煤储层水力压裂支撑剂的优选实验研究

针对我国600 m以深煤层气井采用石英砂支撑剂和活性水压裂液,难以取得商业化开发价值产气量的现状,运用FCES-100裂缝导流能力评价仪,分别测试了石英砂、陶粒和覆膜酸枣仁在不同闭合压力下的导流能力,统计了支撑剂的破碎率,并通过扫描电镜观测支撑剂的圆度和球度。实验结果表明:闭合压力小于15 MPa时,陶粒、石英砂和覆膜酸枣仁均有良好的导流能力;当闭合压力为15~25 MPa时,陶粒和覆膜酸枣仁的导流能力相对较高;当闭合压力大于25 MPa时,只有陶粒保持相对较高的导流能力。在煤层气井水力压裂设计时,可根据煤层埋深选择水力压裂支撑剂。若煤层埋深小于600 m,选用石英砂支撑剂;若煤层埋深介于600~1 000 m,采用木质支撑剂（覆膜酸枣仁）或陶粒;若煤层埋深大于1 000 m,建议用陶粒支撑剂。      

Major factors influencing proppant behaviour and proppant-associated damage mechanisms during hydraulic fracturing

The ultra-low permeability of shale reservoirs necessitates engineering applications such as hydraulic fracturing to enable the extraction of economically viable amounts of gas. In this process, a high-pressure fluid is injected into the reservoir to create a network of fractures. Proppants are solid, spherical, high-strength particles with size range between 8 and 140 mesh (105 μm–2.38 mm), which are injected into the reservoir simultaneously with fracturing fluid to prompt the opening of the fractures created, and they play a major role in the hydraulic fracturing process. As a result, appropriate management of proppants in shale reservoirs based on precise identification of their behaviour in shale reservoirs is necessary, because unexpected proppant performance or behaviour, commonly known as proppant damage mechanisms, can greatly reduce fracture conductivity. Therefore, it is essential to determine the major factors affecting proppant behaviour in order to maintain constant fracture conductivity. Numerous factors have been found in previous studies, and they can be summarized into three major groups: proppant properties, reservoir properties and hydraulic fracturing production, which affect proppant damage mechanisms. In the present paper, case studies have been provided on the determination of potential factors influencing proppant behaviour, followed by a discussion of their effects on fracture conductivity. The aim of this study is to present current opinions on potential factors influencing proppant behaviour based on a comprehensive literature review.     

辽河坳陷双清地区古近系沙河街组四段孔隙度演化模拟

在综合考虑沉积微相和成岩作用对储集层孔隙度影响的基础上,建立了辽河坳陷双清地区不同沉积微相成岩指数ID与储集层平均孔隙度的相关关系,预测了该地区沙四段储集层在各沉积时期的平均孔隙度,恢复了孔隙演化史,确定了不同沉积时期有效油气储集层的分布范围。孔隙度预测结果表明,有效油、气储集层分布于研究区北部孔隙度大于58％的地区。孔隙演化史的模拟结果表明,储集层孔隙度在埋藏早期主要受沉积相的影响,而在晚期则主要受成岩作用的控制。储集层预测孔隙度与实测孔隙度的绝对误差为2.7％.,而研究区储集层的填隙物含量在1.0％～40.0％之间,平均为21.7％.,由此可见,所建预测模型可用于填隙物含量较高的储集层钻前孔隙度预测和孔隙演化史模拟。     

储层孔隙度预测与孔隙演化史模拟方法探讨——以辽河拗陷双清地区为例

在成岩作用数值模拟的基础上,通过建立辽河拗陷双清地区不同沉积微相成岩指数ID与储层平均有效孔隙度的相关模型,预测了该地区古近系Es3下储层的孔隙度,恢复了孔隙演化史,确定了有效油、气储层的分布范围。孔隙度预测的结果表明,有效油、气储层分布于孔隙度大于8.5％和5.8％的斜坡区。储层预测平均孔隙度与实测孔隙度之间的绝对误差为2.8％,而研究区储层的填隙物含量在1.2%～45.0%之间,平均为16.9%。由此可见,这种模型可用于填隙物含量较高储层的钻前孔隙度预测和孔隙演化史模拟。孔隙演化史的模拟结果表明,储层孔隙度在埋藏早期主要受沉积相的影响,而在晚期则主要受成岩作用的控制。     

