饱和流体多孔隙介质反射率法全波场模拟

本文从Biot提出的饱和流体多孔隙介质理论出发,在平面波入射和双相各向同性介质的假设条件下,推导了水平层状饱和流体多孔隙介质的频率—慢度域纵横波反射透射系数公式,制作了平面波和球面波的合成地震记录,解决了合成地震记录制作过程中的球面扩散和积分截断问题,分析了孔隙度和含气饱和度对纵横波正演模拟记录的影响.研究表明,迭代相似系数法压制截断效应效果良好,正演模拟前对测井曲线进行分层能提高计算效率.基于反射率法的饱和流体多孔隙介质全波场模拟不涉及波场解耦的问题,得到的三种波(快慢纵波和横波)能完全分离.模型和实际资料应用表明该方法能够准确实现层状饱和流体多孔隙介质的正演模拟及AVO正演模拟,为叠前波形反演奠定基础.     

黏弹VTI介质井间地震高斯束波场正演数值模拟

为了研究黏弹VTI介质井间地震波的波场特征,理论分析地震波在黏弹VTI介质中传播特性的基础上,编程实现高斯射线束方法对黏弹VTI介质井间地震波场的正演模拟.为将黏弹VTI介质和完全弹性各向同性介质正演记录进行对比,将黏弹VTI介质的黏弹性参数和各向异性参数设定为零,得到完全弹性各向同性介质下的正演结果.两种介质正演结果对比显示的差异与地震波理论完全一致,证明了所研究的黏弹VTI介质井间地震高斯束正演数值模拟的正确性,为井间地震复杂介质地震波场研究提供了借鉴.     

井间地震方向性震源模拟方法

为了能够在水平方向上传播更远的距离,井间地震震源辐射能量具有水平方向强的特性,这是井间地震资料大入射角反射波能量强的主要原因.为了研究井间地震震源方向特性对地震信号的影响,本文提出了圆形震源阵列模拟方法.基于声波方程的一阶应力一速度方程的交错网格有限差分算法,进行了均匀各向同性无限介质的直达波和反射波正演数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明,井间方向性震源辐射能量的方向特性影响了地震记录的能量分布,为进一步研究方向性震源的能量补偿提供了理论依据.     

双相各向同性介质弹性波高精度波场分离数值模拟方法

为了便于研究双相介质固流相混合弹性波场中纵横波波场的传播规律,提出了基于交错网格的Biot双相各向同性介质弹性波动方程高精度波场分离正演数值模拟方法.采用高阶交错网格有限差分法来构建一阶双曲型双相各向同性介质弹性波动方程正演算子实现波场正演,并在每一步递推过程中,分别计算出同相和流相分量相应的散度场(纯纵波场)和旋度场...     

二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的波场特征

本文通过交错网格有限差分正演．模拟了平面地震波在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的传播及其自激自收时间记录．为研究横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的波场特征,我们在五个不同的时间区段上,分别计算剖面的三个统计特征(横向中心频率、纵向中心频率、波场能量相对值)．这样,对应每一个横各向同性弹性随机介质模型．均可计算得到15个不同的波场特征量．我们通过在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的正演模拟．研究当自相关长度以及介质的各向异性系数变化时,对应的上述波场特征量的变化特点．证实了在随机介质模型中．各向异性系数的变化会引起波场记录上的某些统计特征的变化,归纳得出了若干结论．     

基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移

时间域常Q黏声波方程,由于含分数阶时间导数项,数值求解需要大量内存,计算效率低,不利于地震偏移的实施.通过一系列近似,可将该方程简化为介质频散效应和衰减效应解耦的分数阶拉普拉斯算子黏声波方程,数值求解内存需求少,计算效率高.本文采用交错网格有限差分逼近时间导数,改进的伪谱法计算空间导数,PML吸收边界去除边界反射,对该方程进行数值离散和地震正演模拟,开展地震数据的黏声介质逆时偏移,实现波场逆时延拓过程中同时完成频散校正和衰减补偿.改善深层构造的成像精度,数值结果表明,基于分数阶拉普拉斯算子解耦的黏声介质地震正演模拟与逆时偏移可大幅度提高地震模拟计算效率,偏移剖面明显优于常规声波偏移剖面,极大改善深层构造的成像品质.     

