基于VIC模型的逐日土壤含水量模拟

基于VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)大尺度水文模型,采用实测的日降水和日最高、最低气温数据,模拟了近35年(1971~2005)全国范围30 km×30 km分辨率的逐日土壤含水量。文章利用43个流域的实测流量资料,率定模型水文参数,建立和验证水文参数移用公式,确定无资料地区的水文参数。选取全国范围内的28个站19年的土壤含水量实测值,对模拟的土壤含水量进行了验证。结果表明,VIC模型较好地模拟了土壤含水量,尤其是在湿润和半湿润地区。模拟的0~100 cm的土壤含水量多年平均值与实际的全国土壤水分分布较为一致。     

基于实测光谱的潮滩土壤含水量遥感反演模型研究

以王港潮滩为研究区,采集土壤样品,测量土样的光谱,分析不同含水量土壤的光谱特征;利用统计相关法,建立TM遥感影像各波段对应波长处的光谱反射率与土壤含水量之间的关系模型.研究结果表明,在干燥条件下,土壤颗粒越细小,土壤表面越光滑平整,土壤光谱反射率越高,随着土壤含水量的增加,土壤反射率呈下降趋势;波长越长,土壤光谱反射率与含水量的相关性越高,其中2 220 nm处的土壤光谱反射率与含水量具有最高的相关性;通过不同的波段组合,建立新的土壤含水量反演因子,其中由490 nm与2 220 nm处光谱反射率的差值建立的因子与土壤含水量具有较高的相关性;由单波段与波段差值因子建立的土壤含水量反演模型的预测误差分别为4.590和5.147,反演精度较高.因此所建模型可以用于获取潮滩土壤含水量的空间分布,能够为研究潮滩土壤含水量与潮滩地形地貌之间的关系提供数据支持.     

陕西兴平与咸阳人工植被土壤含水量研究

根据兴平和咸阳梧桐林地与杨树林地等土壤含水量测定,研究了0～6m土壤含水量的变化和土壤干层特点与分布。结果显示,兴平与咸阳人工林地从地表到6m深度范围内含水量呈现由高到低再到低的变化;中龄人工林地2～4m深处土壤含水量平均值变化在8．5％～9．5％之间,发育了明显的土壤干层;5龄人工林下2～4m深处土壤含水量平均值为12．2％左右,土层有干化显示,但无干层发育;草地2～4m深处土壤含水量平均值为13．2％左右,含水量明显较人工林地高,无土壤干化的显示。研究表明,土壤干层的形成主要是自然原因造成的,是降水量少决定的重力水带分布深度小引起的。兴平与成阳土壤干层的出现表明黄土高原的土壤干层分布广泛,向南分布已达关中地区。在土壤干层发育较轻的地区可以进行植树造林,在干层发育严重的地区则不适于造林。为防止严重的土壤干层发生,选择生长较缓慢、消耗水分少的树种是必要的,并应减小造林树种植株密度。     

不同土壤含水量下南荻幼苗的生理生态特征实验研究

为了研究不同土壤含水量条件下南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)幼苗的生理生态特征,在鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区中采集南荻根状茎和土壤,在鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室植物阳光房内,育苗并培养,待南荻萌发后,将其移植到装有土壤的培养盆中,土壤含水量分别设置为5%、10%、20%、30%、40%和45%(培养盆中的水面刚好没过土壤表面);于2017年3月10日～4月28日,共进行了50 d实验;在实验的第25天和第50天,分别测定了南荻幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量和南荻幼苗的根系活力。研究结果表明,在实验的第25天,随着土壤含水量的增加,南荻幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性总体上在降低,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈单峰型变化,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量逐渐减小,可溶性蛋白含量波动变化;在实验的第50天,随着土壤含水量的增加,南荻幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性呈单峰型变化,过氧化物酶活性呈单谷型变化,过氧化氢酶活性升高,丙二醛含量波动变化,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量都比第25天的大;在各种土壤含水量条件下,第50天南荻幼苗的根系活力都比第25天的低很多,且在土壤含水量为40%的条件下,其根系活力最低,为0.19 mg/(g·h)。与土壤含水量为5%、10%、40%和45%的条件相比,土壤含水量为20%～30%的条件更有利于南荻幼苗的生长发育。     

