Strontium-isotope composition in the Tethys Sea,Euboea, Greece

We have determined ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios of the Tethys Sea by analyzing limestones of Permian to Late Cretaceous age from the overthrusted sequence of central and northern Euboea. The results are in satisfactory agreement with ratios obtained by other investigators on unreplaced fossil shells of similar age collected elsewhere. The ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios of Mesozoic marbles from the autochtone metamorphic rocks of southern Euboea are more variable, perhaps because of increases in this ratio during regional metamorphism. Nevertheless, the lowest values of suites of isochronous samples may approach the correct ratio. Four samples of the Argyron Marble taken at different localities in southern Euboea and on the Attic peninsula have a concordant ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratio of 0.70688±0.00006 (1 $\text{}\text{?}$gs), relative to 0.7080 for the Eimer and Amend isotope standard. This value indicates a Jurassic age for this formation even though the fragmentary fossil evidence favors a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) age.     

A granite window to the lower electrical crust and upper mantle

The structure and properties of the deep crust and upper mantle can be investigated using magnetotelluric observations. Near-surface and upper crustal complexities may distort or limit the capability of the data to adequately resolve deep structure. Granite batholiths have been regarded as windows into the lower crust in the context of seismic reflection data although the granite bodies themselves are not usually detected. Magnetotelluric data from SW England are here used to demonstrate that, in addition to imaging the internal structure and base of a granite, the batholith itself provides a suitable environment for the effective estimation of the resistivity structure to lower crustal and upper mantle depths.     

孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的年代学与地球化学:对蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合时间的限定

本文对孙吴地区白云母花岗岩行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究,确定其形成时代、岩石成因,从而揭示区域构造背景。孙吴地区白云母花岗岩中的锆石均呈半自形-自形,振荡生长环带明显,暗示其岩浆成因。测年结果显示,白云母花岗岩形成于168Ma,为中侏罗世岩浆事件的产物。岩体具有高硅(Si O2=74.61%~80.16%)、富铝(Al2O3=10.59%~13.90%)、贫铁(Fe2O3=0.11%~0.3%)等特征,在化学上属于准铝质-过铝质(A/CNK=0.97~1.13)系列。孙吴地区白云母花岗相对富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs)。锆石的εHf(168Ma)=+7.53~+11.66,二阶段的模式年龄(tDM2)变化于595~966Ma之间。上述特征表明,孙吴地区中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的岩浆起源于新增生加厚陆壳物质的部分熔融。结合在大兴安岭与小兴安岭衔接地区变质杂岩和冀北-辽西地区区域性地层不整合面的存在,表明大兴安岭西坡-冀北-辽西地区中侏罗世经历了一次与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合有关的陆壳加厚过程。因此,研究区内中侏罗世白云母花岗岩的形成应与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合过程中的陆-陆碰撞作用有关,而与古环太平洋向欧亚大陆的俯冲作用无关,其形成时代也限定额尔古纳地块西北部蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋的闭合时间应为中侏罗世。     

新疆额尔宾山花岗岩侵位年龄和成因及其对南天山洋闭合时代的限定

额尔宾山花岗岩岩体位于南天山晚古生代侵入岩带,对该花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年获得296.1±1.8Ma的年龄,为早二叠世。岩石主量元素分析结果表明,该花岗岩的Si O2含量为66.96%~67.3%,富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.53%~7.97%),K2O/Na2O1(1.15~1.27),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al2O3为15.56%~15.62%,Al2O3K2O+Na2O+Ca O,属于过铝型。岩石稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集((La/Yb)N=27.03~30.62)、重稀土元素(HREE)亏损((LREE/HREE)=18.2~20.1)、具有中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0.64~0.68)。微量元素判别结果显示,其具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征。结合区域地质背景综合分析,初步认定该岩体可能形成于南天山同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转换时期,据此可以推测南天山洋盆闭合时限至少应该在早二叠世以前。     

关于南海北部特提斯的讨论

南海及邻区处于欧亚大陆与冈瓦纳古陆拼合带的东南端,是特提斯构造域和濒太平洋构造域交汇的重要地区.特提斯缝合带沿金沙江-哀牢山构造带进入南海,人们从而认为南海可能存在特提斯洋遗迹,并认为缝合带存在于磁静区中.本文通过对南海北部陆坡地球物理资料的解释结果,包括重力、磁力、海底地震和深反射地震数据,以及区域地质特征分析,研究...     