黏弹介质VSP高斯射线正演模拟

为了研究黏弹介质中VSP地震勘探地震波的波场特征,在理论分析地震波在黏弹介质中传播特性的基础上,采用高斯射线束方法对黏弹介质VSP地震进行波场正演模拟.正演结果与各向同性介质及VTI介质VSP正演对比,体现了地震波在黏弹介质中传播的特点.同时VSP高斯束正演方法能够解决复杂构造正演盲区问题,其动力学特征更能反映黏弹介质对地震波传播的影响,计算速度又优于波动方程类正演方法,正演结果能有效分辨地震波场特征,为VSP数据处理与解释提供了借鉴.     

各向异性介质弹性多波高斯束正演模拟

射线类正演方法以其高效性和灵活性的特点,被广泛应用于地震勘探中.然而,普通射线类正演方法存在焦散区、阴影区和多值走时等问题,计算精度不够理想.为此,本文在传统的各向同性介质声波高斯束正演的基础上,推导了各向异性介质运动学和动力学射线追踪方程,发展了各向异性介质弹性多波射线追踪算法;并将该算法应用到高斯束正演模拟中,实现了一种各向异性介质弹性多波高斯束正演模拟方法.各向异性VTI介质断块和VTI介质复杂构造模型试算的结果表明:本文研究的方法能够对各向异性介质构造进行正演模拟,在保证计算精度的前提下,具有较高的计算效率,模型试算的结果说明了方法的有效性和正确性.     

改进的近似解析离散化方法及其横向各向同性波场模拟

通过对原近似解析离散化方法的分析, 给出了改进的近似解析离散化方法, 并在方法误差、存储量和计算量等方面与原方法进行了比较. 给出了三层横向各向同性介质中弹性波传播的三分量VSP合成地震记录. 理论分析和数值结果表明, 改进后的方法比原方法节省存储空间约53%, 计算量减少约30%, 关于时间的计算精度从原方法的2阶提高到了4阶, 且在粗网格条件下, 仍无数值频散. 这说明改进后的近似解析离散化方法更适合于大规模波场模拟.     

基于时间辛格式的傅里叶有限差分地震波场正演（英文）

地震波场正演模拟是地震资料处理、解释中最为重要的技术之一。地震波场正演模拟在大时间步长、长时程的波场延拓中,存在计算不稳定的问题。本文基于声波方程的Hamilton表述,在波动方程求解中用辛差分格式进行时间网格离散,用傅里叶有限差分进行空间网格离散,提出一种新的保结构地震波场正演模拟方法一辛格式傅里叶有限差分法,在保证计算精度的同时提高计算的稳定性。利用声学近似处理空间-波数混合域的积分算子,将该方法推广至各向异性介质。给出各向同性和各向异性条件下的地震正演模拟的计算流程,并将本文方法用于BP盐丘、BP TTI等模型的波场正演模拟。数值算例表明本文开发的方法适用于速度变化剧烈的复杂介质地震波场正演模拟,计算精度高,数值频散小,在各向异性介质正演中能够有效避免qSV波残余,在大时间步长的迭代计算中稳定性好。本文为在辛算法的框架下实现高精度地震正演模拟提供了一种新的选择。     