Modeling non-Darcy flows in realistic pore-scale proppant geometries

The ability to evaluate the effective permeability of proppant packs is useful in predicting the efficiency of hydraulic fracture installations. In this paper we propose a computational approach combining microimaging data from X-ray computed microtomography, the simulations of flow at pore-scale, and an upscaling process which identifies the effective model parameters at the core-scale. With this computational approach applied to proppant pack we confirm the reduction in the fracture conductivity and subsequent reduction in the productivity of a hydraulically fractured reservoir due to the high flow rates and to the migration of fine particles resulting in pore throat bridging.     

冀中坳陷廊固凹陷河西务构造带古近系沙河街组四段储集层孔隙度演化定量研究

薄片鉴定、流体包裹体分析、埋藏演化史与有机质热演化史分析、膏岩层脱水及黏土矿物转化分析等研究表明：河西务构造带古近系沙河街组四段储集层经历了碱性→酸性→碱性→弱酸性→弱碱性的成岩环境演化过程;成岩作用演化序列为：压实作用→长石溶蚀和(或)石英加大→碳酸盐胶结和(或)硬石膏胶结→少量碳酸盐胶结物溶解→少量黄铁矿胶结。利用“反演回剥”的原理, 以铸体薄片资料为基础, 计算了各关键成岩作用对储集层面孔率的贡献量, 并利用面孔率-孔隙度的函数关系, 结合机械压实校正, 定量地恢复了不同成岩特征储集层的实际孔隙度演化史。根据孔隙度演化史与油气成藏史匹配关系, 河西务构造带沙四段储集层第1期油气成藏时期储集物性较好, 孔隙度高达20％左右。第2期油气成藏时期, 北部区块储集层碳酸盐胶结强烈, 孔隙度急剧降低至7％左右, 不利于油气充注补充;而南部区块储集层碳酸盐胶结作用弱, 孔隙度仍以大于10％为主, 有利于油气充注补充和成藏, 成为有利勘探目标。     

煤岩对压裂裂缝长期导流能力影响的实验研究

煤层中一般都伴有煤层气,通过压裂可以将煤层气释放出来,一方面能够获得清洁能源,另一方面可以提高煤田的安全开采。煤岩层自身特点决定了其在压裂中应用的实验评价方法及结论应具有特殊性,本文主要针对煤层气井的煤岩层压裂裂缝长期导流能力进行实验评价研究。实验表明,与砂岩地层不同,煤岩的硬度较小,压裂中支撑剂嵌入情况较严重;煤岩易破碎,碎屑颗粒充填到支撑剂中;同时支撑剂存在破碎及吸附伤害等,多种作用导致支撑裂缝的导流能力降低。实验中,以煤岩层闭合压力为一个重要的参数,实验对比分析了在不同闭合压力下,铺砂浓度、支撑剂粒径、支撑剂种类及组合的选择、支撑剂颗粒的破碎与嵌入、压裂液残渣等因素对煤岩层导流能力的影响。本文的实验结论为,嵌入对煤岩层支撑裂缝的导流能力伤害很大,加大铺砂浓度、采用低破碎率支撑剂、降低压裂液伤害能在一定程度上提高煤层裂缝的导流能力,但影响程度随闭合压力的增加而逐渐降低。本文所得出的结论对今后煤层气的开发及设计施工具有一定的指导意义。     

海塔盆地优质储层发育特征及控制因素分析

凝灰质砂岩是海塔盆地主要油气储集岩层,凝灰质含量随地层变老而增多,储层物性非均质性强,大量薄片等储层微观分析结果表明,凝灰质砂岩成分和结构成熟度较低,储层储集空间主要为溶蚀成因的次生孔隙,且次生孔隙比例随地层变老而增加.本文提出孔隙成因法,并根据该方法确定凝灰质砂岩优质储层物性下限的孔隙度为10％,渗透率为0.1×10...     