三江昌宁-孟连带原-古特提斯构造演化

昌宁-孟连特提斯洋的构造演化及其原特提斯与古特提斯的转换方式一直是青藏高原及邻区基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一.根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据,系统总结了三江造山系不同构造单元地质特征,讨论了昌宁-孟连特提斯洋早古生代-晚古生代的构造演化历史.通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关岩浆、沉积及变质作用记录的分析,认为昌宁-孟连结合带内共存原特提斯与古特提斯洋壳残余,临沧-勐海一带发育一条早古生代岩浆弧带,前人所划基底岩系"澜沧岩群"应为昌宁-孟连特提斯洋东向俯冲消减形成的早古生代构造增生杂岩,滇西地区榴辉岩带很可能代表了俯冲增生杂岩带发生了深俯冲,由于弧-陆碰撞而迅速折返就位,这一系列新资料及新认识表明昌宁-孟连结合带所代表的特提斯洋在早古生代至晚古生代很可能是一个连续演化的大洋.在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,构建了三江造山系特提斯洋演化的时空格架及演化历史,认为其经历了早古生代原特提斯大洋扩张、早古生代中晚期-晚古生代特提斯俯冲消减与岛弧带形成、晚二叠世末-早三叠世主碰撞汇聚、晚三叠世晚碰撞造山与盆山转换等阶段.      

班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带时空结构——特提斯大洋地质及演化问题

班公湖—双湖—怒江（中北段）—昌宁—孟连对接带广泛出露特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲消减过程中产生的不同时代、不同构造环境、不同变质程度、不同变形样式的洋板块构造地层系统、增生混杂的构造—岩石组合体,可识别出增生的远洋沉积岩、海沟浊积岩、古生代—中生代蛇绿岩、蛇绿混杂岩、洋岛-海山消减增生楔、洋底沉积增生杂岩,基底残块以及以蓝片岩、榴辉岩为代表的高压—超高压变质岩带,记录了青藏高原原古特提斯大洋形成演化的地质信息。班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带是青藏高原中部一条重要的原古特提斯大洋自北向南后退式俯冲消亡的巨型增生杂岩带,构筑了冈瓦纳大陆与劳亚-泛华夏大陆分界带。     

粤北笋洞花岗岩的形成时代、地球化学特征与成因

笋洞花岗岩体是粤北贵东复式花岗岩体的一个重要组成部分。锆石U-Pb年龄为189.1±0.7Ma,是燕山早期岩浆活动产物。该岩体的主要元素显示富硅、富碱、强过铝质和低 CaO/Na_2O比值等特征;微量元素方面,富集Rb,Th,U,Ce,Sm,Y,亏损 Ba,Sr,P,Ti;LREE轻微富集(LREE/HREE=6.6～8.8,(La/Yb)_N=6.44～10.74),Eu亏损明显(δEu=0.14～0.31);它具有低的ε_(Nd)(t)(-11.4～-9.3),高的δ~(18)O(10.2～12.7‰)、(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr);(0.72949～0.74923)、~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb(18.180～18.488)、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb(15.655～15.661)和古老的Nd模式年龄(1762～1933Ma)。上述这些特征表明,笋洞岩体属于典型的壳源型花岗岩,是在地壳伸展-减薄的构造背景下,通过以泥质成分为主的古-中元古代变质沉积岩部分熔融的方式形成。     

Elemental geochemistry of the early Jurassic black shales in the Qiangtang Basin,eastern Tethys: constraints for palaeoenvironment conditions

The early Jurassic black shales are the most important source rocks in the Qiangtang Basin, Tibet. These black shales may provide a useful example for understanding the sedimentary conditions during the early Jurassic in the eastern Tethys. Thirty‐two black‐shale samples were collected from the Qiangtang Basin to reconstruct the depositional environments during the early Jurassic in the eastern Tethys. The palaeoclimate index Σ(Fe + Mn + Cr + Ni + V + Co)/Σ(Ca + Mg + Sr + Ba + K + Na) varies between 0.58 and 1.14, together with low Sr/Ba (0.20–0.60) and Sr/Cu (1.68–7.88) ratios, indicating a warm humid to semi‐humid climatic condition during black‐shale deposition. The early Jurassic black shales exhibit slight Ce anomalies (0.89–0.94) and Mn enrichment (EF = 1.2), suggesting a slightly oxic depositional environment. The conditions of the sedimentary water system during black‐shale deposition were apparently brackish as evidenced by middle B/Ga (3.96–5.73) and Th/U (3.96–6.51) ratios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Jura granite and granite gneiss in the Neelum Valley,Lesser Himalayas (Kashmir,Pakistan)

