大爆炸宇宙学模型的基本参数──宇宙年龄t_0和哈勃常数H_0

大爆炸宇宙学模型有6个基本参数一宇宙年龄t0，哈勃常数H0（或哈勃参数h≡H0／100km·s－1·MPc－1），宇宙物质密度参数Ω0，减速因子q0，以及与宇宙学常数A和宇宙的曲率k有关的另外两个参数Ω0A≡A／3H，ΩR≡-K／H。简要介绍了国际上对t0和H0的最近研究进展。由于观测上和理论上都还存在着相当多的不确定因素，目前对这两个参数的取值大小仍然有很大的争议。总的说来，对于宇宙的年龄t0，较普遍的看法是t>11Gyr，其最可见值为t0≈13Ggr。对于哈勃常数H0，如果所测的天体距离尺度较小，则通常给出较大的值h≈0．6-08；而如果所测天体距离尺度较大，则通常给出较小的值h≈0．4－0．6。最近哈勃空间望远镜对M100的观测绘出h≈0．8，这一测量结果仍然含有不确定因素，因而还不能认为H0的大小已有定论。     

射电类星体的演化与宇宙学红移

收集了142个射电类星体(28个射电宁静类星体、114个射电噪类星体)、43个核占优型射电类星体、82个瓣占优型射电类星体和80个Seyfert星系的样本,基于Logistic非线性回归分析的方法对红移和热光度、黑洞质量、5 GHz射电光度、爱丁顿吸积率、核主导参数R的关系进行研究,拟合出相应的演化曲线,得到如下结论:(1)射电类星体的演化是从射电噪类星体(RLQ)演化到射电宁静类星体(RQQ),当演化到一定阶段射电类星体过渡到Seyfert星系;(2)核占优型射电类星体(CDQ)和瓣占优型射电类星体(LDQ)之间并没有明显的随红移演化.     

活动星系核的演化与宇宙学红移

通过搜集了457个活动星系核样本,根据活动星系核的演化实质是指宇宙时标上的变化,讨论了红移量与活动星系核演化的关系,最终证明了活动星系核的演化分为两个序列:(1)从类星体到Seyfert星系之间的演化;(2)平谱射电类星体(FSRQ)—BL Lac天体—射电星系(RG)的演化。     

哈勃定律和宇宙学距离

星系的红移越大,距离就越远,或者说星系的视向退行速度越大距离就越远,两者之间有着简单的正比关系—600万光年远的星系比300万光年距离上的星系恰好以快1倍的速度在远离地球运动。如果用V表示星系的视向退行速度,而记星系的距离为r,那么这一关系的简单数学表达式便是v=H0×r,这就是著名的哈勃定律,公式中的比例系数H0称为“哈勃常数”。     

Blazar黑洞自旋能量与红移相关性研究

黑洞自旋及其参量能提供黑洞合并及吸积的信息。从文献资料中收集了112个Blazar源,这些源包含了67个FR II射电星系(RG),11个FR II射电噪类星体(RLQ),27个核占优星系(CD)。通过样本数据研究黑洞自旋能量与红移的相关性。研究结果表明:(1)112个Blazar的黑洞自旋能量与红移存在相关性,尤其在爱丁顿磁场条件下(B=BEDD),黑洞自旋能量与红移的相关性最为明显;(2)FR II射电星系(RG)、FR II射电噪类星体(RLQ)、核占优星系(CD)的黑洞自旋能量在3种磁场条件下(B=BEDD,B=104G,B∝j)与红移的相关性强弱上存在差异,但总体趋势较为相似,均呈现正比关系;(3)黑洞自旋能量与红移的强相关性表明,黑洞自旋能量在一定程度上给出黑洞并合与吸积的信息。这些研究结果与其他人用其他方法获得的结果是一致的。     