Improved discrete element modeling for proppant embedment into rock surfaces

Brinell indentation tests were performed on Montney siltstone, and the results were compared with discrete element indentation simulations that use the micro-parameters calibrated using compression test data from the same siltstone samples. The simulated proppant indentation into the rock surface can be 15% less than the laboratory measurements. A lower effective particle–particle modulus and thus a lower Young’s modulus are needed in discrete element models for proper simulation of indentation. An equation to find the appropriate value of Young’s modulus for indentation simulation is proposed using Brinell indentation tests including 198 laboratory tests and 32 discrete element simulations. This equation can improve the prediction of Young’s modulus and thus the particle–particle effective modulus for indentation simulations to match the measured force–indentation depth curve in the laboratory. Using the improved micro-parameters, a parametric analysis of the influence of rock Young’s modulus and proppant particle size on proppant embedment was performed. An equation to estimate Brinell hardness as a function of Young’s modulus and closure stress was derived. A practical procedure was developed to predict proppant embedment from the estimated hardness. The predictions agree with the laboratory measurements in a case study on the Montney Formation.

     

页岩孔隙度测量实验方法分析与评价

页岩气是目前国内外非常规油气领域研究的热点,有效的页岩孔隙度值是评价页岩储层物性的重要参数。由于页岩本身具有易碎的特点,导致钻取柱体样品难度大,很多学者采用碎样法计算孔隙度,但碎样法与柱体法的差别及测定结果的有效性并未见相关研究成果。本文对相同样品通过三种不同方法:氦气膨胀法测孔隙度(柱体),真、视密度法及低温氮气吸附实验法(样品粉碎至40~60目)分别计算孔隙度。结果发现三种方法测定的三组孔隙度数值不同,每种方法在样品制备上及实验方法的差别是影响实验结果的主要因素,为检验三组孔隙度值的有效性,采用数理统计中的单因素方差分析法进行分析,结果表明页岩柱体与粉碎至40~60目范围内的页岩样品测量的孔隙度值虽有差别,但在有效范围内,具有一致性。但是将页岩粉碎后,页岩中的有效孔隙变化程度较大,故用柱体测定的有效孔隙度法优于其他两种碎样方法。     

井周压裂裂缝Gd示踪的热中子探测方法研究

水力压裂是提高非常规油气开采的重要手段,支撑剂位置及裂缝参数是评价压裂效果的重要因素.提出了以Gd作为示踪剂探测热中子来评价井周裂缝方法,将热中子双组扩散理论与数值模拟方法相结合,定义热中子变化参数W_TN来指示裂缝宽度,并分析了岩性、井眼尺寸、地层孔隙度、地层水矿化度及含油饱和度对W_TN的影响.模拟结果表明:随着裂缝宽度的增加,W_TN先呈指数增加后趋于平缓;而地层孔隙度越大、地层水矿化度越小,W_TN越大;井眼尺寸和地层含油饱和度的变化对W_TN影响较小.利用蒙特卡罗方法建立了地层孔隙度、矿化度石灰岩地层压裂前后的数值计算模型,模拟研究了不同深度地层的热中子分布,得到了近远探测器热中子计数FAR、NEAR和W_TN的响应曲线,最终处理裂缝参数结果与设定模型相吻合,验证了利用Gd示踪热中子探测方法可以来评价井周裂缝.      

旬邑地区三叠系延长组长8_1储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞、X射线衍射等方法对旬邑地区延长组长81储层成岩作用进行研究,在此基础上分析储层孔隙演化过程,讨论成岩作用差异对储层孔隙演化的影响。结果表明:长81砂岩储层由岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩组成,主要受压实作用、胶结作用及溶蚀作用的影响。长81储层原始未胶结砂岩孔隙度为36.01%,压实作用造成孔隙度损失为20.37%,早期胶结引起孔隙度降低8.51%,溶蚀作用使孔隙度增加3.25%,晚期胶结导致孔隙度下降5.54%。砂岩岩性差别对储层孔隙演化影响较小,成岩作用的差异是影响储层孔隙演化的主要因素,直接制约孔隙演化过程和储层质量。     