Errors Due to the Common Ray Approximations of the Coupling Ray Theory

The common ray approximation considerably simplifies the numerical algorithm of the coupling ray theory for S waves, but may introduce errors in travel times due to the perturbation from the common reference ray. These travel-time errors can deteriorate the coupling-ray-theory solution at high frequencies. It is thus of principal importance for numerical applications to estimate the errors due to the common ray approximation.We derive the equations for estimating the travel-time errors due to the isotropic and anisotropic common ray approximations of the coupling ray theory. These equations represent the main result of the paper. The derivation is based on the general equations for the second-order perturbations of travel time. The accuracy of the anisotropic common ray approximation can be studied along the isotropic common rays, without tracing the anisotropic common rays.The derived equations are numerically tested in three 1-D models of differing degree of anisotropy. The first-order and second-order perturbation expansions of travel time from the isotropic common rays to anisotropic-ray-theory rays are compared with the anisotropic-ray-theory travel times. The errors due to the isotropic common ray approximation and due to the anisotropic common ray approximation are estimated. In the numerical example, the errors of the anisotropic common ray approximation are considerably smaller than the errors of the isotropic common ray approximation.The effect of the isotropic common ray approximation on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms is demonstrated graphically. For comparison, the effects of the quasi-isotropic projection of the Green tensor, of the quasi-isotropic approximation of the Christoffel matrix, and of the quasi-isotropic perturbation of travel times on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms are also shown. The projection of the travel-time errors on the relative errors of the time-harmonic Green tensor is briefly presented.     

TheoreticalPKP seismograms near the caustic calculated by sum of reflected waves

Summary This paper gives some examples of theoretical seismograms of PKP waves near the caustic. Seismograms of refracted waves for the original medium are compared with seismograms composed as a sum of the reflected waves, generated at boundaries of a substitute medium. All seismograms are calculated by zero approximation of the ray theory. The influence of some parameters of the source function and of the substitute medium on the results is shown.     

Review of ray-Born forward modeling for migration and diffraction analysis

The ray-Born approximation is a very useful tool for forward modeling of scattered waves. The fact that ray-Born modeling underlies most seismic migration techniques, and therefore shares their assumptions, is a justification in itself to consider it for forward modeling. The ray-Born approximation does not make an explicit distinction between specular reflections and nonspecular diffractions. It therefore allows the modeling of diffractions from structural discontinuities such as edges and tips, as well as caustic diffractions. In the simplest implementation ray-Born seismograms are multiple-free. Ray-Born modeling can be orders of magnitude faster than finite-difference modeling, both in two-and three dimensions.     

SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS AT NON-VERTICAL INCIDENCE*

Synthetic seismograms are usually computed for reflections from vertical incidence of P waves for a horizontally layered medium. In actual practice the angle of incidence departs from the vertical, as receivers are usually located at some distance from the source. At angles other than the vertical, the conversion of P- to S-wave energy and changes in the reflection coefficient affect the shape of the synthetic seismograms. The effect of non-vertical incidence on synthetic seismograms is examined in this paper. Seismograms at non-vertical incidence have been computed using the plane-wave approach of Haskell (1953) for a layered medium. The use of plane waves is an approximation to the actual case of spherical wavefronts from a surface source. Using plane-wave theory, the expected wave forms as a function of angle of incidence were computed numerically for several simple models. The results indicate that the synthetic seismograms do not change significantly for angles of incidence between o and 25 degrees. For larger angles the changes in the wave forms may be severe. The effect is more pronounced for high-velocity layers than for low-velocity layers.     

Application of the edge wave superposition method

Numerical examples of high-frequency synthetic seismograms of body waves in a 2-D layered medium with complex interfaces (faults, wedges, curvilinear, corrugated) are presented. The wave field modeling algorithm combines the possibilities of the ray method and the edge wave superposition method. This approach preserves all advantages of the ray method and eliminates restrictions related to diffraction by boundary edges and to caustic effects in singular regions. The method does not require two-point ray tracing (source-to-receiver), and the position of the source, as well as the type of source, and the position of receivers can be chosen arbitrarily. The memory and the time required for synthetic seismogram computation are similar to ray synthetic seismograms. The computation of the volume of the medium (the Fresnel volume or Fresnel zones), which gives the essential contribution to the wave field, is included in the modeling program package. In the case of complicated irregular interface (or a layered medium with a regular ray field at the last interface), the method displays a high accuracy of wave field computation. Otherwise, the method can be considered a modification of the ray method with regularization by the superposition of edge waves.     

