火山岩天然气成藏要素时空匹配及对成藏的控制作用:以徐家围子地区深层为例

通过研究徐家围子地区深层火山岩气藏3个主要成藏要素——沙河子组气源岩、火山岩圈闭和断裂输导通道的时空匹配关系, 得到该区火山岩圈闭与沙河子组气源岩在空间上可以直接接触, 也可以在空间上相距一定距离, 但均由断裂沟通连接.沙河子组气源岩、火山岩圈闭和断裂输导通道在泉头组沉积末期-青山口组沉积中期、嫩江组沉积末期和明水组沉积末期三者时间匹配关系最好, 有利于天然气在火山岩中大规模富集成藏.通过3个主要成藏要素时空分布与火山岩气藏分布之间关系研究得到, 沙河子组气源岩区、Ⅰ、Ⅱ类火山岩储集圈闭和断裂分布在空间上共同控制着火山岩气藏的形成与分布.泉头组沉积末期-青山口组沉积末期、嫩江组沉积末期和明水组沉积末期应是该区火山岩气藏形成的主要时期, 3个主要成藏要素良好的时空匹配关系是造成该区深层火山岩中能形成大、中型气田的根本原因.      

大庆长垣南部浅层气成因及成藏机制

大庆长垣南部浅层气主要为来源于嫩江组一二段的生物气, 混入少量的青山口组热成因气和无机成因的CO₂.明水组沉积末期为嫩江组一二段大量生排生物气时期, 此时断裂活动导致黑帝庙油层背斜和断圈的形成, 并诱导生物气垂向运移, "三期复合"使大量生物气向黑帝庙油层运移.活动断层均为"断裂密集带"的边界断层, 沿其垂向运移的生物气聚集的部位取决于断层与两盘地层的配置关系, 与断层倾向相反的一盘是生物气聚集的主要部位, 大庆长垣南部总体为"西缓东陡"的不对称背斜, 生物气主要富集在断裂密集带东部边界的圈闭中.黑帝庙油层纵向上分为5套储盖组合, 下部3套组合盖层厚度较大, 受断层错断的概率较小, 是主要的目的层.黑帝庙油层大部分圈闭为"断圈", 断层侧向封闭性决定圈闭的潜力, 断层侧向封闭所需SGR低限为0.375, 利用Allan图解标定断层侧向封闭性并分析圈闭的潜力, 与不考虑断层侧向封闭性时圈闭有3种变化: 一是断层侧向封闭, 面积和幅度没有改变的圈闭(Ⅰ型); 二是断层侧向封闭具有分段性, 面积和幅度变小的圈闭(Ⅱ型); 三是断层侧向不封闭, 不存在的圈闭(Ⅲ型).其中Ⅰ和Ⅱ型圈闭是生物气聚集的有利目标.从大庆长垣南部看松辽盆地浅层气成藏关键因素是有沟通气源的断层控制的圈闭的完整性(背斜或断层侧向封闭性较好的断圈)和区域稳定分布的盖层.      

曲靖盆地生物气成藏条件及主控因素分析

曲靖盆地新近系茨营组第三段的晚期生物气藏是新近系沉积之后,喜山运动时期各种成藏条件有效的时空配置的结果.在讨论曲靖盆地构造和沉积演化的基础上,综合分析了生物气源、储集层和盖层、圈闭形成以及天然气输导等成藏条件,阐述了生物气晚期聚集成藏条件的时空匹配关系.指出自第四纪以来,生物气源岩持续高效的产气作用是生物气成藏的物质保障,气藏的形成是生物气连续的补充大于逸散动态平衡的产物;背斜构造、砂岩上倾尖灭和砂岩透镜体圈闭是该区主要的圈闭类型;断裂和不整合面是沟通生物气源岩到圈闭的垂向和侧向输导通道,茨营组的连通砂岩体是生物气近距离运移的输导层.蔡家冲组大套湖相暗色泥岩的生物产气效率、断裂的垂向输导能力和圈闭的保存条件及其在时空上的动态配置是生物气晚期成藏的主控因素.     

天然气在二次运移中的损失量初探

从源岩生成排出的天然气在沿输导层二次运移的途中,会因为围岩的吸附滞留、孔隙水的水溶滞留以及扩散散失等作用而使运移量减小,不能全部聚集成藏。吸附滞留量主要受输导层温度、压力、含水度等的影响;水溶滞留量主要与压力和温度相关;扩散散失量则主要受岩石扩散系数、输导层分布面积、浓度梯度和扩散时间等的影响。准确估算天然气在二次运移中的各种损失量,对于气藏评价具有实际意义。建立了上述三种运移损失量的计算方法,并以松辽盆地昌德气田为实例,对其源岩游离相排气量及三种运移损失量进行了计算,结果表明,本文所建立的计算方法是可行的。     

阜新盆地东梁区浅层致密砂岩气气源岩特征

为了解阜新盆地浅层致密砂岩气成藏条件,应用有机岩石学和有机地球化学方法,对气源岩特征开展研究.认为该区浅层致密砂岩气气源岩为沙海组四段泥岩、沙海组三段煤层和泥岩;气源岩厚度大且埋藏浅(＜1500 m),有机质丰度高(TOC＞2%),生烃潜力强;有机质类型沙海组四段为Ⅲ(偏ⅡB)型干酪根,沙海组三段为Ⅲ型干酪根;气源对比显示沙海组三段和沙海组四段气源岩与沙海组三段浅层致密砂岩气同源,浅层致密砂岩气紧邻源岩.表明研究区气源岩能生成大量天然气,利于形成浅层致密砂岩气藏.     

