2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震的震源参数研究

2014年2月12日新疆于田发生MS7.3地震,本文利用新疆区域数字地震台网记录到的前震和余震地震序列的波形资料,对S波记录谱进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正后,基于Brune模型,利用遗传算法反演了于田地震序列102次ML≥3.0级地震的地震矩、视应力、拐角频率等震源参数。结果表明,该地震序列震级为3.0～5.0级;地震矩为3.46×1011～2.08×1015N?m;视应力为1.48×105～1.16×106Pa,均值1.71×105 Pa;拐角频率为1.4～7.1Hz。通过分析视应力及拐角频率随时间的变化特征可知,于田7.3级地震前震序列的视应力明显高于余震序列,而前震序列的拐角频率明显低于余震序列。主震前视应力出现高值,表明在主震区积聚了较多的应力,随后在应力值降低后的缓慢升高过程中发震,由于释放了大量的应力,震后视应力值又逐渐降低,表现为低应力的余震破裂。     

2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震的震源参数

2014年2月12日新疆于田发生MS7.3地震,本文利用新疆区域数字地震台网记录到的前震和余震序列的波形资料,对S波记录谱进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正后,基于Brune模型,利用遗传算法反演了于田地震序列102次ML≥3.0级地震的地震矩、视应力、拐角频率等震源参数。结果表明,该地震序列震级为3.0~5.0级;地震矩为3.46×1011~2.08×1015N·m;视应力为1.48×105~1.16×106Pa,均值1.71×105Pa;拐角频率为1.4~7.1Hz。通过分析视应力及拐角频率随时间的变化特征可知,于田7.3级地震前震序列的视应力明显高于余震序列,而前震序列的拐角频率明显低于余震序列。主震前视应力出现高值,表明在主震区积聚了较多的应力,随后在应力值降低后的缓慢升高过程中发震,由于释放了大量的应力,震后视应力值又逐渐降低,表现为低应力的余震破裂。     

景谷6.6级、鲁甸6.5级地震序列应力降变化对比研究

利用云南2014年10月7日景谷6.6级、8月3日鲁甸6.5级地震序列的波形与震相资料,消除区域地震波衰减与台站场地响应后,计算得到2次地震序列的应力降。结果显示,在研究所涉及的震级范围内,应力降呈现随震级增大而增大的趋势。为尽可能消除震级对应力降的影响,对比了相同震级档地震的应力降,结果显示,景谷地震序列的平均应力降明显高于鲁甸地震,这可能与2次6.5级左右地震后震源区的应力状态有关。从序列余震应力降的时、空变化对比来看,景谷6.6级地震后至2014年12月6日5.8、5.9级强余震发生前,应力降变化呈现先缓慢下降、进而转折升高并持续高值的变化过程;同时,高应力降地震在空间上主要集中于5.8级强余震区域。这表明,主震发生后经过一个较短期的调整之后,5.8级强余震震源区的应力环境可能持续增强。5.8、5.9级强余震发生后,地震序列应力降快速下降至相对稳定状态。研究表明,2次6级左右强余震发生后,震源附近区域应力得到一定程度的释放,应力环境降低,地震序列活动也趋于结束。对于后续没有强余震发生的鲁甸地震序列,余震应力降小于景谷地震序列相同震级档地震的平均应力降,同时,主震后余震序列的应力降在时间上几乎未发生太大的变化;结合主震能量释放特点推测,震源区的应力在主震破裂过程中已得到较多的释放,主震后震源区应力变化呈现逐渐恢复的过程,这可能是鲁甸地震余震活动明显较弱,后续亦未有较强余震发生的原因之一。     

2000年姚安地震的震源参数

根据近场小孔径观测台网记录的余震序列资料，研究了2000年1月15日云南姚安MS6.4地震序列的地震物理过程. 用地震标定律关系估算主震的地震矩M0=1.58×1018N·m，矩震级MW=6.0，平均位错=0.63m，断层长度L=16.6km，断层宽度W=5.6km. 余震序列的高精度定位结果和能量分布走向，很好地证实了主震的断层破裂走向为N50°W，震区马尾菁断裂为主震发震构造，断层错动性质以右旋走滑为主. 用横波记录资料及波谱分析方法估算出余震的震源参数: 地震矩范围为1010～1016N·m，震源破裂半径a为80～500m，地震应力降范围为0.01～9.5MPa. 较大应力降(Δσ>1.0MPa)沿主断层线性排列，大应力降(Δσ>2.0MPa)与ML≥3.0级地震相关. 余震能量释放和高应力降的地震多发生在6.0～11km的深度范围，说明在这一深度范围内最大程度地集中了地壳中的应力.     