页岩孔隙研究新进展

随着非常规油气勘探的兴起页岩孔隙研究备受重视,如何研究页岩孔隙已经成为非常规油气首要解决的问题之一,其对页岩油气勘探层位选取、资源潜力评价和油气渗流能力计算具有重要意义。对页岩微—纳米孔隙表征技术、页岩孔隙类别的划分以及页岩孔隙演化规律分别进行了综述并指出存在问题,同时结合最新研究进展对页岩孔隙研究进行展望。提出工业CT—微米CT—纳米CT/FIB系列辐射扫描方法和压汞(MICP)—氮气吸附(N2)—二氧化碳吸附(CO2)流体法是孔隙定量表征的最优方法,通过单井孔隙度测井资料与实验室测定结果建立校正图版指导储层孔隙发育段优选;页岩孔隙分类研究还应该考虑含油气性,利用原子力显微镜等工具加强孔隙含油性研究;孔隙演化规律研究应该采用模拟实验和真实剖面样品对比并结合矿物组成分析等寻找主控因素。     

Modelling mechanical behaviour of limestone under reservoir conditions

High porosity and low permeability limestone has presented pore collapse. As fluid is withdrawn from these reservoirs, the effective stresses acting on the rock increase. If the strength of the rock is overcome, pore collapse may occur, leading to irreversible compaction of porous media with permeability and porosity reduction. It impacts on fluid withdrawal. Most of reservoirs have been discovered in weak formations, which are susceptible to this phenomenon. This work presents a study on the mechanical behaviour of a porous limestone from a reservoir located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. An experimental program was undergone in order to define its elastic plastic behaviour. The tests reproduced the loading path conditions expected in a reservoir under production. Parameters of the cap model were fitted to these tests and numerical simulations were run. The numerical simulations presented a good agreement with the experimental tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of oil sand in Houba area,northwestern Sichuan Basin,China

Houba oil sand in frontier Longmenshan Mountain is one of the most typically important unconventional resources. The basic reservoir characteristics of oil sand and the main factors affecting reservoir quality were examined in this article based on porosity, permeability, and mercury porosimetry measurements; thin section analyses; SEM observation; and X-ray diffraction analysis. This study shows that the oil-bearing sandstone reservoir is mainly medium?coarse-grained sublitharenite and litharenite. The main pore type is intergranular pores, including residual primary intergranular pores, dissolved intergranular pores, and dissolved intragranular pores; fractures are common in this study area. The quality of sandstone reservoir is of high porosity and high permeability with a high oil saturation of 89.84 %. It is indicated that the main controlling factors of the reservoir in the study area include deposition, diagenesis, and tectonism. Deposition laid a foundation to porosity evolution, and channel sand is the most favorable depositional facies for the reservoir. Diagenetic alterations are the keys to reservoir evolution; dissolution and chlorite coatings cementation play an effective role in the generation and preservation of pores. Compaction, carbonate cementation, and quartz overgrowth cause many damages to the reservoir porosity. Fractures caused by structural breakages can improve the reservoir permeability and they also can provide fluid migration pathways to the late corrosion, which formed a lot of corroded fissures as reservoir and percolation spaces.     

Characterising the present-day stress regime of the Georgina Basin

The onshore Georgina Basin in northern Australia is prospective for unconventional hydrocarbons; however, like many frontier basins, it is underexplored. A well-connected hydraulic fracture network has been shown to be essential for the extraction of resources from the tight reservoirs that categorise unconventional plays, as they allow for economic flows of fluid from the reservoir to the well. One of the fundamental scientific questions regarding hydraulic stimulation within the sub-surface of sedimentary basins is the degree to which local and regional tectonic stresses act as a primary control on fracture propagation. As such, an understanding of present-day stresses has become increasingly important to modern petroleum exploration and production, particularly when considering unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study characterises the regional stress regime in the Georgina Basin using existing well data. Wellbore geophysical logs, including electrical resistivity image logs, and well tests from 31 petroleum and stratigraphic wells have been used to derive stress magnitudes and constrain horizontal stress orientations. Borehole failure features interpreted from wellbore image and caliper logs yield a maximum horizontal stress orientation of 044°N. Integration of density log data results in a vertical stress gradient of 24.6 MPa km^–1. Leak-off and mini-fracture tests suggest that this is the minimum principal stress, as leak-off values are generally shown to be at or above the magnitude of vertical stress. The maximum horizontal stress gradient is calculated to be in the range of 31.3–53.9 MPa km^–1. As such, a compressional stress regime favouring reverse/reverse–strike-slip faulting is interpreted for the Georgina Basin.     