机械沙障组合对土壤含水量及温度的影响

工程治沙技术的应用日益广泛,机械沙障是最早应用于防治风沙危害的工程措施之一,然而对于机械沙障如何影响沙土物理性质的研究较少。利用中子水分仪和温度计,对宁夏沙坡头地区两种机械沙障组合（直立式沙障+平铺式沙障）下不同土层的土壤含水量和温度进行测定分析,以未铺设沙障的裸沙为对照,为揭示工程固沙措施间接防风固沙机理提供科学依据。结果表明：机械沙障布设初期,直立式沙障加平铺式双层网明显提高了土壤温度,但随着布设时间的推移逐渐趋于稳定;机械沙障直接影响着土壤水分的再分配,不同机械沙障组合对土壤水分的再分配有着不同的影响,且有一定的蓄水保水作用。     

基于半监督模糊识别的土壤含水量高光谱估测模型研究

快速估测土壤含水量对发展精准农业具有重要意义。为提高土壤含水量光谱估测精度,该文基于山东省泰安市周边的94个棕壤样本光谱与含水量实测数据,首先对原始光谱进行对数倒数一阶微分变换,利用最大相关性原则选择特征因子,然后利用半监督模糊识别模型建立土壤含水量光谱估测模型。实验结果表明:以波段655 nm、1 235 nm、1 497 nm、1 677 nm、2 059 nm的对数倒数的一阶微分变换数据作为特征因子,所建土壤含水量光谱估测模型的精度较高,其中18个检验样本的平均相对误差为4.406%,模型的决定系数R~2=0.977;半监督模糊识别模型充分利用了训练样本的确定性及不确定性信息,可有效用于土壤含水量估测。     

克里雅绿洲地下水埋深与土壤含水量的相关性

借助MATLAB7.0对新疆克里雅绿洲225个土壤样品的土壤含水量和28组地下水埋深数据进行处理,用线性回归法和多重回归法对土壤含水量与地下水埋深的关系进行分析。结果表明:0～5 cm、15～20 cm、45～50 cm和0～50 cm的土壤含水量与地下水埋深的相关系数分别为-0.8017、-0.8580、-0.8551和-0.8574;土壤含水量与地下水埋深之间存在显著的负相关关系,自上而下其关系逐渐增强,其中以15～20 cm土壤含水量与地下水埋深的相关性最强;由多重回归分析确定经验方程,其判定系数达到0.6631,说明地下水埋深是影响土壤含水量的重要因素,同时土壤含水量的多少可作为评估地下水开采利用与调控的依据。     

黑河中游绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态脆弱带土壤含水量空间分异研究

以黑河中游平川绿洲和六坝绿洲为例,对绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带土壤含水量空间分异进行了分析研究。结果表明:在无灌溉条件下绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带的土壤含水量水平分异明显,绿洲土壤含水量高于绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带和荒漠地区土壤含水量,并出现从绿洲到绿洲-荒漠过渡带和荒漠依次递减的趋势,主要受土壤性状、土壤水分水平运动和绿洲-荒漠局地大气环流影响;绿洲活动层土壤含水量垂直分异上表现为从表层向下逐渐增加,而过渡带和荒漠区活动层土壤含水量垂直分异则是表层和底层比20~30cm处低,可能与荒漠土壤凝结水的形成与运动有关。受绿洲地下水过度开采和绿洲边缘人类活动影响,在绿洲-荒漠过渡带形成了生态裂谷,对绿洲生态系统的安全构成威胁。     