Late Proterozoic rocks of Tanol Formation in the Lesser Himalayas of Neelum Valley area are largely green schist to amphibolite facies rocks intruded by early Cambrian Jura granite gneiss and Jura granite representing Pan-African orogeny event in the area. These rocks are further intruded by pegmatites of acidic composition, aplites, and dolerite dykes. Based on field observations, texture, and petrographic character, three different categories of granite gneiss (i.e., highly porphyritic, coarse-grained two micas granite gneiss, medium-grained two micas granite gneiss, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing muscovite granite gneiss), and granites (i.e., highly porphyritic coarse-grained two micas granite, medium-grained two micas granite, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing coarse-grained muscovite granite) were classified. Thin section studies show that granite gneiss and granite are formed due to fractional crystallization, as revealed by zoning in plagioclase. The Al saturation index indicates that granite gneiss and granite are strongly peraluminous and S-type. Geochemical analysis shows that all granite gneisses are magnesian except one which is ferroan whereas all granites are ferroan except one which is magnesian. The CaO/Na₂O ratio (>0.3) indicates that granitic melt of Jura granite gneiss and granite is pelite-psammite derived peraluminous granitic melt formed due to partial melting of Tanol Formation. The rare earth element (REE) patterns of the Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss indicate that granitic magma of Jura granite and Jura granite gneiss is formed due to partial melting of rocks that are similar in composition to that of upper continental crust.     

东特提斯海洋中的一些离散块体

以古地磁数据可靠性的试用判据为标准,在取得秦岭古地磁结果基础上,选用我国以往的古地磁数据,综合分析后得出结论:海西一印支期,扬子、华北、塔里木三地块既不属劳亚古陆也不属冈瓦纳古陆,而是离散在两大古陆之间的东特提斯海洋中,位于当时低一中纬度带的一些块体。     

赣南盘古山钨矿隐伏花岗岩体岩石学与地球化学特征

著名的盘古山大型钨矿与深部隐伏花岗岩体具有密切成因关系,但因该岩体隐伏深,相关研究资料较为欠缺,很大程度上影响了对矿床岩浆-热液-成矿作用的深入认识。南岭科学钻探(SP-NLSD-2)揭露该岩体后,本文对其开展了岩石学和元素地球化学研究。结果表明,该岩体具有超酸性、富碱、贫钠富钾等特征,属于准铝-过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩。形成该岩体的花岗岩浆为高度分异演化的残浆,W、Bi等元素含量明显高于南岭燕山期花岗岩,为盘古山钨铋矿床的形成提供了丰富的矿质。岩浆演化至云英岩化阶段时,岩浆中的Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb及REE含量增加,而W、Sn含量则因已转移到岩浆期后热液而降低。岩体形成于板内伸展环境。     

Contact metamorphism in the Malashan dome, North Himalayan gneiss domes, southern Tibet: an example of shallow extensional tectonics in the Tethys Himalaya

Combined petrographic, structural and geochronological study of the Malashan dome, one of the North Himalayan gneiss domes, reveals that it is cored by a Miocene granite, the Malashan granite, that intruded into the Jurassic sedimentary rocks of Tethys Himalaya. Two other granites in the area are referred to as the Paiku and Cuobu granites. New zircon SHRIMP U-Pb and muscovite and biotite ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating show that the Paiku granite was emplaced during 22.2–16.2 Ma (average 19.3 ± 3.9 Ma) and cooled rapidly to 350–400 °C at around 15.9 Ma. Whole-rock granite chemistry suggests the original granitic magma may have formed by muscovite dehydration melting of a protolith chemically similar to the High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence. Abundant calcareous metasedimentary rocks and minor garnet-staurolite-biotite-muscovite ± andalusite schists record contact metamorphism by three granites that intruded intermittently into the Jurassic sediments between 18.5 and 15.3 Ma. Two stages of widespread penetrative ductile deformation, D1 and D2, can be defined. Microstructural studies of metapelites combined with geothermobarometry and pseudosection analyses yield P – T conditions of 4.8 ± 0.8 kbar at 550 ± 50 °C during a non-deformational stage between D1 and D2, and 3.1–4.1 kbar at 530–575 °C during syn- to post-D2. The pressure estimates for the syn- to post-D2 growth of andalusite suggest relatively shallow (depth of ∼15.2 km) extensional ductile deformation that took place within a shear zone of the South Tibetan Detachment System. Close temporal association between intrusion of the Malashan granite and onset of D2 suggests extension may have been triggered by the intrusion of the Malashan granite.     