页岩储层压裂工艺技术在渝东地区应用

页岩气的工业化开发要求对致密储层进行体积压裂改造,水平井多级分段压裂技术是成功开发页岩气藏的关键技术之一。页岩储层在地应力与致裂压力联合作用下突破页岩基质,沟通天然裂隙等弱结构面,形成高导流能力缝网系统,页岩储层中赋存的游离气和吸附气得以释放,提高了页岩气井的初始产量和最终采收率。根据渝东地区页岩储层工程地质特征,结合渝页A-2HF井、渝页B-2HF井矿场压裂施工数据,探索适用于渝东地区的页岩储层压裂工艺技术,结果表明,采用前置盐酸处理储层保持近井带导流能力,能够保障后续大排量施工压力窗口;低砂比粉砂段塞多级降滤实现“控近扩远”,增加储层改造体积;压力异常层段胶液前置充分造缝,可为后续滑溜水携带支撑剂进入地层创造有利条件。     

致密储层研究进展和热点问题分析

全球常规油气及非常规油气资源极为丰富,其中致密油气是非常规油气资源的主要类型,是当前非常规油气勘探的重点,也是未来接替常规油气资源的重要领域。致密储层具有油气资源量大、分布面积广、成岩作用强、单井产量较低、储层非均质性强等特点。在富含油气资源的致密储层中,具有良好物性的“甜点”是提高产量的有利勘探目标,其“甜点”主要包括两类,一类为异常高孔带,另一类为裂缝发育带。目前,致密储层的研究现状主要包括致密储层划分、地质特征、形成机理和有利储层预测等。近年来,“甜点”的形成机理和预测成为当前致密储层勘探开发的重要科学问题。因此,致密储层微观孔喉结构表征、致密储层裂缝发育识别表征是目前致密储层研究的热点领域及未来主要发展方向。     

川西拗陷须五段非常规气形成条件分析

随着对非常规气蔵的研究方法和开采手段的升级,使页岩气得以开发。川西拗陷须五段常规的思维是把它作为烃源岩来认识的,运用非常规页岩气的研究理念和方法,针对川西拗陷两条野外剖面(莲花剖面、万家坪剖面)及6口取心井(XYHF-1井,XYHF-2井,X503井,FG5井,GH2井,MY1井)的岩心观察、取样分析测试,以分析川西拗陷须五段具有形成非常规气蔵的条件,并用3种不同的表征方法(激光共聚焦法、高压压汞法、氮气吸附法)对须五段内不同类型的岩石进行孔隙度、渗透率及其连通性时行表征,结果表明:细砂岩中不同类型孔隙的孔隙度为0.41%～6.65%,平均总孔隙度为2.14%;泥(页)岩的孔隙度为1.51%～5.99%,总孔隙度为2.70%。微米CT扫描发现须五段上亚段细砂岩的连通性好于下亚段,中亚段以粉砂岩为主,孔隙连通性差,有机质含量低;泥(页)岩的孔隙连通性也差,孔隙发育依附于有机质的发育,泥(页)岩样品的有机碳含量主要分布在0.5%～3%之间。综合评价认为马井-邡、崇州-郫县、新场-丰谷等地区成蔵条件较好,为I类地区,是川西坳陷须五段页岩气的目标区域。     

库车坳陷依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏成藏临界物性条件

“连续型”致密砂岩气藏是一种重要的非常规油气资源.恢复储层临界物性条件的演化对于揭示致密砂岩气成藏机理及成藏过程具有重要的理论意义.以库车坳陷依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏为例,利用数值模拟方法结合盆地模拟技术,恢复了储层临界物性的演化过程,并根据临界物性条件和储层演化的耦合关系,确定了该地区“连续型”致密砂岩气藏可以成藏的最早时间.研究表明,“连续型”致密砂岩气成藏临界物性并不是固定不变的,它随着地质条件的变化而不断发生改变.依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏最早的形成时间为距今9 Ma,对应的临界孔隙度为6.95%;现今储层临界孔隙度为7.26%.结合实际地质情况进一步证实了依南2气藏为“连续型”致密砂岩气藏.