横向不均匀介质中Kirchhoff-Helmholtz积分合成地震图

本文将Kirchhoff-Helmholtz积分方法应用于横向非均匀介质的合成地震图计算.与反射率方法及二维有限差分方法进行了比较.表明KH积分方法能很好的模拟反射波震相,且精度较高.KH 积分方法能够计算复杂界面的反射波,且其计算效率明显大于有限差分.     

THEORETICAL REFLECTION SEISMOGRAMS FOR ELASTIC MEDIA*

Theoretical seismograms for an explosive source in a multilayered elastic medium are constructed by Fourier synthesis and plane wave superposition. The calculation scheme which builds up a reflection matrix layer by layer in the frequency and wave number domain allows the inclusion of attenuation and a choice of the level of internal multiples in each layer. Comparative calculations of theoretical seismograms for an elastic model and in the acoustic approximation, neglecting shear, show that the main differences arise at large offsets. The inclusion of shear waves leads to lower reflected P wave amplitudes at the end of the spread but only small amounts of converted phases.     

Waveform inversion of weak vrancea (Romania) earthquakes

Summary The inversion of high-frequency seismograms is performed to retrieve source mechanisms, hypocentral depths and source time functions of two weak Vrancea earthquakes (M_L=3.3), one that occurred in the crust, the other in the lithospheric part of the mantle. The digital waveforms recorded by the local Romanian network are used. Synthetic seismograms are computed by the modal summation method, using the point source approximation, for horizontally layered anelastic media. For each source-to-station path a different structural model is adopted which represents the best 1-D approximation of the medium in this azimuth. Thus, lateral inhomogeneities are taken into account in a simplified way. The source is described by the full moment tensor, allowing both deviatoric and volumetric components to be resolved.Although the structural models are simplified for the range of epicentral distances (15<<<170 km) considered, we find that the fit between the synthetic and observed seismograms is satisfactory for frequencies less than a few Hz. The few P-wave polarities available are not sufficient to determine a reliable source mechanism by standard methods, while the waveform inversion allows us to retrieve source mechanisms that are stable with respect to different boundary conditions and in good agreement with the observed polarities. The source time function is the less stable inverted parameter, being the most influenced by the simplification of the structural models.     

Comparison of Quasi-Isotropic Approximations of the Coupling Ray Theory with the Exact Solution in the 1-D Anisotropic “Oblique Twisted Crystal” Model

The coupling ray theory bridges the gap between the isotropic and anisotropic ray theories, and is considerably more accurate than the anisotropic ray theory. The coupling ray theory is often approximated by various quasi-isotropic approximations.Commonly used quasi-isotropic approximations of the coupling ray theory are discussed. The exact analytical solution for the plane S wave, propagating along the axis of spirality in the 1-D anisotropic oblique twisted crystal model, is then numerically compared with the coupling ray theory and its three quasi-isotropic approximations. The three quasi-isotropic approximations of the coupling ray theory are (a) the quasi-isotropic projection of the Green tensor, (b) the quasi-isotropic approximation of the Christoffel matrix, (c) the quasi-isotropic perturbation of travel times. The comparison is carried out numerically in the frequency domain, comparing the exact analytical solution with the results of the 3-D ray tracing and coupling ray theory software. In the oblique twisted crystal model, the three studied quasi-isotropic approximations considerably increase the error of the coupling ray theory. Since these three quasi-isotropic approximations do not noticeably simplify the numerical implementation of the coupling ray theory, they should deffinitely be avoided. The common ray approximations of the coupling ray theory do not affect the plane wave, propagating along the axis of spirality in the 1-D oblique twisted crystal model, and should be studied in more complex models.     

Zero-order ray-theory Green tensor in a heterogeneous anisotropic elastic medium

Although synthetic seismograms can, in many cases, be generated by direct numerical methods, approximate analytical ray-theory solutions are often very useful in forward and especially inverse problems of seismic wave propagation in complex 3-D media. In this paper, the frequency-domain zero-order ray-theory Green tensor in a heterogeneous anisotropic elastic medium is derived from the zero-order ray-theory approximation using the representation theorem applied in ray-centred coordinates.