内蒙古敖包吐铅锌矿床花岗岩类年代学及其地球化学特征

内蒙古敖包吐铅锌矿是大兴安岭南段成矿带上新发现的矿床,成矿与花岗闪长斑岩关系密切。对矿区内花岗闪长斑岩和花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,形成年龄分别为（140.0±0.5）Ma（MSWD=1.3）和（151.6±0.4）Ma（MSWD=1.2）,为晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学测试结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩具有高硅（w（SiO₂）=65.51%~67.85%）,富碱（w（Na₂O+K₂O）=6.86%~7.81%）,贫P₂O₅的特征,A/CNK在0.95~1.02之间,富集微量元素K、Rb、Nd,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti,为I型花岗岩。花岗岩的A/CNK值为1.58,属强过铝质岩石。Rb/Sr比值大于0.9,为S型花岗岩。敖包吐花岗岩的全岩Pb同位素组成显示,其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为18.398~18.755,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.534~15.541,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.386~38.542,铅具有混合来源特征。岩浆很可能来源于岩石圈地幔,并受到一定程度的混染。敖包吐花岗岩类可能与兴蒙造山带东段的后碰撞环境有关,并受到与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的弧后伸展影响。     

Petrology,geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Khoy ophiolite,northwest Iran: implications for Tethyan tectonics

The Khoy ophiolite in northwestern Iran represents a remnant of oceanic lithosphere formed in the Mesozoic Neo-Tethys. This northwest–southeast trending ophiolite complex consists from bottom to top (east to west) of a well-defined basal metamorphic zone, peridotites (dunite, harzburgite) and serpentinized peridotite, gabbros, sheeted dikes, pillow and massive lava flows, and pelagic sedimentary rocks, including radiolarian chert. The rocks of the metamorphic zone have an inverse thermal gradient from amphibolite facies to greenschist facies. The high-grade metamorphic rocks are immediately adjacent to the peridotite and the gabbros and the low-grade rocks are in contact with the Precambrian Kahar Formation. Based on mantle-normalized incompatible trace element diagrams there are two distinct types of basalt flows present at the Khoy ophiolite: (1) massive basalts that have patterns virtually identical to E-MORB, and (2) pillow basalts that have more primitive chemical composition whose trace element patterns plot between E-MORB and N-MORB. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the pillow basalts are LREE-depleted [(La_N/Sm_N)_ave=0.70], similar to patterns for the mean diabase composition for the Oman ophiolite and LREE-depleted basalts of the Band-e-Zeyarat ophiolite of southern Iran. The REE patterns for the massive basalts are similar in general REE abundances to the pillow basalt patterns, but they are slightly LREE-enriched [(La_N/Sm_N)_ave=1.09] and their patterns cross those of the pillow basalts. The REE patterns for the gabbros and diorites indicates that the crustal-suite rocks were most likely derived by a process of fractional crystallization from a common basaltic melt. This basaltic melt was most likely generated by approx. 20–25% partial melting of a simple lherzolite source and had REE concentrations of roughly 10× chondrite. A comparison between the results from the Khoy ophiolite and the data from other Iranian ophiolites reveals geochemical evidence to suggest a tectonic link between the Khoy ophiolite and the rest of the Iranian ophiolites. Our results suggest that Khoy ophiolite is equivalent to the inner group of Iranian ophiolites (e.g. Nain, Shahr-Babak, Sabzevar, Tchehel Kureh and Band-e-Zeyarat) and was formed as a result of closure of the northwestern branch of a narrow Mesozoic seaway which once surrounded the Central Iranian microcontinent.     