地下水位和土壤含水量对若尔盖木里苔草沼泽甲烷排放通量的影响

在若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区典型的木里苔草（Carex muliensis）沼泽地中,选择地下水位不同的4个采样点,其植物生长季的平均地下水位分别为距离地表53.94 cm、31.35 cm、11.50 cm和4.74 cm。利用密闭式静态箱定期采集气体样品,并在实验室用Shimadzu GC212A气相色谱仪测定CH₄气体浓度,分析了CH₄排放通量与地下水位和土壤含水量之间的关系。研究结果表明,地下水位和土壤含水量对CH₄排放通量产生明显影响,6～9月观测日中,CH₄排放通量随着地下水位的升高而呈指数增加;10～40 cm土层的土壤含水量与CH₄排放通量呈现显著正相关（n=36,p<0.05）,而0～10 cm土壤含水量与生长季CH₄排放通量不相关（n=12,p>0.05）,逐步线性回归分析表明,20～30 cm土层的土壤含水量是影响CH₄排放通量的主要因素（n=12,p<0.01）。     

坏囿矿化度地下水灌溉对民勤土壤环境的影响

通过野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了民勤绿洲农田不同矿化度(0.8g·L-1、2.0g·L-1和5.0g· L-1)地下水灌溉对土壤环境的影响.结果表明:随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,生长季水分消耗量逐渐降低,土壤总孔隙度和土壤有机质含量逐渐下降,而土壤有效水含量和土壤电导率则逐渐增加.当灌溉水矿化度为0.8g·L-1时,收获后土壤中上层(0～60 cm)电导率比播种前明显降低,而底层(60～90 cm)电导率略有增加,即淡水灌溉的淋溶作用明显;当灌溉水矿化度为2.0g,L-1时,生长季中的灌水依然对土壤盐分有淋溶作用,但明显弱于淡水的淋溶效果,收获后土壤盐分有明显的表聚现象;当灌溉水矿化度为5.0g·L-1时,收获后在0～60 cm深度电导率明显增加,在60～90 cm深度没有明显变化.     

Experimental research on physical properties of saline soil subgrade filler in Chaerhan region

In order to improve the engineering stability of saline soil of high chloride content in the Chaerhan salt lake region, six typical characteristics saline soil samples were selected, and tests on their...     

FDR在高寒草地土壤水分测量中的标定及其应用

FDR(Frequency Domain Reflectometry)———频域反射仪是一种用于测量土壤水分的仪器,这是一种利用电磁脉冲方法,根据电磁波在介质中传播速度来测试介质的介电常数从而测定土壤水分的仪器。通过介绍FDR系统在高山草甸土上的校正结果,研究表明,野外校正比较符合实际情况,可以作为青藏高原地区高山草甸土进行FDR校正的参考。由于具有快速、准确等优点,能自动、连续地监测土壤含水量,FDR是一种值得推广的土壤水分测定仪器。     

Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

The degree of spatial variability of soil moisture and the ability of environmental attributes to predict that variability were studied at the Da Nangou catchment (3·5 km²) in the semi-arid loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in the soil profile (0–5 cm, 10–15 cm, 20–25 cm, 40–45 cm and 70–75 cm) from May to October 1998 and from May to September 1999 using Delta-T theta probe. Results indicated that with increasing soil depth, the mean soil moisture content increases significantly for five layers and the coefficients of variation (CV) also increases with depth from 10–15 cm. It was observed that heavier rains and higher mean moisture contents are often associated with lower spatial variability (CV). Environmental attributes such as land use and topography play controlling roles in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. However, the relative roles of these environmental indices vary with soil depth. The dominant controls on spatial variability of the time-averaged soil moisture changes from land use, aspect, relative elevation and hillslope position in the surface soil (0–5 cm) to relative elevation, hillslope position and aspect in the subsurface soil (10–15 cm, 20–25 cm), and to land use, relative elevation and slope gradient at larger depths (40–45 cm, 70–75 cm). The dynamic behavior of influences of different environmental indices on the layer-averaged soil moisture depends on several factors. In general, the correlation of soil moisture with slope gradient shows a more significant increase following a greater amount of antecedent precipitation (except for the extremely heavy storms), and declines afterwards. The relation of soil moisture with relative elevation and hillslope position exhibits an opposite trend. It was observed that the influence of land use corresponds to the difference in vegetative characteristics, with a stronger influence in June and August with a greater difference in vegetation. A significant influence of cos(aspect) was found during early spring and autumn with a rapid transient in solar irradiation. Finally, it was found that the sample size is adequate to estimate the catchment mean soil moisture at all five depths and on all 10 observations in 1999 (81 sites), while it is only enough for the upper soil layers (0–5 cm and 10–15 cm) in 1998 (26 sites).     