晚期成藏对大气田形成的重大作用

截至2001年底,中国发现21个大气田,累计探明天然气储量17953×108m3,占全国天然气总储量的59.80%。天然气的分子小、重量小、难被吸附而易扩散。成藏早的大气田,若无继续获得气源,随扩散时间增长损失气量不断增加,使大气田演变为中、小型气田,甚至散失殆尽。因此,晚期成藏是大气田形成的必要条件之一。中国盆地具有多旋回性,多旋回性往往是后续的旋回损害和降低前旋回聚集气藏的保存条件和储量,故晚期成藏就避免此弊,有利于大气田的形成。晚期成藏的大气田的生气高峰期既可是与成藏期同步或基本同步,以及储集层与气源岩的层位较新,也可以是成气高峰期比成藏期早,储集层和气源岩层位老。     

松辽盆地齐家地区"四史"模拟及其地质意义研究

为确定齐家地区高台子油层的油气成藏规律,应用IES petromod成藏模拟软件开展了地层埋藏史、压力演化史、成熟度演化史及油气运聚史"四史"模拟工作。地层埋藏史模拟结果表明:齐家地区经历了"3降2升"的地质埋藏过程,三个沉降期分别是:泉头组沉积末期-嫩江组沉积末期、四方台组-明水组沉积末期及依安组沉积末期-现今,两次构造抬升时期是嫩江组沉积末期、明水组沉积末期-依安组沉积末期。地层压力演化具有幕式的变化特征,青山口组二+三段地层随着埋深的增加,地层压力在嫩江组沉积末期达到峰值,后因嫩末构造运动的影响,地层压力开始减小,其后,又随着地层埋深的增加,地层压力逐渐增大,开始另一幕的形成,在明水组沉积末期,地层压力达到最大。成熟度演化史表明:嫩三段-嫩四段沉积时期,青一段烃源岩开始进入生烃门限,到明水组沉积末期,齐家-古龙凹陷一带烃源岩的镜质体反射率高达1. 0%～1. 3%,有机质成熟的范围也进一步扩大。油气运聚史表明,齐家地区高台子油层主要有嫩江组沉积末期、明水组沉积末期两次油气运聚成藏过程,其中明水组沉积末期,油气运聚范围最广,油气由生烃中心齐家-古龙凹陷向其两侧进行大规模的侧向运移聚集,形成了环凹陷周边的一系列油气藏。     

松辽盆地南部白垩系天然气成藏条件

应用地震、地质、地化、测井资料对松辽盆地南部进行成藏条件分析。气藏分为:下部断陷地层煤型气气藏、上部坳陷地层伴生油型气气藏、浅层生物气藏。断陷地层气藏可以分为两种类型:原生气藏与次生气藏。原生气藏分布在断陷地层内及上覆坳陷地层的底部(泉一段下部),油气成藏取决于圈闭发育状况及距源岩的远近;油气藏的保存条件取决于后期构造运动的改造程度,气层具有连片分布的特征;次生油气藏分布在坳陷地层的泉头组中上部,油气成藏取决于三个条件:圈闭发育状况,深部气源,沟通浅部圈闭与深部气源的断裂。松辽盆地南部的油型伴生气以溶解气为主,只在中央坳陷边缘部位存在气顶气藏和气藏,资源量有限。松辽盆地南部青山口组及嫩江组的成熟源岩分布有限,其丰富的生物气资源亦应作为以后的天然气勘探目标。     

松辽盆地南部油气成藏期研究——以黑帝庙地区为例

应用储层流体包裹体均一温度测试结果,结合激光拉曼光谱显微探针成分分析与构造演化史分析,认为青山口组生成的油气主要存在一期充注,包裹体均一温度是90℃～110℃,对应的油气充注时间是从82.5 Ma开始.油气存在二期成藏,即嫩江组末期和明水组末期.嫩江组烃源岩生成的油气是二期充注,流体包裹体均一温度分别是90℃～100℃和110℃～120℃,油气分别由68 Ma和66 Ma开始充注,但以后者为主.主成藏期是一期,明水组末期-古近纪时期.今后油气勘探的主要目标是寻找由嫩江组烃源岩提供油源,形成于姚家组和嫩江组中的岩性油气藏及于明水末期-古近纪时期形成的岩性-构造油气藏.     

惠民凹陷南坡天然气藏形成条件及勘探方向

从气源岩、储层、圈闭等方面分析了惠民南坡的天然气成藏条件,认为该区烃源岩条件良好,有古近纪的暗色泥岩和石炭-二叠纪煤系地层作为气源岩,同时该区深大断裂发育,岩浆活动强烈,还具有充足的非烃气源;地层发育全,沉积体系多,发育多种类型的储集层,形成6套储盖组合,具备天然气聚集成藏的良好地质条件.研究表明,曲堤地垒和济阳地堑东部的古生界圈闭是深层气勘探的有利方向,非烃气的主要勘探方向是王判镇潜山带的新近纪地层构造圈闭和浅层"亮点"岩性圈闭.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861