苏州A型花岗岩氢氧同位素地球化学研究

对苏州Ａ型花岗岩氢氧同位素组成进行了系统深入的研究,其全岩δ１８Ｏ值为＋３．５‰～＋９．２‰,全岩δＤ值在－８１‰～－５９‰之间变化。主要造岩矿物对保持氧同位素平衡分馏的样品,其Ｄ亏损主要受单阶段岩浆去气机理的制约。部分全岩样品表现出不同程度Ｄ－１８Ｏ同步亏损,这种亏损要受岩浆期后固相线下与外来渗透大气降水之间进行同位素交换机理的制约。石英δ１８Ｏ值基本正常,石英与碱性长石之间氧同位素不平衡分馏特征表明,苏州Ａ型花岗岩整体上起源于亏损１８Ｏ源区物质通过地球动力学再循环产生低δ１８Ｏ岩浆的可能性不大。根据氢氧同位素实测值和理论模型计算结果,推测苏州Ａ型花岗岩浆δＤ和δ１８Ｏ初始值分别为－５０±５‰和７．５±１．０‰,这排除了岩浆起源于曾经历过化学风化循环的地壳上部岩石的可能性。     

Salt tectonics in pull-apart basins with application to the Dead Sea Basin

The Dead Sea Basin displays a broad range of salt-related structures that developed in a sinistral strike-slip tectonic environment: en échelon salt ridges, large salt diapirs, transverse oblique normal faults, salt walls and rollovers. Laboratory experiments are used to investigate the mechanics of salt tectonics in pull-apart systems. The results show that in an elongated pull-apart basin the basin fill, although decoupled from the underlying basement by a salt layer, remains frictionally coupled to the boundary. The basin fill, therefore, undergoes a strike-slip shear couple that simultaneously generates en échelon fold trains and oblique normal faults, trending mutually perpendicular. According to the orientation of basin boundaries, sedimentary cover deformation can be dominantly contractional or extensional, at the extremities of pull-apart basins forming either folds and thrusts or normal faults, respectively. These guidelines, applied to the analysis of the Dead Sea Basin, show that the various salt-related structures form a coherent set in the frame of a sinistral strike-slip shearing deformation of the sedimentary basin fill.     

粤北帽峰花岗岩体地球化学特征及成因研究

帽峰花岗岩体是粤北贵东复式花岗岩体中一个重要的产铀岩体。单颗粒锆石U-Pb定年结果为219．6±0．9Ma, 属于印支期岩浆活动产物。该岩体的主要元素显示富硅、富碱、强过铝质和低CaO／Na2O比值等特征。微量元素富集Rb,Th, U,Ce,Sm和Y而亏损Ba,Sr,P和Ti;LREE轻微富集(LREE／HREE=1．70-9．63,(La／Yb)N=0．41-6．25),Eu亏损明显(δEu=0．02-0．22);具有低的εNd(t)值(-12．3--10．8),变化的δ18O(4．1-11．3‰)、(87Sr／86Sr)i(0．71049- 0．73359)、206Pb／204Pb(18．345-22．019)和207Pb／204Pb(15．646-15．863)以及古老的Nd模式年龄(1879-1996Ma)。以上特征表明,帽峰岩体属于典型的壳源型花岗岩,是在地壳伸展-减薄的构造背景下,通过古元古代成分不均一的泥质变质岩低程度部分熔融的方式形成。     

新疆库鲁克塔格新元古代花岗岩年龄和地球化学

本文报道了新疆塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格地区新元古代孤山岩体(或太阳岛岩体)的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学组成.研究表明:该岩体主要由英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩及正长花岗岩组成,结晶的时间为795 Ma.其地球化学特征表现为富Na、LREE、LILE及亏损HREE、HFSE,因此具有高的(La/Yb)N及Sr/Y比值,与现代的艾达克岩相似.然而该岩体具有低的Nd初始值及太古代的Nd模式年龄,因此推测其岩浆来自太古代基性下地壳的重熔.鉴于在库鲁克塔格地区发育有800 Ma左右的蛇绿岩,因此我们推测该岩体是碰撞造山引起的加厚的下地壳重熔的结果,代表了塔里木地块前寒武纪基底的最终形成.