2014年于田M_S7.3地震序列的频谱特征分析及其前震识别

利用新疆区域数字地震台网的波形资料,对2014年2月12日于田MS7.3地震前震和余震序列的频谱特征进行了分析。基于Brune模型,对观测记录进行仪器响应、传播路径和场地响应的校正,使用遗传算法对于田地震序列103次ML≥3.0地震的震源谱进行了反演计算。结果表明:1前震序列的拐角频率相对偏低,扣除地震矩影响后,余震的拐角频率有明显增高的趋势;2距离震中最近的YUT台资料分析显示,于田地震几次前震活动的台站观测谱相对较为独立,与主震以及彼此之间的相关系数均不高;3序列事件和主震的台站观测谱相关系数的变化反映了序列发展的动态破裂过程,相关系数较低的事件基本上偏离了主震破裂区而发生在分支断裂上;4前震的震源谱中存在异常的高频成份。     

温州珊溪水库地震序列震源参数研究

根据浙江区域数字台网记录的数字地震波形资料,在扣除了地震记录数据中传播路径、场地响应和仪器响应的影响后,采用Atkinson单个地震、多台记录求平均的反演方法计算震源参数,利用遗传算法测定了2002年7月至2006年11月温州珊溪水库震群4.6≥ML≥2.8的多少个震源参数。计算结果表明:①地震矩和近震震级有很好的线性关系,地震矩范围为1.24×1013～1.83×1015 N.m,震源破裂半径为155～1 227 m,地震矩与震源半径之间呈线性关系。②拐角频率范围为1.06～8.43 Hz,随地震矩的增大而减小。用最小二乘法拟合出拐角频率与地震矩之间的关系式,据此关系式可计算出拐角频率的估计值。拐角频率与其估计值之差的滑动时间进程曲线表明,2006年2月4日到2月11日、2006年3月6日到3月10日震群发生之前出现持续低值,在震群发生过程中其差值回升,具有地震前兆信息指示意义;③地震应力降范围为0.04～2.36 MPa,应力降与近震震级无明显的依赖关系,主震前应力降值比较高;主震及短时间内的较强余震发生后,平均应力降值迅速下降,反映了震中区的应力在主震发生的几天后降到了一个相对较低的水平。     

2000年1月15日姚安6.5级地震的震源断层与震源应力场

用姚安地震序列前震、主震和余震的 78个震源机制解 ,分析了序列震源断层和震源应力场特征。结果表明 ,姚安地震序列的主破裂面是走向N5 0°W、倾角陡立的构造断裂 ,主震、前震和绝大多数余震都发生在主破裂面上。此外 ,NNE NE向构造断裂在序列发展过程中也参与了活动。序列震源应力场以SSE方位、接近水平的主压应力为主 ,与区域构造应力场一致。在序列发展中 ,震源区应力场出现多方位和多作用方式共存的复杂状态 ,震源破裂出现多方向和多表现形式的复杂性特征     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震监测与研究

利用宁洱地震现场流动台网监测资料进行精确定位,结合云南区域测震台网地震波资料,给出了宁洱地震主、余震的震源参数,分析讨论了宁洱地震的震源过程。研究显示,宁洱6.4级地震发震构造为NW向断裂,主破裂走向约N50°W,倾向WS,倾角约80°,断层性质为走滑型。断层破裂长度约为30km,宽度约5km,破裂面深2～12km,断层走向与宏观等震线长轴方向基本一致。震源参数研究表明,宁洱震区地震矩范围为1012～1018N·m,震源破裂半径为300～3500m,应力降为0.0044～14MPa。高应力降地震事件主要发生在4～10km深度范围内,表明该深度区是宁洱地震的主要活动区域。地震应力降随时间逐渐衰减,表明宁洱地震序列类型为主震—余震型。     

岫岩5.4级地震序列主应力变化特征研究

根据1999年岫岩地震序列的活动特点, 将其划分为前震、 余震密集、 余震平静、 余震衰减4个时段, 利用收集整理的1999年6月至2000年9月间该序列中161次2.5级以上地震的震源机制解和Gephart的应力反演方法, 研究了震源区各时段内构造应力场的总体特征和时序变化特征。 结果表明, 序列的主压应力方向与华北地区的构造应力场基本一致, 而且最大主压应力的空间取向经历了主震前相对稳定—主震后分散—最大余震前相对稳定—最大余震后分散的全过程。 该结果对主震和最大余震的预测具有一定的参考价值。     

2000年1月15日姚安6.5级地震较强余震的应力触发

20 0 0年 1月 15日在云南省姚安县发生了MS6 5级地震 ,震后发生了 7次M≥ 4 0级的较强余震。本文计算了姚安MS6 5级主震后 ,主震和前震在 7次强余震破裂面上诱发的库仑破裂应力变化 (ΔCFS)。结果表明 ,有5次较强余震发生在库仑破裂应力增加 (ΔCFS >0 )的地区 ,增加的范围为 10 -2 ～ 10 -1MPa。并对结果的可靠性进行了检验 ,发现在前震和主震的破裂面长宽度和位错量估计值分别取上下限的 16种组合情况下 ,5次较强余震破裂面上的库仑破裂应力变化都为正 ,只是数值在 10 -3 ～ 10 -1MPa之间变化 ,而另 2次较强余震破裂面上的库仑破裂应力变化正负值发生变化。结果表明 ,主震和前震位错产生的库仑破裂应力变化是姚安MS6 5级地震较强余震活动的重要原因。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.