示：地震P波走时均方根残差（RMS）从1.68 s降到0.82 s;地震呈明显条带状分布,震源深度与地质构造年代具有一定负相关性。     

利用背景噪声成像研究合肥-金华剖面地壳速度结构及径向各向异性的东西差异

背景噪声成像能够为地壳内部结构提供地震波速的观测证据,能够增进对地壳结构与物性的认识.本文利用背景噪声成像方法对合肥-金华流动地震台阵55个台站数据进行了分析反演,获得了华北克拉通与华南块体东部构造边界附近区域的地壳S波速度与径向各向异性结构.成像结果表明,以东经118°-118.5°附近为界,西北部表现为地壳低速异常和中下地壳正的径向各向异性,东南部表现为地壳高速异常,下部地壳存在负的径向各向异性.由此,本文推测地震波速结构差异反映了地壳内部物质与温度的差异,这种差异与两个地区自中生代晚期以来经历了截然不同的岩浆活动相关.

     

Preliminary study of the uppermantle P wave velocity structure beneath central Asia

The travel-times of multi-bounce P waves have been used to investigate the lateral heterogeneity of the uppermantle P wave velocity structure beneath north-west part of China and middle Asia. The synthetic seismograms of P and PP waves for seven large Chinese continental earthquakes were calculated by using the WKBJ method. The PP-P residuals, which reflect the P wave structure of the midpoints of the seismic rays, were calculated by using the WKBJ method, The results show that: the uppermantle wave structure beneath Russian platform in the middle Asia area, the Seytho-Turanian and the west Siberian platform is similar to that of Canadian shield; the uppermantle P wave velocity in the fold system of west China, the center Asia fold system in Russia, and Kazak fold system is lower than that of Canadian sheild. It seems that the velocity structure is related to the tectonic structure. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 479–484, 1992.     

金银岛岩土台阵原位剪切波速剖面评估

土层的剪切波速是描述土动力学特性的重要参数之一。利用金银岛岩土台阵记录的8次浅源地方震的弱震动数据,使用解卷积的地震干涉测量法识别的剪切波走时,评估了该台阵两个水平方向的原位剪切波速剖面。结果表明:在44.2m深度以上,估计与实测的平均剪切波速剖面基本一致,而在44.2m到103.6m深度范围前者大于后者;本研究估计的平均剪切波速剖面比MEHTA等（2007）估计的平均剪切波速剖面更接近实测结果,在44.2m到103.6m深度范围,本研究估计的平均剪切波速与MEHTA等（2007）估计的平均剪切波速相近,二者均大于实测的平均剪切波速。     

S-wave velocity structure in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion*

Using the seismic records of 83 temporary and 17 permanent broadband seismic stations deployed in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas (39°N–41.5°N, 115.5°E–119.5°E), we conducted a nonlinear joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion. We obtained some detailed information about the Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas, including sedimentary thickness, Moho depth, and crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity. Meanwhile, we also obtained the v_P/v_S structure along two sections across the Tangshan region. The results show that: (1) the Moho depth ranges from 30 km to 38 km, and it becomes shallower from Yanshan uplift area to North China basin; (2) the thickness of sedimentary layer ranges from 0 km to 3 km, and it thickens from Yanshan uplift region to North China basin; (3) the S-wave velocity structure shows that the velocity distribution of the upper crust has obvious correlation with the surface geological structure, while the velocity characteristics of the middle and lower crust are opposite to that of the upper crust. Compared with the upper crust, the heterogeneity of the middle and lower crust is more obvious; (4) the discontinuity of Moho on the two sides of Tangshan fault suggests that Tangshan fault cut the whole crust, and the low v_S and high v_P/v_S beneath the Tangshan earthquake region may reflect the invasion of mantle thermal material through Tangshan fault.