盘状星系结构与自转统计

通过对57个星系的光学和射电自转曲线等资料的分析,得出如下结论:(1)盘系沿哈勃序列从早型到晚型,其结构和自转等动力学量有系统的变化:星系核球与盘的质量比减小,自转速度达极大点r_m处速度V_m变慢、周期P_m增长,r_m相对于光学Holmberg半径r_H的位置外移,旋臂松卷,星系扁化。(2)星系诸动力学量在各形态型中的弥散与星系质量有关,较大质量星系的v_m和r_m较大,而k=V_m~2/r_m和β=r_H/r_m值较小。(3)潮汐作用也是影响星系动力学状态的重要因素,在同样形态型中潮汐星系有较大的k、β值和较小的r_m值。     

在NGC1068附近发现的一个新的类星体

塞佛特星系ＮＧＣ1 0 6 8是一个非常令人注目的特殊天体 ,它是Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ[1]发现的第一批此类星系中离我们最近 (1 9Ｍｐｃ,取Ｈ0 =6 0ｋｍｓ- 1Ｍｐｃ- 1)和最亮的一个塞佛特星系 ,因此天文学家从射电到Ｘ 射线整个电磁波段对它进行了详尽的观测和研究。ＮＧＣ1 0 6 8最初被归类为塞佛特ＩＩ型天体 ,但是通过对其偏振光的光谱观测 ,发现了认为被遮挡住的塞佛特Ｉ型核发出的± 432 0ｋｍ/ｓ的宽Ｈβ发射线 ,因此被认为是活动星系核统一模型的一个范例 (见文 [2 ] )。射电与光学的观测资料都表明ＮＧＣ1 0 6 8的中心部分有激烈的喷射活动…     

宇宙常数与宇宙年龄问题

本文用球对称扰动模型导出了星系暗晕的平均密度与形成时间的关系 ,并由此估算银河系的形成时间tV.我们把球状星团的年龄作为银河系年龄tG 的代表 ,则tG tV 是宇宙年龄 .对Ωλ=0 ,0 .7和 0 .8的平坦宇宙模型 ,本文计算并讨论了能与它相洽的哈勃常数的范围 .结果表明 ,若哈勃常数大到 80km·s- 1 Mpc- 1 左右 ,引入宇宙常数并不一定能解决宇宙年龄的矛盾     

Seyfert 2型星系中的星暴活动

星暴和活动星系核之间的联系是活动星系研究领域最重要、最活跃的研究课题之一。Seyfert星系由于距离较近、数目较多和相对低的核活动,已成为研究星暴和活动星系核之间联系的理想天体。综述了活动星系核中存在星暴的观测证据和Seyflert2型星系核区星暴活动的最新研究结果,着重讨论了存在两类Seyflert2型星系(一类是被遮挡的Seyfert1型星系,另一类是“真正”的Seyfert2型星系即不存在宽线区的Seyfert2型星系)的可能性．通过比较具有和不具有偏振宽线的Seyflert2型星系在红外、射电、光学和X射线光谱性质的差别,发现具有偏振宽线的Seyfert2型星系在本质上和Seyflert1型星系是同一类天体,差别只在于观测者视线方向的不同;而不具有偏振宽线的Seyfert2型星系是一些星系核活动较弱而星暴活动占主导的天体,这些星系从射电、红外、光学到硬X射线,都具有和星暴星系相似的性质。由于这些星系中核的吸积率将比Seyflert1型星系低近两个量级,因而它们很有可能是一些没有宽发射线区的Seyfert2型星系,即所谓的“真正”Seyflert2型星系。     

河外H2O超脉泽辐射

介绍了近年来河外H2O超脉泽的主要观测结果。H2O超脉泽通常起源于活动星系核中央的拱核盘。它们主要寄生在Serfert2星系或低电离核区。至今为止，已有20个星系探测到H2O超脉泽。脉泽辐射的各向同性光度为10－6000L。所有超脉泽星系显示出核的活动，显然，脉泽是由核活动所产生的射电和X射线光子或激波来抽运的。H2O超脉泽倾向存在于高倾斜度的星系，这使得沿视线上的分子柱密度增高，产生足够大的放大光深。最有可能产生H2O超脉泽辐射的星系应有一个包含着射电源的侧向的分子盘以及一个适当的抽运机制。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...