滇中高原火后更新森林植物和土壤水分含量的时空格局（英文）

Plant moisture content(PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought stress on PMC and its spatial and temporal variations are unclear. Based on a parallel monitoring experiment from 2014 to 2015, this study compared the PMCs and soil moisture contents(SMC) at five post-fire sites in central Yunnan Plateau, Southwest China. The number of years since last fire(YSF), season, topographic position, plant species and tissue type(leaf and branch) were selected as causal factors of the variations in PMC and SMC. A whole year parallel monitoring and sampling in the post-fire communities of 1, 2, 5, 11 and 30 YSF indicated that drought stress in surface soils was the strongest in spring within the first 5 years after burning, and the SMC was regulated by topography, with 64.6% variation in soil moisture accounted for by YSF(25.7%), slope position(22.1%) and season(10.8%). The temporal variations of PMC and SMC differed at both interannual and seasonal scales, but the patterns were consistent across topographic positions. PMC differed significantly between leaves and branches, and among three growth-forms. The mean PMC was lower in broad-leaved evergreen species and higher in conifer species. Season and soil temperature were the primary determinants of PMC, accounting for 19.1% and 8.3% of variation in PMC, respectively. This indicated phenology-related growth rather than drought stress in soil as the primary driver of seasonal changes in PMC. The significant variations of PMC among growth forms and species revealed that seasonal soil temperature change and dominant species in forest communities are useful indicators of fire risk assessment in this region.     

Moisture content variations in soil and plant of post-fire regenerating forests in central Yunnan Plateau,Southwest China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Plant moisture content (PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought...     

黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分空间预测的统计模型

在6个土层和10次土壤含水量测定的基础上,利用土地利用与地形等6类20个环境因子变量,建立了黄土丘陵区小流域土壤水分空间预测的6种多元线性回归模型,并提出了5类13个指标对模型进行了评价与比较。研究表明,各模型组之间的差异较大,以直接回归模型组为最优,PCA线性转换回归模型组次之,DCA非线性转换回归模型组最差。在每一组内,模型之间的差异相对较小,以变量全部入选模型稍优于变量逐步筛选模型。6种模型中,通用多元线性回归模型的拟合性最好、预测精度最高,但模型结构最为复杂、需要的环境因子最多;多元线性逐步回归模型不仅拟合性和无偏性方面很好,而且结构最为简单、需要的环境变量最少,因而为最优模型     

Experimental study on grain size and soluble salt of saline soil in western Jilin Province, China

Western Jilin Province is a typical seasonal frost region, and is also one of the severest salinization areas of China. In this study, we aim to examine the saline soil in Da'an and Wukesong areas, western Jilin Province, and mainly analyze the granulometric composition and distribution of salt in soil profiles. Four sampling sites, two in Da'an and two in Wukesong respectively, are chosen for study. The granulometric composition, especially silt and clay content change in different sites and soil depths are analyzed. Analysis of total and components of soluble salt shows that the surface soil is weak carbonate saline, in which the main cation is Na⁺ and the main anion is HCO₃^-. The total amount of soluble salt presents a decreasing tendency with increasing depth. The comprehensive analysis of granulometric composition and soluble salt shows that the clay content and soluble salt content present similar variation tendency with an increase of depth.     

The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia

The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L⁻¹ since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.